PHYS 3446 – Lecture #1
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
Dr. Jae Yu
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Who am I?
Class time and location
Information and communication sources
Class specifications and style
Class plans
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Syllabus
Special semester projects
6. Lab
7. Evaluation Policy
8. This class…
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
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Who am I?
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Name: Dr. Jaehoon Yu (You can call me Dr. Yu)
Office: Rm 342, Chemistry and Physics Building
Extension: x22814, E-mail: jaehoonyu@uta.edu
My profession:High Energy Physics (HEP)
– Collide particles (protons on anti-protons or electrons on anti-electrons,
positrons) at the energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees
– To understand
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Fundamental constituents of matter
Interactions or forces between the constituents
Origin of Mass
Creation of Universe (Big Bang Theory)
– A pure scientific research activity
• Direct use of the fundamental laws we find may take longer than we want but
• Indirect product of research contribute to every day lives; eg. WWW
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Structure of Matter
Matter
Molecule
Atom
Nucleus
Baryon
Quark
(Hadron)
u
10-14m
10-9m
10-10m
10-2m
Condensed matter/Nano-Science/Chemistry
Atomic Physics
Nuclear
Physics
10-15m
protons, neutrons,
mesons, etc.
p,W,L...
<10-19m
top, bottom,
charm, strange,
up, down
Electron
(Lepton)
<10-18m
High Energy Physics
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
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The Standard Model
• Assumes the following fundamental structure:
Discovered
in 1995
Directly
observed in
2000
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Periodic Table
Helium
Neon
All atoms are made
of protons, neutrons
and electrons
u u
d
u
d d
Neutron
Proton
Gluons hold quarks together
Photons hold atoms together
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
Electron
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Mysteries in High Energy Physics?
 The “STANDARD MODEL” has been extremely successful
BUT… many mysteries
Why so many quarks/leptons??
Why four forces??
Can they all come from one?
Why is there large particleantipaticle asymmetry?
Does Higgs particle exist?
Where does mass come from??
Are there other theories??
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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What are the roles of particle accelerators?
• Smash particles together
• Act as microscopes and time machines
– The higher the energy, the smaller object to be seen
– Particles that only existed at the time of the creation
of the universe can be made
• Two method of accelerator based experiments:
– Collider Experiments: p`p, pp, e+e-, ep
– Fixed Target Experiments: Particles on a target
– Each can look for different things
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Fermilab Tevatron and LHC at CERN
• Present world’s Highest Energy
proton-anti-proton collider
• World’s Highest Energy protonproton collider in summer 2007
– Ecm=1.96 TeV (=6.3x10-7J/p
13M Joules on 10-4m2)
 Equivalent to the kinetic energy of
a 20t truck at a speed 81 mi/hr
– Ecm=14 TeV (=44x10-7J/p
1000M Joules on 10-4m2)
 Equivalent to the kinetic energy of
a 20t truck at a speed 711 mi/hr
Chicago
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1500 physicists
130 institutions
30 countries
CDF
p
Tevatron
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
DØ
`p
5000 physicists
250 institutions
60 countries
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CERN: http://www.cern.ch/ ; ATLAS: http://atlas.web.cern.ch/
Fermilab: http://www.fnal.gov/ ; DØ: http://www-d0.fnal.gov/ Jae Yu
The International Linear Collider
European Design
500 GeV (800 GeV)
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33km= •
21mi
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Long~ linear electronposition colliders
10 – 15 years from
now
47 km
Takes 10 years to build
an accelerator and the
=29 mi
detectors
US Design
500 GeV (1 TeV)
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
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How can we tell apart particle?
Energy
Scintillating Fiber
Silicon Tracking
Calorimeter (dense)
Interaction
Point
Ä B
EM
Muon Tracks
Magnet
Charged Particle Tracks
hadronic
electron
photon
Wire Chambers
jet
neutrino -- or any non-interacting particle
missing transverse momentum
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
muon
We know x,y starting momenta is zero, but
along the z axis it is not, so many of our
measurements are in the xy plane, or transverse
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DØ Detector
ATLAS Detector
30’
50’
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Weighs 5000 tons
As tall as a 5 story building
Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second
Record 100 collisions/second
Records 10 Mega-bytes/second
Recording 0.5x1015 (500,000,000,000,000)
bytes per year (0.5 PetaBytes).
