Energy and Civilization
History of Energy use
Sources
Historically, the more complex a society becomes, the greater is the energy need.
Biological Energy Sources
Herbivores utilize food energy from plants.
Carnivores including early man consumed the herbivores. All needs were met by using plants
and animals as food, tools and fuels.
Towards comfort, domesticated animals and plants. Wood - fuel for heating and cooking,
extracting metals and shaping tools.
Increase in wood use
Except for wind and water, fire a main source of energy. Wood used up.
Western Europe and NA moved on to coal. By 1880, coal was the primary source of fuel. Other
places (India) used animal dung.
Fossil fuel / Industrial Revolution
Coal was used extensively. The Industrial revolution began in Europe with the invention of
machines to manufacture and transport goods. The steam engine converted heat to motion. Large
scale mining of coal followed.
Predominantly rural areas where goods were manufactured in homes, changed to factory
manufacturing, demanding increasing labor and the development of towns. Within 200 years,
energy consumption per capita increased 8X. Pollution increased.
Although Oil and Gas were used as early as 1000 BC in China, the modern oil industry started in
1859 when Drake drilled in Pennsylvania. Production in 1870 was about 4 MMBO/year. Today
it is about 8 MMBO/day, which fulfills about 40% of the need.
Early use: Gas flared, Kerosene in lamps, Gasoline in Autos, Grease to lubricate. In 1900 there
were 8000 vehicles, in 2000 about 162 MM.
Pipelines financed by the government during WW11 and later sold. Later converted to carry
natural gas.
Present use of gas is to generate electricity, manufacture fertilizer, in light industry and home
heating in the U.S.
1
Energy and Economics
Societies want constant supply, low cost energy. Allows for rapid development and improved
Standard of living. Allow workers to produce more (GNP). Economic growth.
In the US, low cost resulted from:
pipelines paid for by government,
taxes to industry,
high consumption.
As a consequence of low fuel cost, growth was technology oriented as economic growth
proceeded. Immediately following WW11, there was a high demand for consumer goods, which
allowed for full employment.
Automobile Role
Auto manufacture lead to the use of raw materials (natural resources). More auto production lead
to more roadway construction. Better roads resulted in higher speeds and more fuel consumption.
It’s convenience lead to more demand, to more consumption of raw materials and more fuel.
More travel causes more hotels to be built, more employment, etc. Suburbia growth lead to more
free time and more demand and changes in life style.
Human power was replaced by electric power.
Gasoline prices and Government policies
Price of gasoline depends on:
Cost of purchasing and refining Crude
Finding costs of crude
Taxes
International gasoline market
# of stations locally
Seasonal demands
Unusual events
In the US, gasoline costs the consumer about 75% less than in Italy; about 35% less than in
France. There are other places where it costs less, example in Venezuela or Nigeria and the Mid
East.
Use is discouraged by price increase. Taxes on fuel in the US are used for road repair, building,
etc. (responsible for 60% of costs).
Driven by market forces of supply and demand, these forces vary from the state of local
economy to the strategy of the oil companies. Not many petrol stations, but mini marts, which
use the gas as a loss header.
2
Growth in the Use of Natural Gas
Initially, a waste product.
1943 – pipelines built. By 1970 about 30% of the energy needs, was met by Natural Gas.
Use was primarily industrial and Residential. Fertilizer manufacture and power generation.
Energy Consumption (How energy is used)
Varies widely depending on the country. The energy used in Canada and the US is about 2X that
used in Japan or France and 25X that in many countries in Africa.
The industrialized countries use energy for
Residential/commercial
Industrial
Transportation.
The undeveloped countries use energy primarily in the
Residential sector and to develop industry.
Residential/commercial Energy use
About 30% of the energy in the US as opposed to 75% in India. The pattern of usage determines
which conservation method would be most effective.
Computers account for 13% of electrical energy use in the US today. Anticipate it will increase
to 30%.
Industrial Energy use
In the US, 30% is used. In others, such as Russia (60%) high usage is a result of inefficient
processes. In Spain and Italy, where there is no iron ore reserves, recycling is done at a lower
cost with less energy. India is unable to update its equipment to more efficient electrical hearth
methods.
Transportation Energy use
Highest in highly developed countries and negligible in undeveloped areas. In NA, auto plays a
dominant role. Consume > 15% of the world’s oil production. Rail and Mass transit transport is
more efficient but the government has supported the auto industry while removing support for
the mass transit.
