Kansas State University
Energy, Environmental Impacts and Sustainability Intersession
Course Workshop
Nuclear Energy
Dr. Lawrence F. Drbal
January 4, 2005
Agenda
Nuclear Energy’s Current Status
What’s Pushing Nuclear Power’s Resurgence?
New Advanced and Passive Designs
Department of Energy (DOE)
2010 Initiative
Summary
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Nuclear Energy’s Current Status
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United States Fuels for
Electricity Generation (2003)
Renewables – 2.2%
Coal – 51%
Oil – 3.1%
Hydro – 7.2%
Gas – 16.5%
Nuclear – 20%
Source: NEI
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United States Fuels for
Electricity Generation (2003)
Renewables – 2.2%
Coal – 51%
Oil – 3.1%
Hydro – 7.2%
Gas – 16.5%
Nuclear – 20%
Source: NEI
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State’s Percentage of Total Electricity
Generation (2002)
Nuclear
Coal
Gas
Other
Arkansas
31.32
52.48
5.74
10.46
Connecticut
50.60
12.25
13.41
23.74
Iowa
9.48
85.26
1.46
3.80
Illinois
51.53
44.38
2.57
1.52
Kansas
23.12
70.99
4.36
1.53
Missouri
10.54
82.66
4.87
1.93
Nebraska
28.62
66.39
1.14
3.85
New Hampshire
57.66
24.59
0.79
17.67
New Jersey
51.28
15.68
28.12
4.92
South Carolina
55.93
41.16
1.32
1.59
Vermont
76.11
0.0
0.20
23.69
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United States Nuclear Power Plants (2003)
Type
Operating
Plants
Boiling Water
Reactors (BWR)
35
Pressurized Water
Reactors (PWR)
69
Total
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104
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Schematic for a Pressurized
Water Reactor
Containment Building
Pressurizer
Steam Generator
(2 to 4 Typical)
Saturated
Steam
HP
Control
Rods
LP
LP
Feedwater
Condenser
Reactor
Core
Feed
Pump
Condensate
Pump
Pressure Vessel
Reactor
Coolant Pump
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Schematic for a Boiling
Water Reactor
Containment Building
Pressure Vessel
Saturated
Steam
Moisture Separators
HP
LP
LP
and Steam Dryers
Condenser
Feedwater
Reactor
Core
Feed
Pump
Condensate
Pump
Reactor
Containing
Fuel Assemblies
Control Rods
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Fissioning Process – Uranium 235
U-235 + Neutron (n)  Fission Products (FP) + Xn
M = Mass (U-235) + Mass (n) - Mass (FP) - Mass (Xn)  0
Energy Released = MC2  200 Mev / Fission
Energy Released From Combustion Process1.  2 ev / Reaction
1. C + O2  CO2
Note:
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1 ev = 1.52 x 10-22 Btu
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Annual Fuel Requirements for
1000 MWe Plant
2,000,000 mTons of Coal
1,960,000,000 Gallons of Oil
30 mTons of Uranium
0.6 mTons of Tritium and Hydrogen
(Fusion)
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What’s Pushing
Nuclear Power’s Resurgence?
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Nuclear Power Growth Projections
•
•
•
•
Anticipated Growth in Demand for Baseload Capacity
High and Rising Cost of Natural Gas
Global Warming Concerns
Energy Consumption From Nuclear to Increase 50%
by 2025 Just to Maintain Status Quo
• Equates to 50,000 MWe of New Nuclear Generation
• 30-35 New Nuclear Units (1,500 MWe Each)
Building Momentum for Additional
Nuclear Plants
Non Emitting Source of NOx, SO2 and CO2
(Global Warming)
Well Suited for Hydrogen Production
Proven Performance and Safety
Improved Regulatory Oversight and
Licensing (One-Step Process)
Growing Support From Utilities, Wall Street,
Media and Policy Makers
Supportive Administration
Passage of Energy Policy Act of 2005 Provides
for Loan Guarantees, Production Tax Credits
and Risk Insurance
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Momentum “Deflators” for
New Nuclear Additions
Spent Fuel Disposal / DOE
License Application for Yucca
Mountain Repository (Nevada)
Pushed Into 2006
Economics / Demonstrate a
48-Month or Better
Construction Schedule
Transportation of Spent Fuel
Change in Political Landscape
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New Licensing Process (10 CFR Part 52)
Design Certification of Standard
Plant Designs by NRC
Early Site Approval Prior to
Build Decision
Combined License for
Construction and Operation
(COL) Prior to Major
Construction
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New Advanced and Passive Designs
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Advanced Reactor Designs
Evolutionary
Additional Active Safety Divisions
Lower Probability of Accident
GE’s Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR)
Areva’s European Pressurized Reactor
Westinghouse 80+
Passive
No Active Cooling System for Reactor Isolation or
Accident Mediation
Passive Systems (Natural Circulation, Gravity)
Replace Active Systems
Westinghouse AP 600, AP 1000
GE’s Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor
(ESBWR)
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Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR)
1350 MWe Reactor
3-50% Capacity Safety Divisions Each
With a Dedicated Diesel Generator
