APrisons should be reformed.
BWomen should have equal rights.
CMen should work in agricultural jobs.
DWomen should pursue traditional occupations.
6Which of the following best explains one of the changes in immigration shown on this
graph?
FFree housing was offered to immigrants arriving after 1855.
GA famine plagued Ireland between 1845 and 1850.
HThe German National Assembly passed a constitution in 1850.
JLabor strikes occurred in Great Britain between 1840 and 1845.
7Which conclusion can best be made by examining the map above?
AThe Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.
BFrance gained control of much of the North American continent.
CThe Louisiana Purchase was designated for Native American ownership.
DBoth Spain and the United States would share control of the Louisiana Purchase.
8Which of these is a correct interpretation of the information shown above?
FTotal Confederate casualties were greater than total Union casualties.
GMore Confederate soldiers died of wounds than of disease.
HMore than twice as many Union soldiers died of disease than of wounds.
JFewer soldiers fought for the Union than for the Confederacy.
11Which of the following best completes the diagram above?
AIncrease in agricultural production
BDecrease in the slave population
CEnactment of protective tariffs
DGrowth of immigration
13The factors listed above most directly contributed to the increase of —
Aindustrialization
Bsubsistence farming
Cpublic education
Dhomesteading
21Which statement best summarizes the ideas expressed above by Franklin?
AThe government must inform the people of its laws.
BThe government can make treaties with other nations.
CCitizens can impeach government officials.
DCitizens must be allowed to discuss ideas with one another.
45In the excerpt above, Mann shows his support for —
Awomen’s suffrage
Bprison reform
Cpublic schools
Dimproved sanitation
48The artifact above is an example of a badge most likely worn by a —
Fplantation owner
Gformer slave
Hcolonial governor
Jrecent immigrant
1According to the maps, areas under European colonial power in Latin America were —
Asignificantly reduced by 1830
Bconfined to the Caribbean in 1800
Ccentered near Cape Horn by 1830
Dfar from the equator in 1800
46This portrayal of factory life is considered a primary source because it is from —
Fa description in a textbook
Gan account by a mill worker
Ha description of a mill town
Jan article in a newspaper
2Which conclusion can correctly be drawn from this information?
FNorth Korean workers are more productive than South Korean workers.
GSouth Korea has a stronger economy than North Korea.
HNorth Korea has a higher standard of living than South Korea.
JSouth Korea is geographically smaller than North Korea.
3According to the table, in 1890 there were more —
Apeople who were foreign-born than native-born
Bnative-born people than foreign-born people living in cities with a population of
2,500 to 99,999
Cforeign-born people than native-born people living in towns with a population of
less than 2,500
Dforeign-born people than native-born people living in cities
4According to the map, which of the following cities was the last to become part of
unified Italy?
FGenoa
GVenice
HNaples
JRome
6It can be concluded from the diagrams above that a common characteristic of these
historical cities is that they —
Fall encouraged regional migrations
Gwere all easily accessed by outsiders
Hall had secure living environments
Jwere all able to export raw materials
8Based on the map above, it can be concluded that India’s railway
system —
Fcaused the economic decline of port cities in the west
Gresulted in countrywide efforts to produce a single crop
Hcaused many commercial farmers to relocate to the east
Jmade the transportation of produce to port cities easier
9The events listed in the time line show that ancient Romans strove to —
Amake all types of forced labor illegal
Buse the city only for industrial purposes
Cmaintain a high standard of public health
Dlimit the making of crafts inside the city
10This photograph best demonstrates which worldwide distribution pattern?
FMost people live in the Southern Hemisphere.
GThe United States has a larger population than China.
HMost industrial nations are located in the Northern Hemisphere.
JAustralia has more urban centers than Japan.
13All the factors listed above contributed to the mid-19th-century wave of —
AChinese laborers immigrating to the United States
BIrish immigration to the United States
Cincreased slave revolts in the South
Dabolition movements in Ireland
16Which of the following contributed the most to the spread of popular culture in Europe
and North America during the 20th century?
FHarsh conditions for workers
GSevere outbreaks of disease
HThe survival of cottage industries
JAdvances in communications
19Based on the information above, what was the primary purpose of the Cu Chi tunnel
complex?
ATo provide a military advantage to the Vietcong
BTo protect villagers from gas attacks by the Vietcong
CTo protect the harvest from destruction by U.S. troops
DTo provide an escape route for U.S. soldiers
26Which of the families described above is engaged in subsistence agriculture?
FFamily A
GFamily B
HFamily C
JFamily D
28As illustrated on the map above, Phoenicia became a great trading power in the
Mediterranean partially because of its —
Fclimate
Glatitude
Hresources
Jelevation
33In the late 1700s, the factors listed above contributed to the development of —
Aindustrialization
Ba stock exchange
Ca common currency
Dagricultural cooperatives
43Which type of government best safeguards the individual rights of its citizens?
AModern autocracy
BTheocratic state
CModern democracy
DTotalitarian state
45The photograph above best depicts which of the following advancements of
civilization?
AWritten language
BLunar calendar
CComplex government
DUse of metal
46Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information in the table?
FSouth American nations have lower female literacy rates than those in Central
America.
GCountries with high birthrates have no public education system.
HBirthrates are lower in South American nations than in North American nations.
JNations with higher percentages of literate women tend to have lower birthrates.
