World War I
A New Kind
of War
Chapter 26
section 2
1
Charlie
Chaplin
2
3
4
Schlieffen Plan
 Germany’s plan to
avoid a two front war
 First phase was to
invade France through
Neutral Belgium.
 Quickly Defeat France
before Russia could
mobilize
5
 By violating the neutrality agreement
signed between Belgium & Germany,
England declared war on August 4th.
 This became known as the “Rape of
Belgium”
 With Great Britain entering the war on
the side of the Allies, Germany was now
forced to fight the two front war they had
been trying to avoid.
 The War becomes a stalemate
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Nations take Sides
By mid-August 1914, two sides
at war throughout Europe
 Central Powers—Germany,
Austria-Hungary (and other
nations)
Allies—Britain, France, Russia
(and other nations)
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Invasion of France
The German army quickly
advances towards the outskirts of
Paris
Early Sept., 600
Taxies are rushed
back and forth
to the front lines
moving the troops
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First Battle of the Marne
September 5 – 12, 1914
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French Soldiers during the battle
German soldiers during the 1st Battle of the Marne
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 The French and the British troops are
able to hold the Germans at the
Marne River
 This battle ended Germany’s hope for
a quick victory
 Both sides will begin to dig deep
trenches in order to protect their
armies
 Battle lines will barely change over
the next four years
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Western
Front as
of 1916
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16
War in the Trenches
 Two systems of trenches stretched
hundreds of miles, western Europe
 Millions of Allied and Central Powers
soldiers in trenches of Western Front
 Battles result in many deaths, small
land gains
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Life in trenches is miserable,
difficult,
- Rain produced deep puddles,
mud
- Lice, rats, bad sanitation
constant problems
- Removing dead bodies often
impossible
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Over the Top
Soldiers ordered out of trenches to
attack enemy
Sprinting across area known as
“no-man’s-land” a deadly game
Thousands on both sides died, cut
down by enemy guns
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New Weapons
New technology led to greater
numbers being killed more
effectively
Neither side able to make significant
advances on enemy’s trenches
Each side turned to new weapons
like poison gas
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http://www.history.com/videos/wwi-firsts#wwi-firsts
Poison Gas
First used by the Germans, but
eventually used by all.
There were different types of gas.
Some caused blindness, severe
blisters, or death by choking
Value limited, must be careful of
the wind
both sides developed gas masks
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Additional Weapons

Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use
 Artillery and high-explosive shells,
enormous destructive power
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Artillery piece of the 320th. Artillery piece,"Cyclone ",
and its escort on rail, registered ALPG.32. 9. P.3038. Hogstade.
(Belgium September 5th, 1917).
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Tanks
Tanks pioneered by British and
first used in 1916, in the Battle of
the Somme
Could cross rough battlefield
terrain (no man lands)
But Reliability was a problem
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Aircraft
 Aircraft most useful
 At beginning of war, mostly for
observation
 1915 Zeppelins were used to bomb
the coast of England
 Soon had machine guns, bombs
attached
 Faster airplanes useful in attacking
cities, battlefields
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Zeppelins
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Airplanes
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Germany’s Red Barron:
Manfred von Richthofen
Is credit for 80
“kills” against the
Allies pilots
48
US top ace,
Eddie
Rickenbacker,
with 26
victories. He
survived the
war.
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A Sopwith Camel
rising from the flight
deck of a lighter
towed into the wind
at top speed by a
destroyer. This was
the method used by
Lt. S.D.Culley to
take off when he
shot down a
Zeppelin off the
borkum Riff
lightship on 11th
August 1918.
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Submarines
52
AKA U-boats from the German
word Unterseeboot
First used by the Germans in
1914
Primary weapons were the
torpedoes
Allies ships were forced to travel
in convoys to protect the
merchant ships transporting
supplies from the U.S. to Europe.
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The Eastern Front
 Eastern battles were fought between
the Russians and Serbs against the
AH and Germans along the GermanRussian Border
 The line was more mobile than in the
west, because trenches were used
very little
 It was just as deadly, slaughter and
stalemate were just as common.
56
Battle of Tannenberg
 First battle on the Eastern Front,
August 26-30, 1914
 The Russians are defeated after
invading E. Prussia
 Out of 150,000 men only 10,000
escaped, 92,000 were taken Prisoner
 The Germans lost 20,000 men
 News of the defeat is kept out of the
press.
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Russia Struggles
Russia’s war effort was suffering
by 1916, many casualties, few
supplies, due to slow
industrialization
Huge size of Russian army keeps it
a formidable force
Most importantly they prevent
Germany from sending more troops
to the Western Front
61
Southern Europe & Balkans
In 1915, Bulgaria joined the
Central Powers against rival
Serbia
Romania joined the Allies to gain
land in Hungary
Italy joined the Allies to gain land
in Austria, by a secret treaty.
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War around the World
 Japan joined the Allies as an excuse
to capture German outpost in China
and the Pacific
 Allies take control of remaining
German holdings in Asia, Africa
 Britain and France use their
colonial subjects to help in war
effort
64
Ottoman Empire
Because of its strategic location
they were a desirable ally
IF they had sided with the Allies,
the Central Powers would have
been completely encircled.
Late October 1914, the Turks
joined the Central powers
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The Gallipoli Campaign
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 Cutting off crucial Allied supply
line to Russia. Through the
Dardanelles between the
Mediterranean and Black Sea.
 Allies sent British, Indian,
Australian and New Zealander
troops to capture Ottoman
Dardanelles strait in February 1915
 They battled for 10 months,
defeated, they are out in January
1916, after losing 200,000 + troops
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Armenians Crisis
A ethnic group living in the
Caucasus Mountains, part of them
lived in Russia the rest in the
Ottoman Empire
As Christians they were a
minority, and did not have the
same rights as Muslims
Some Turkish Armenians joined
the Russians.
71
 The Ottomans used this as a reason
to deport the entire population to
Syria and Mesopotamia
 During this time period 600,000 to
1.5 million died
 Many were killed by planned
massacres; others were starved by
marching with no food (Genocide)
 Others immigrated to other
countries, Leaving none in their
native lands
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3 Front for the Ottomans
rd
 1916, in the Middle
East, Arab nationalist
revolted, led by
Husayn ibn Ali
 The raids are
successful and the
Ottomans lose
territory and
eventually Baghdad
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Lawrence of Arabia
British Colonel
T.E. Lawrence
sent to support
the Arab revolt
Lead guerrilla
raids against the
Turks
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