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
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Weighs 10,000 tons
As tall as a 10 story building
Can inspect 1,000,000,000 collisions/second
Will record 200 collisions/second
Records 300 Mega-bytes/second
Will record 2.0x1015 (2,000,000,000,000,000)
bytes each year (2 PetaByte).
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How are computers used in HEP?
`p
p
Digital Data
Data Reconstruction
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
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Highest ET dijet event at DØ
CH
hadrons
FH

EM
p
K
Time
“parton jet” “particle jet” “calorimeter jet”
How does an Event Look in a Collider Detector?
q
g
E1T  475 GeV, 1  0.69
p
p
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
q
E1T  472 GeV, 2  0.69
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Class Time and Location
• Current: 1:00 – 2:20pm, Mon & Wed, SH 105
• Proposal: 1:00 – 2:20pm, Mon & Wed, CPB303
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Information & Communication Source
• My web page: http://www-hep.uta.edu/~yu/
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Contact information & Class Schedule
Syllabus
Homework
Holidays and Exam days
Evaluation Policy
Class Style & Communication
Other information
• Primary communication tool is e-mail: Register for PHYS3446001-FALL06 e-mail distribution list as soon possible 
Instruction available in Class style & Communication
– 5 points extra credit if done by next Wednesday, Sept. 6
– 3 points extra credit if done by next Friday, Sept. 8
• Office Hours: 2:30 – 3:30pm, Mondays and Wednesdays or by
appointments
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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How to subscribe to the class e-mail list?
•Log onto your most favorite e-mail account that you read all the time.
•Send e-mail to listserv@listserv.uta.edu without subject and with the following in the
body:
Subscribe phys3446-001-fall06 YourFirstName YourLastName
The e-mail should look as follows (note that there are no spaces in the list name):
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
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Class Specification
• Text Books
– Das and Ferbel, “Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics”
– R. Fernow, “Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics”
• Reading Assignments
– Not just based on the books
– We will use published papers as well
– Extra credit on class participations and attendances up to 10%
• Homework Assignments:
– There will be homework problems randomly assigned throughout the semester
• Two Written Term Exams (15% each)
– Term #1: Wed. Oct. 4
– Term #2: Wed. Nov. 15
• UTA Large Perpetual Cloud Chamber Projects and Presentations
(20%+10%)
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Syllabus
• Nuclear Physics (~1/3 of the semester)
– Nuclear Phenomenology
– Nuclear Models
– Nuclear Radiation
• High Energy Experimental Techniques
– Particle energy deposit in matter
– Particle detector techniques and detectors
– Accelerators
• HEP Phenomenology
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Elementary particle interactions
Symmetries
Discrete Transformations
CP violations
The Standard Model
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Syllabus
• Neutrinos
– Neutrinos and proton structure functions
– sin2qW measurements and its impact to Higgs
– Neutrino Oscillation
• Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
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Standard Model EWSB formalism & Higgs
Minimal Super-symmetric Extension of Standard Model
Other EWSB Theories (SUSY) & Other Types of Higgs
Strategy for Higgs search
• New Phenomena
• Will be mixed with appropriate experimental techniques
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Attendances and Class Style
• Attendances:
– Will be taken randomly
– Will be used for extra credits
• Class style:
– Lectures will be on electronic media
• The lecture notes will be posted on the web AFTER each class
– Will be mixed with traditional methods
– Active participation through questions and discussions are
STRONGLY encouraged  Extra credit….
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Semester Projects
• Completion of the UTA Large Perpetual Cloud Chamber
Design
– Must participate in a few workshops
– Allowed to use the NP lab for your own experiment after the
regular lab
• Final project consists of
– A 5 - 7 page paper each (must become a UTA-HEP note): 20%
of the total
– A 10 minute power point presentation each: 10% of the total
• Report Due and Presentation Dates
– Presentations: Mon. Dec. 4 and Wed. Dec. 6
– Report Due: At the beginning of the class on Wed. Dec. 6
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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What is the UTA PLCC?
