Anatomy & Physiology 34B
Study Guide for Lecture Exam #3
The second lecture exam will include mostly physiological topics from the lecture notes on
Chapters 21-23 and related textbook materials. You will need one #882 Scantron and a #2 pencil
with eraser. Refer to your lecture notes and textbook as you use this study guide. Good luck!
Chapter 21: Immune System
- Describe the major functions of the immune system.
- What is an antigen?
- In terms of leukocytes, which are phagocytes, cytotoxic, or antigen-presenting cells? What
roles do they play in immunity?
- Describe the main types of pathogens.
- Where do lymphocytes originate and where do the B and T cells mature?
- What are the two types of B lymphocytes? What are their functions?
- Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) and acquired (specific) immunity. What
components of the immune system are involved in these two types of immunity?
- What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? Explain the stages of inflammation.
- Define the terms interleukin, cytokine, complement, opsonin, chemotaxin, interferon, and
describe the role of each in immune response.
- Compare and contrast antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Which types
of WBCs are involved in each? What types of pathogens are involved in each?
- List the different types of T lymphocytes, and describe the function of each type.
- Cite the classes of antibodies, the functions of each class, and describe the basic structure of an
antibody. What are monoclonal antibodies, and how are they used to treat disease?
- Know the disorders of the immune system mentioned in lecture.
- Compare and contrast passive and active immunity.
Chapter 22: Respiratory System
- What is the main role of the respiratory system?
- What 4 functions are involved in respiration?
- Know the sequence of air flow from nasal cavity to alveoli.
- What respiratory structures are part of the conducting division? Which are part of the
respiratory division?
- What’s the difference between rhinitis and sinusitis?
- What tissue lines the upper respiratory passages? What are the functions of the tissue?
- What three types of cells that compose the pulmonary alveoli? What are their functions?
- What are the two types of pleural membranes? Where is each located? What is their function?
- What is pleurisy?
- What muscles are involved in relaxed inspiration? In forced inspiration?
- How does Boyle’s law relate to inspiration and expiration?
- What happens to intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure and transpulmonary pressure
during inspiration and expiration?
- What other factors affect respiration and air flow? What does surfactant do? What happens if
it is deficient?
- What is the difference between anatomical dead space and physiological dead space?
- What is the alveolar ventilation rate? How is it calculated?
- Know the major measurements of ventilation (tidal volume, IRV, ERV, RV, VC, FEV), how
they are obtained, what they involve, and their normal values (volumes).
- Know how respiration is controlled neurally (brain structures). What is the Hering-Breuer
reflex? Can a person “hold their breath until they die?”
- How do Dalton’s law and Henry’s law relate to the transfer of gases between alveoli and
surrounding capillaries?
- How is O2 transport accomplished in the blood? What protein is involved? How does the
pressure of O2 at the alveolus level and at the tissue level affect the protein in terms of O2
loading and unloading?
- How can high levels of carbon monoxide cause death?
- What are the three ways that CO2 is transported in the blood? Which is the main way CO2 is
transported? What reversible reaction occurs in the RBCs? What enzyme is involved?
- What happens to O2 and CO2 in the blood stream at the tissue level? What happens at the
alveolar level?
- What 4 factors affect the rate of O2 unloading at the systemic tissue level?
- Where are the main chemoreceptors that respond changes in blood chemistry located?
- How do the concentrations of H+, O2, and CO2 affect the ventilation rate. How are the H+ and
HCO3- concentrations related to the CO2 concentration?
- Compare and contrast respiratory acidosis and alkylosis. What are their causes? How can they
be corrected?
- Know the respiratory disorders mentioned in lecture.
Chapter 25 – Digestive System
- What are the major structures and functions of the digestive system?
- What structures compose the alimentary canal? What are the accessory organs of the system?
- What serous membranes are found in the system? What is their purpose?
- Describe the 4 tunics of the GI tract. What type of tissue lines most of the GI tract?
- How is movement through the GI tract regulated?
- What are the 3 extrinsic salivary glands? What cells secrete saliva? What products are found
in saliva? What purpose do these products serve? How is the secretion of saliva regulated?
- What tissue lines the esophagus? How does food move down the esophagus to the stomach?
- What structure prevents the back flow of food from stomach to esophagus? What happens if
the structure weakens?
- What types of cells are found in gastric glands in the gastric pits. What products do they
produce? What do the products do?
- What chemical messengers are produced by gastric enterocrine cells?
- How is the stomach protected from strong acid? What is the most common cause of peptic
ulcers?
- How is gastric function regulated?
- What are the functional units of the liver? What are they composed of? What is a hepatic triad
composed of?
- What type of blood do the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein carry into the liver?
- List the main functions of the liver.
- Where is bile created, stored, and what is it composed of? What is its function in digestion?
- Which tissue in the pancreas has exocrine functions and which has endocrine functions?
- What types of digestive enzymes are produced by the exocrine portion?
- How is the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice regulated?
- What are the two main functions of the small intestine?
- What is the main function of the duodenum? What products are delivered there by the liver and
pancreas? What do the Brunner’s glands produce?
- What is the main function of the jejunum?
- What immune structures are found in the walls of the ileum?
- What three structural modifications of the small intestine increase the internal surface area for
maximum absorption?
- What is the brush border of the small intestine?
- How is food moved through and mixed in the small intestine?
- Which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion? Where does starch digestion begin?
- How are monosaccharides transported across the intestinal wall and into the blood stream?
- Which enzymes are involved in protein digestion? Where does protein digestion begin?
- How are amino acids transported across the intestinal wall?
- How are lipids digested? How do the digestion products’ transport differ from
monosaccharides and amino acids?
- How are dietary DNA and RNA digested?
- How are vitamins and minerals absorbed?
- What are the main functions of the large intestine? What purpose do bacteria serve in the LI?
- How is defecation controlled?
- Know the disorders of the digestive system mentioned in class.