Chapter 42
What is meant by mood?
the manner in which the action
of the verb is conveyed.
The indicative mood indicates a fact.
He is running.
The farmers will plow the field.
The wheat is carried into the barn.
The imperative mood gives a command
addressed to a second person(s).
Boys, carry the rocks!
Children, come here!
Stand up!
The subjunctive mood usually does not
express a fact but expresses a desire or
wish, possibility or potential, or a command.
I may go to school today.
possibility, potential
May they live happily.
wish, desire
Let them drink swill, let us drink wine!
command
Since Chapter 40 you have been meeting subordinate
clauses with their verbs in the subjunctive.
Magister navis, cum valde timēret, suos
vetuit nos adiuvāre.
The captain of the ship, since he was very
frightened, forbade the his own men to
help us.
the verb timēret is imperfect subjunctive and
is translated was . .
Cum quattuor dies navigavissemus, subito
maxima tempestas coorta est.
When we had sailed four days, suddenly a
great storm arose.
The verb navigavissemus is a pluperfect
subjunctive and is translated had . . .
Forms of the subjunctive:
Imperfect tense
2nd principal part (infinitive) + personal endings
imp.
Latin singular
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
English singular
Latin plural
English plural
Pluperfect Tense
perfect active stem + -isse- + personal endings
plup.
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
Latin singular
English singular
Latin plural
English plural
Activity 1: In story 42, locate four verbs in the imperfect
subjunctive and seven in the pluperfect subjunctive.
imperfect
pluperfect
Cum Causal Clauses
1.
Subordinate clauses that are introduced by
the conjunction cum may be cum causal
clauses; cum is translated since or because.
Such clauses state the reason for the action
of the main clause.
Magister navis, cum valde timēret, suos vetuit
nos adiuvare.
The captain of the ship, since he was very frightened,
forbade the his own men to help us.
Cum Circumstantial Clauses
1.
Subordinate clauses that are introduced by
the conjunction cum may also be cum
circumstantial clauses; cum is translated as
when. Such clauses describe the
circumstances that accompanied or
preceded the action of the main clause.
Cum quattuor dies navigavissemus, subito maxima
tempestas coorta est.
When we had sailed four days, suddenly a great storm
arose.
N.B.
Often only the context and
sense will tell you whether
cum is to be translated
since/because or when.
Indirect Questions
1.
Look at these pairs of sentences:
a.
direct question: Qui estis?
Who are you?
b.
indirect question: Piratae rogabant
qui essemus.
The pirates were asking who we
were.
a.
direct question: Unde venistis?
From where have you come?
b.
indirect question: Piratae rogabant
unde venissemus.
The pirates were asking from
where we had come.
a.
direct question: Quo iter facitis?
To where are you traveling?
b.
indirect question: Piratae rogabant quo iter
faceremus.
The pirates were asking to where we were
making a journey.
After the introductory words
Piratae rogabant, the direct
questions are stated indirectly in
subordinate clauses and their verbs
are in the subjunctive. These
subordinate clauses are called
indirect questions.
Activity 2 – Translate each sentence. Identify as either cum causal,
cum circumstantial or indirect question
1.
2.
Cum prope rivum ambulāremus,
Corneliam et Flaviam clamantes
audivimus.
Grammaticus Marcum rogavit unde
venisset Aeneas.
3.
Grammaticus Sextum rogavit ubi
esset Hesperia.
4.
Grammaticus me, cum de Hesperiā
ignorārem, verberavit.
5.
Piratae Valerium rogaverunt quis esset.
6.
Magister navis, cum piratas timēret,
de patre Valerii vera dicere constituit.
7.
Servus, cum in mare desiluisset, ad
litus celeriter natavit.
8.
Cum casam intravisset, custodem
pugione percussit.
9.
Cum casam appropinquavissem,
dominum vidi.
10. Cum neque cibum neque aquam
habērent, aegerrimi erant.