• Cloud chamber is a charged particle detection device
– Uses super-cooled, super-saturated, unstable vapor
– Displays charged particle trajectories when particles travel through
the vapor
– Normally uses ethanol or isopropyl as the medium
• So the chamber involves techniques in both physics and
chemistry  perfect opportunity for students from the two
departments to work together
• New CPB contains a large planetarium with a spacious foyer
to display things that stimulate scientific minds
– Shows that there are cosmic particles coming from the universe
• They see particle trajectories before and after the planetarium lectures
• This detector can be used for class demonstrations and lab
measurements
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Basic Idea of the Cloud Chamber
• Use super-cooled, super-saturated, unstable vapor as the medium
• When a charged particle passes through the super-saturated vapor, the
vapor forms droplets along the trajectory of the particle
• A strong light beam makes the track appear on the background
• The track then falls onto the bottom of the chamber due to gravity
Visible Track
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
DT=~100oC
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The Scope of the Project
• Dimensions of the proposed chamber:
1m (H) 2m (L) 30cm (D)
– The largest such chamber available is 1mx50cm horizontal w/ about 10 cm thick
cloud.
– None I have seen had a display that shows an extended trajectory through an
entire height.
– All need to be looked at from an angle with respect to horizontal line
• This UTA chamber will therefore be the largest physical dimension in
the world
• It will also occasionally show a spectacular breakage of atoms through
collisions of heavy particles, such as a particles.
Monday, Aug. 28, 2006
PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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A Schematic Chamber Diagram
1m
30cm
2m
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
Jae Yu
ref
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Concerns in the Chamber
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Requirements
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The chamber must be very safe!!!
The chamber must look very nice and impressive!!
The chamber must function at all times, continuously!!
The chamber should be require minimal maintenance!!
The chamber should be as compact as possible!!
The chamber shouldn’t be an untouchable!!
The super-cooled vapor is heavy and settles low on the
bottom of the chamber
Cooling of the vapor should be done evenly and effectively
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Cooling coils will be placed at the bottom of the chambers
How do we regulate the temperature?
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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Concerns in the Chamber
How do we keep vapor supply continuously without
having to add the medium too frequently?
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On what angle with which color light is good for
display
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What medium would be better?
Is there a medium that does not require significant cooling
to be in a super-cooled state?
Can people see from the front?
What color trajectories is more visible?
Which way should be magnetic field be?
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How strong a magnetic field?
Which direction should be field be?
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Semester Projects
• Four topics
– Chamber structural design
• Including the alcohol warmer and support
– Refrigeration
• Thermo-electric Module (TEM) design and operation
– Liquid supply and recirculation system
– Light and display
• How do we design to show the best
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Laboratory
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Location: Room 008 in basement
Time: 1:00 – 3:50pm, Fridays
Requirements: Must be trained for radiation safety
A few measurements throughout the semester
– Lab can be accessed in times other than regular lab
• Lab reports are due one week after each measurement
– The report will be peer reviewed by someone out of your team
– Review comments are due the week after  Will be reflected
into the lab grade
• Lab score will be 15% of the total
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Evaluation Policy
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Two Term Exams: 15 % each  30%
Lab Score: 15%
Final Semester project paper: 20%
10 minute Project oral presentation: 10%
Homework: 15%
Quizzes: 10%
Extra Credit: 10%
– Consists of random attendances, colloquium
participation, workshop participation and other
opportunities
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PHYS 3446, Fall 2006
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In This Class
• You will learn
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Frontier physics and its history
Building blocks of matters are
How matters interact
The current theories that predict the nature
The experimental techniques to verify and test these theories
How we can make our lives better by establishing good theories
• You are strongly encouraged to work together
– One learns enormously talking to others
• This is not going to be a stroll in the park….
• You will earn your mark and feel total fulfillment!!
• But most importantly…
We will have a lot of FUN!!!!
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