Electrical Energy
Electricity is the largest portion of consumed energy. Most of which is produced from burning
fossil fuel. Electricity is easy to transport and uses to which it can be put are varied.
The undeveloped nations of the world (80% of the population) use 66% of what is used in the
US. Per capita is 25X greater than in less developed nations, 2X as much as in Europe.
3
In developed nations, 25% of electricity is used by industry; in developing nations it is more than
50% (Mexico 55%, S Korea 70%).
The Economics and Politics of Energy Use
Economic growth results from the availability of inexpensive energy.
e.g. the Industrial Revolution accelerated because of the supply of cheap fuel. Productivity
increased, and so does economic growth
As energy is subsidized, consumption increased.
Fuel Economy and Government Policy
Government fashions policy that influences how people uses energy.
Taxes are : 20% in the US; 35% in Canada; Japan and Europe - 45 to 70%
Fuel efficiency - incentive to buy fuel efficient cars.
In Europe, road repair and building costs are taken from taxes on Fuel. In the US, only 60% of
road work is paid for by gasoline taxes.
Europe has taken steps to comply with the Kyoto accord. In the US, the opposite is true.
The lowest electricity prices are in the US, Canada and Norway with the most consumption
Some low cost electricity comes from Hydropower generation.
Electricity Pricing
Most countries regulate the Industry, and influence the price. Industrial users pay about 50% of
what residential users pay. Higher prices discourage use.
Energy Consumption Trends
From 1985 to 99, consumption went from 18 to 24 metric tons of oil equivalent/day (oil, natural
gas and coal account for 90%).
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (25) use more than
50% of the energy used in the world. Consumption rose moderately as economies grew. Energy
hungry industries are now moving to the undeveloped countries. In economically advanced
areas, consumption is also increasing at a faster rate.
Natural gas increased fastest from 1973 to 95 (80%). Demands are expected to increase by about
3X by 2025 in the US, as well as in developing nations.
A brief period (1973) of decrease consumption resulted from increase prices.
Living standards are tied to consumption (in the past), whereas decreased consumption has been
a function of:
Prices/ Conservation/ Availability of other energy sources/ User efficiency
4
Political and Economic Factors
Two episodes of Political turmoil in the Mid-East (1973 and 1979) lead to reversal in
consumption worldwide.
Increases in Oil prices lead to conservation
Available Energy Sources
Oil 37%, Gas 24% and Coal 27%, 12% Nuclear , Hydro, Wind, etc.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Curbing Traffic
Hong Kong- sensors on cars, commuter hours most expensive.
Singapore Sticker required to enter the city during rush hours, except those carrying more than
one person.
Gothenburg - Cars prohibited from moving from zone to zone.
Rome - Traffic banned between 7:30 am and 7:30 pm
Tokyo Permanent parking space required before purchase.
London – fee required to enter the city.
Hybrid Electric cars
The internal combustion engine works most efficiently at specific RPMs. Hybrid will provide
better fuel economy and less emissions and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. (13) Control 75% of reserves, 40% of
production. In 1973, there was the first oil shortage result of Arab/Israeli war. Price increase by
$10./B.
Decreasing prices in the 80s due to differences within the OPEC cartel. Prices increase during
the 90s. US pressure on OPEC causes decrease. Max price was $147.00/ B
Energy Development in China
2nd. Largest consumer. Currently about 10% of the world’s energy. It is a net exporter of coal.
High coal use have serious repercussions - environmental.
Potential World Petroleum Resources
Oil is a non renewable resource. Still to be discovered 649 BBO and 4669 TCF, most in the
Middle East, USSR and Central and South America.
5
Chapter 8
Energy and Civilization
Traces the development of Energy Consumption, its interrelationships with Economic
Development and Life styles and current Uses.
History of Energy use
Photosynthesis
Biomass
Increase wood use
Industrial Revolution/ Fossil fuels
Consumption/ Pollution /Early Uses
Energy and Economics
Societal needs
Economic growth(GNP in US)
Role of the Automobile
Gasoline Prices and Government policies
Energy Consumption
Residential/Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Electrical Energy
Sources / uses
Economics and Politics of energy use.
Energy Consumption trends
Trend (Oil, Gas, Coal
OECD use
Living Standards/ Consumption
Decreasing Consumption causes (Prices, Conservation, Substitution, Efficiency)
Political and Economic Factors
Global Perspective
Curbing Traffic
Hybrid Electric cars
OPEC
Energy Development in China
Potential World Petroleum Reserves
6