Migration
Push factor
Drive away people
Pull factor
Attract people
Migration chains
Migration of Peoples
Prehistoric
Europe to the Americas
African diaspora
Europe to Asia & Oceania
Europe to Africa
Indian
Overseas Chinese
Prehistoric Migrations
European Migrants in 19th Century
African Diaspora
African-American
migrations 1940-1950
(left) and 1980-1990
(below).
African-American
Migration Today
2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth
Characteristics
Many poor, uneducated, unskilled
Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity
Many also highly educated and skilled
Refugees
1951 Geneva convention
Asylum
Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004
World Refugee Population, 2002
Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
International Migration
Increased apprehension in receiving countries
“Compassion fatigue”
Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises
Emigration
Importance of remittances
• Mexico = 3rd largest source of
foreign exchange
International
Migration
Europe as a destination
16 million immigrants
7-10 percent of host country
population
Problems = religion,
education
Contributions =
entrepreneurs
Migration of Asians
4-5 million work abroad
Remittances important
Loss to home communities
Migration to the US and Canada
US
Largest migration flow in world is to US
10% US population foreign born
Immigration quotas restrict immigration
Implications
• Hispanics as proportion of US population
Asian
Canada
18.4 percent population foreign born
94 percent live in metro areas
Hispanic
Source of US Immigrants
Source of US Immigrants
Top 10 Countries of Origin for US
Legal Immigrants, 1998
0
40000
80000
120000
Mexico
China
India
Philippines
Dominican Republic
Vietnam
Cuba
Jamaica
El Salvador
Korea
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
160000
Illegal Aliens in the United States by
Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2700
Mexico
335
El Salvador
165
Guatemala
Canada
120
Haiti
105
Philippines
95
Honduras
90
Poland
70
Nicaragua
70
Bahamas
70
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born
Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Foreign Born
Male
Native
Female
Age
Male
Female
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
8
6
4
2
0
Percent
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
Percent
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
6
8
New Controversies
Additional costs for public services?
Importing poverty?
Local costs of immigration
California
“Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?
Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and
Southward
 Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of
hardship.
 Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed
this move which otherwise would be impossible.
 Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service
sector (biotech, communications).
Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to
the suburbs: suburbanization
Developed Countries:
suburbanization
automobiles and
roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for
retirement
slow pace, yet high
tech connections to
services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in
search of work and income.
Urbanization
 migration from rural areas
 lack of jobs in countryside
 lack of services in cities
 Tokyo, Los Angeles, and
New York only MDC cities
on top 10 list
Lagos, Nigeria
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
City
Tokyo, Japan
New York City, United States
Mexico City, Mexico
Mumbai, India (Bombay)
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Los Angeles, United States
Shanghai, China
Lagos, Nigeria
Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Mumbai, India
Population
28 million
20.1 million
18.1 million
18 million
17.7 million
15.8 million
14.2 million
13.5 million
12.9 million
12.5 million
Mexico City, Mexico