60-Year Operating Life
87% Plant Availability
Certified Standard Design by NRC
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Advanced Boiling Water Reactor
Active Safety…
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Advanced
Boiling
Water
Reactor
Areva European Pressurized Reactor (EPR)
1600 MWe Reactor
4-100% Capacity Safety Divisions Each
With a Dedicated Diesel Generator
60-Year Operating Life
36% Plant Efficiency
Submitting Standard Design for NRC
Certification
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Four Independent Safety Trains
in Separate Buildings
Four Trains, Each 100%,
Provide Redundancy for
Maintenance or SingleFailure Criterion
Physical Separation Against
Internal Hazards (e.g. Fire)
Shield Building Extends
Airplane Crash and External
Explosion Protection to Two
Safeguard Buildings and
Fuel Building
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EPR – Plot Plan
Reactor Building
Fuel Building
Safeguard Building 1
Nuclear
Auxiliary
Building
Diesel
Building 3+4
Waste
Building
Safeguard
Building 2+3
Safeguard
Building 4
Diesel
Building 1+2
Office Building
C.I. Electrical Building
Access Building
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Turbine Building
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Westinghouse Advanced Passive (AP)
1000 MWe System
1000 MWe Reactor
Passive Reactor Core Cooling System
Passive Containment Cooling System
Major Reduction in Safety Related Pumps,
Valves, Piping and Electrical Components
60-Year Operating Life
Expect Standardized Plant Certification From
NRC Soon
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AP1000…Westinghouse New Standardized
Passive Plants
Mature
Safe
Simple
Affordable
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Passive Decay Heat Removal
CONTAINMENT
CONDENSATE
VENTS
M
PRESSURIZER
STEAM
LINE
PRHR
HX
STEAM
GEN.
IRWST
FEEDWATER
LINE
FO
4TH
STAGE
ADS
CL
HL
RCP
CORE
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REACTOR
VESSEL
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AP1000 Passive Safety Injection
ADS
STAGES 1-3
(1 OF 2)
M
#1
M
M
#2
M
M
#3
M
CONTAINMENT
REFUEL
CAVITY
CORE MAKEUP
TANK (1 OF 2)
M
SPARGERS
(1 OF 2)
PRESSURIZER
PRHR
HX
IRWST
M
FAI
M
M
LOOP
COMPART.
IRWST
SCREEN
(1 OF 2)
M
ADS
STAGE 4
(1 OF 2)
FO
RECIRC
SCREEN
(1 OF 2)
ACCUM.
(1 OF 2)
RNS
PUMPS
N2
CL
HL
DVI CONN.
(1 OF 2)
RNS
PUMPS
CORE
M
REACTOR
VESSEL
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Passive Containment Cooling System
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Simplification of Safety Systems
Dramatically Reduces Building Volumes
Standard PWR
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AP1000
01/04/06
GE Economic Simplified Boiling Water
Reactor (ESBWR)
1500 MWe Reactor
Natural Circulation (No Recirculation Pump)
Passive Safety Systems
Major Reduction in Safety Related Pumps,
Valves, Piping and Electrical Components
60-Year Operating Life
Submitted Standard Design for NRC
Certification
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GE Economic Simplified Boiling Water
Reactor (ESBWR)
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GE Economic Simplified Boiling Water
Reactor (ESBWR)
Passive Safety…
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Department of Energy (DOE)
2010 Initiative
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DOE Nuclear Power 2010 Initiative
Establishing Conditions
Needed to Start
Construction
Demonstrating Early Site
Permit Process
Demonstrating NRC
Combined Licensing (COL)
Processes
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01/04/06
Early Site Permit Applications
Exelon
Clinton Site
(Illinois)
Dominion
North Anna Site
(Virginia)
Entergy
Grand Gulf Site
(Mississippi)
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2010 Consortia to Test COL Process
Consortium
Lead
Dominion
Potential COL
Application
Reactor
Design
Site
2006
ESBWR
North Anna
2006
AP1000
TVA / Bellefone
2007
ESBWR
Grand Gulf
--
ABWR
TVA / Bellefone
NuStart*
TVA (Study)
* Entergy, Exelon, Southern, Constellation, Duke, Tennessee Valley Authority, Progress,
Florida Power & Light, EDF, Westinghouse, GE (B&V), Bechtel.
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Other Potential COL Applications
Potential COL
Application
Reactor
Design
Site
Entergy
2007
ESBWR
River Bend
UniStar*
2008
EPR
Calvert Cliffs /
NMP
Duke
2006
AP1000
Greenfield
Southern
Nuclear
2008
AP1000 or
ESBWR
Vogtle
Progress
Energy
2 – 2008
TBD
Florida or
Carolinas
Utility
* Constellation Energy and AREVA.
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Summary
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Summary
20% of U.S. Electrical Generation Is Nuclear
Nuclear Power Is Undergoing a Resurgence
Nuclear Is a Non-Fossil Fuel Source
(No NOx, SO2 or CO2)
Projections Show 30-35 New Plants
by 2025
New Plants Will Include the ABWR,
EPR, AP1000 and ESBWR Designs
Nuclear Engineers Will Be Needed
New Plant Design / Construction
Replace Retiring Engineers
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