Anatomy & Physiology 34B Study Guide for Lab Exam #1
Lab exam #1 will consist of questions to assess your understanding of information from
Lab 24 (the eye), Lab 25 (the ear), Lab 26 (olfaction and taste), Lab 27 (endocrine
glands), and Lab 28B (endocrine physiology) The exam will be mainly fill-ins and short
answer questions. Be sure to refer to the lab manual explanations in each lab and the
Review Sheets assigned for homework as you prepare for the exam. Also, be able to
apply the information learned to real life situations.
Lab 24 – The Eye
- Be able to identify the eye structures listed on the lab printout on eye models and a
dissected cow eye.
- Be able to define bold print terms, such as cataracts, glaucoma, accommodation,
emmetropic eye, hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, binocular vision, convergence, and
presbyopia.
- In the activity demonstrating the blind spot, why did the X disappear as the paper was
moved closer to the eye?
- What activity was employed to test for astigmatism?
- What are the two types of photoreceptors found in the retina? What type of vision does
each provide?
- What are the three types of cones? What activity was used to test for colorblindness?
- What is visual acuity and how is it tested? What do numbers such as 20/20, 20/40, etc.
mean?
- How are the photopupillary, accommodation pupillary, and convergence reflexes
tested? Of what value are these reflexes?
- What instrument is used to view the retina through the pupil?
- Be able to identify eye structures under the microscope.
Lab 25 – The Ear
- Be able to identify the ear structures listed on the lab printout on ear models.
- What instrument is used to examine the ear?
- How would you test for conductive and sensorineural deafness? How would you test
for bone and air conduction hearing? Be able to interpret these tests.
- What ear structures are involved in hearing? Be able to the identify inner ear structures
under the microscope.
- What ear regions are involved in the sense of equilibrium and balance?
- What types of tests were done to illustrate the equilibrium apparatus functions?
- What is the Romberg test, and what does it test for?
- Be able to define terms such as nystagmus, vertigo, and presbycussis.
- Be able to identify cochlear structures on a microscope slide.
Lab 26 – Olfaction & Taste
- Describe the structures involved in olfaction, and the sequence in which odor nerve
impulses are transmitted to the brain. What region of the brain interprets odors?
- Describe the structures involved in the gustatory (taste) sense.
- What are the three main types of tongue papillae? Where are each found on the tongue?
Which contain functional taste buds?
- What are the 5 basic tastes?
- Which two cranial nerves transmit taste impulses to the brain? What region of the brain
interprets tastes?
Lab 27 – Anatomy and Histology of the Endocrine System
- Be able to identify the endocrine glands listed on the lab printout in the torso and other
models.
- Be able to identify endocrine glands and their structures on microscope slides, as well as
the hormones they produce.
Lab 28B – Endocrine Physiology
- What type of device was used to determine the metabolic rate in the rats? What was
actually measured by the device?
- How did the normal, thyroidectomized, and hypophysectomized rats respond to
injections of thyroxine, TSH, and propylthiouracil? Why were their responses to the
chemicals different?
- Know what organs produce thyroxine, TSH, the effects of the hormones, as well as the
effect of propylthiouracil.
- Be able to calculate metabolic rate when given amount of oxygen consumed per min.
and the weight of the animal.
- What was the purpose of removing the ovaries in the hormone replacement experiment?
- Why was saline solution injected into the control rat, whereas estrogen and calcitonin
were injected into the experimental rat?
- What organ was affected by estrogen and calcitonin injections? In what way was the
organ affected?
- Why was a spectrophotometer used to measure glucose density in the insulin and
diabetes experiment? What does a spectrophotomer do?
- Why was it necessary to obtain a glucose standard curve for several glucose solutions
before placing the patients’ blood samples in the spectrophotometer?
- What do fasting plasma glucose measurements of 110-126 mg/dl and greater than 126
mg/dl indicate?
- Two hours after an oral glucose tolerance test, what do plasma glucose levels of less
than 140 mg/dl, between 140-200 mg/dl, and greater than 200 mg/dl indicate?
- Why were barium hydroxide and heparin placed in the rat blood samples before the
samples were placed in the spectrophotometer?
- What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus? What hormone is
involved, and what organ produces the hormone?
- What could be done to help someone with diabetes who injects too much insulin?
- What are the causes of primary and secondary Cushing’s syndrome. How do these
conditions differ from iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome?
- What are the causes of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency? What organs
produce cortisol and ACTH?