Anatomy & Physiology 34A Study Guide for Lecture Exam #1
Exam #1 will consist of 100 multiple choice questions drawn from the lecture materials from
Chapters 1-3, 24 & 29. Refer to the lecture handouts and textbook figures that reinforce the
material covered in lecture as you prepare for the exam.
Chapter 1 –Human Body Orientation
- Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Describe the different fields of anatomy.
- List the hierarchy of structural organization of the body, from atoms to organism.
- Name the four major classes of organic molecules that form cells.
- Define the terms cell, cytology, tissue, histology, organ, and body system.
- List the 11 major body systems and explain their general functions.
- Describe a body in anatomical position.
- List the 9 abdominal regions, the major body cavities, and the organs found within them.
- Define the terms metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
- What are the characteristics of living things? What are the basic survival needs?
- What is homeostasis? What happens when homeostasis is disrupted? What are the three basic
components of a physiological control system?
- Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback, and give examples of each in the body.
Chapter 2 – Basic Chemistry
- What is all matter composed of? What are the three states of matter?
- What is an element? What are the 4 major elements in the body? Which elements are
considered minor, or trace elements? What are these elements needed for in the body?
- Describe the components of an atom. Which component defines the type of element?
- What is meant by atomic number? Atomic mass (weight)?
- Which components of an atom engage in chemical reactions? What is an electrically neutral
atom? What types of atoms are most stable?
- What is an isotope? What are radioisotopes? How are they used in medicine?
- What is an ion? An anion? A cation? How are they related to electrolytes?
- What is an antioxidant? A free radical? In what way are they related?
- How are molecules and compounds related?
- Describe the 5 types of chemical bonds.
- How do polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules differ?
- Compare and contrast solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Give examples of each in the body.
- Define the terms mole, gram molecular weight, molarity, and equivalent.
- Describe how you would make a percent solution if the solute is a solid vs. if the solute is a
liquid.
- In a chemical equation, which of the substances are reactants and which are products? What
does the arrow between the reactants and products represent?
- Describe the different types of chemical reactions, including decomposition (hydrolysis),
dehydration synthesis, exchange, reversible, and oxidation/reduction reactions.
- What four factors determine how fast a chemical reaction proceeds?
Chapter 2 – Biological Chemistry
- What percent of the body is water? What properties of water make it the ideal fluid of life?
- What are electrolytes? Why are they important in the body?
- What is pH? What is meant by an acid? A base? What is a buffer?
2
- What are the four major classes of organic molecules? What elements compose each type?
What are their basic monomers (building blocks)?
- Describe the different types of carbohydrates. What are carbohydrates used for in the body?
- Describe the different types of lipids. What is each used for in the body? Which are harmful in
high concentrations?
- Describe the basic structure of an amino acid. How do the 20 amino acids differ from each
other? What do amino acids join together to form? What type of bond joins amino acids?
- Describe the four levels of protein organization. What happens to proteins in high heat or
strong pH solutions?
- Describe the 3 major types of nucleic acids. Which two are used to manufacture proteins?
Which is the main energy molecule in cells?
Chapter 3 – Cell Structure & Function
- Describe the basic characteristics of cells (i.e., metabolism, replication, shapes, sizes, 3 main
regions)
- Describe the components and functions of the plasma membrane.
- List the different types of proteins found in the cell membrane and explain their functions.
- How do microvilli and cilia differ functionally? What types of cells have these structures?
- Describe the three main types of membrane junctions, and where each would be found.
- List the cellular organelles and explain their basic functions.
- What are the three main types of cytoskeletal proteins? Give examples of each.
- What are cell inclusions?
Chapter 3 – Cell Membrane Transport
-What are the main functions of a cell’s plasma membrane?
- What are the properties of the cell membrane that allow it to regulate what passes through it?
- - Explain the methods whereby materials move across cell membranes. What types of
molecules can diffuse freely? Which must be transported? Describe the types of transport that
are used. Which transport processes require ATP energy?
- What factors influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane?
- How are cells affected in solutions of different tonicities (i.e. hypertonic, isotonic, and
hypotonic solutions)?
- Describe the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. What type of transport does this involve?
Does a resting cell usually have more sodium inside of outside the cell?
- How is primary active transport (i.e., the sodium-potassium pump) related to sencondary active
transport? Describe the two types of secondary active transport.
- What types of molecules must be transported across the plasma membrane via bulk transport?
How do endocytosis and exocytosis differ?
- Explain how the types of transport proteins differ in the apical and basolateral membranes of
epithelial cells. What is the difference between secretion and absorption?
Chapter 3 & 24 – Cellular Metabolism
- What is energy? How does potential energy differ from kinetic energy? What are examples of
each in cells?
- What are the laws of thermodynamics?
- Compare and contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions. Why are these two types of
reactions usually coupled?
3
- Describe the properties of enzymes. How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
What is a substance that binds to an enzyme called? What site on the enzyme does the
substance bind to?
- What are cofactors and coenzymes?
- What 3 factors affect enzyme reaction rates? How is enzyme activity modulated?
-What are the two basic types of metabolism?
- What is a metabolic pathway? How do cells regulate their metabolic pathways?
- Describe how ATP is used to fuel cellular activities that require energy.
- Know the overall cellular respiration equation, as well as the key events that occur in
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. How much ATP is made in each
stage? Which stages require oxygen? Which is anaerobic? What is oxygen needed for? What
do NADH and FADH2 do? What mitochondrial membrane enzyme catalyzes the formation of
ATP via the flow of H+ ions through it?
- What other biomolecules (Other than glucose) can be used to regenerate ATP? How are they
used?
- Describe the synthetic pathways whereby large biomolecules are made from smaller molecules.
Chapter 3 – Cell Communication
- By what two basic methods do cells communicate with each other?
- Describe the four types of cell-to-cell communication.
- What general types of chemicals carry out local communication?
- How is long distance communication carried out in the body?
- What is a target cell? Why do some cells respond to certain chemicals, while others do not
respond to the same chemicals?
- What is a signal pathway? What common features are shared by signal pathways?
- How do water-soluble and lipid-soluble chemicals differ in their actions on target cells?
- What is signal transduction?
- What are second messengers? List the major second messengers. What types of intracellular
responses can second messengers generate?
- Describe the four main types of cell membrane receptors and their activities.
- Why is calcium needed in the body? How does it work as an intracellular signal? Where does
calcium come from in a cell?
- What three properties of membrane receptors are similar to the properties of enzymes?
- Describe up- and down-regulation of receptors in the cell membrane. What causes these
actions to occur?
- What are the 7 components of reflex control pathways?
- Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops. Which is more responsible for the
maintenance of homeostasis in the body?