48These three statements best reflect the results of —
Fcultural diffusion
Gtechnological innovation
Hthe socialist system
Jthe feudal system
50According to the graph, the per capita income —
Ffor Myanmar and Vietnam rapidly declined
Gin Myanmar increased the most between 1998 and 2002
Hfor both nations remained the same
Jin Vietnam decreased the most between 1994 and 1997
1According to the table above, by which year did the percent of urban population first
become greater than the percent of rural population in Texas?
A1910
B1950
C1970
D1990
5The pagoda is a type of Buddhist architecture. The pagodas depicted in the photos above
illustrate the effects of —
Apublic education
Bgovernment funding
Ctrade restrictions
Dcultural diffusion
\
1. The unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness acknowledge the
importance of the —
Fcommunity
Gmilitary
Hruler
Jindividual
8Why was it necessary to perform the activity shown above during the construction of the
Panama Canal?
FTo drive the native population away
GTo preserve crops grown to feed workers
HTo prevent the spread of yellow fever
JTo protect vegetation found in the area
10Which statement is supported by the information on the map?
FBerliners could travel freely to any part of the city.
GOnly planes had international access to Berlin.
HThe four occupying nations worked to unite Berlin under one government.
JThe Soviet zone lacked direct access to air travel.
18The information on the map supports the conclusion that cases of malaria —
Fare absent from Central America
Goccur most frequently in Asia
Hgo unreported in Africa
Jare found in South America
77. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was designed to increase
business profits and promote trade between which three countries?
ACanada, Great Britain, and Australia
BMexico, Cuba, and Brazil
CCanada, the United States, and Great Britain
DMexico, Canada, and the United States
28According to the map, most of the countries with the largest populations are located
in —
FAsia
GEurope
HNorth America
JSouth America
31If the trend illustrated by the graph continues, India will most likely need to —
Alimit the production of refined petroleum products
Bimport greater amounts of fuel
Cproduce less energy than it uses
Dreduce its production of nuclear energy
39In the late 19th century, immigration most affected American cities by contributing to
which of the following?
AOvercrowded housing
BMovement to the suburbs
CDevelopment of city parks
DFinancing railroad construction
42Which of the following statements does the map above support?
FEach of the founding members of OPEC is from the Middle East.
GThe largest exporter of crude oil among OPEC members is located in South
America.
HEach OPEC member exports approximately the same amount of crude oil.
JThe last member to join OPEC was from Africa.
47Based on the photograph above, which statement best explains why the Anasazi homes
at Mesa Verde were built into the sides of cliffs?
AThe cliffs provided mineral resources for trade.
BThe cliffs made protecting the community easier.
CThe cliffs allowed water to be diverted for irrigation.
DThe cliffs made trapping animals more productive.
48A 19th-century technological innovation that increased trade and commerce along
rivers was —
Fthe generator
Gthe steamboat
Hthe clipper ship
Jthe compass
54Based on the information above, why did Chinese rulers modify the physical
environment by creating a massive wall across the country?
FTo keep out enemy invaders
GTo prevent the annual flooding of Chinese rivers
HTo provide jobs for Chinese citizens
JTo encourage foreign trade
55This photograph shows child workers in a textile mill. In the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, many U.S. employers —
Arequired vocational training programs for children
Bhired children as a source of cheap labor
Csought government regulation of child labor
Dprovided safe working conditions for child laborers
1 The discovery of what natural resource in California in 1848 and 1849 caused rapid
population growth in the region?
A Gold
B Silver
C Copper
D Iron
9 What would be the best title for the image above?
A Heading West
B Dangers on the Trail
C The California Gold Rush
D Plantation Life
86. The steamboat had an important effect on economic development in the United
States because it A was safer than other forms of transportation
B was an efficient method of transporting goods
C could travel faster than the locomotive
D created a need for man-made waterways
15 In the early 1800s, manufacturing in the United States converted from cottage
industry to factory production because of A a lack of skilled workers
B a decreased demand for finished goods
C difficulty in transporting goods
D the ability to produce goods more efficiently
21 What made New Orleans a significant port to people living in the Ohio Valley?
A The taxes collected in New Orleans supported towns in the Ohio Valley.
B New Orleans was a fortified city that protected the Missouri River against
invasion.
C Many of the goods needed by the people of the Ohio Valley were manufactured in
New Orleans.
D New Orleans was an important trade center near the mouth of the Mississippi
River.
24 Southern dependence on slavery and an agricultural economy resulted in F an excellent railroad system
G a lack of factories
H a dependence on government tax breaks
J several new political parties
34 The missions founded in California during the 1700s are evidence of the cultural
influence of which group of people?
F African Americans
G French Canadians
H The Chinese
J The Spanish
42 How did the invention of interchangeable parts affect industry in the United States in
the 1800s?
F It made the production of goods faster and cheaper.
G It encouraged immigrants to demand higher wages.
H It reduced opportunities for female workers.
J It slowed the rate of factory construction.
6 Robert Fulton’s steamboat aided the economic development of the United States by —
F
reducing traffic in the nation’s ocean harbors
G making transportation on rivers more efficient
H ending American dependence on European shipping
J
serving as a method of connecting California and the East Coast
9 Which of these would be the best title for the illustration above?
A Divine Nature
B Survival of the Fittest
C Manifest Destiny
D Universal Expansion
20 What natural barrier would a pioneer traveling west to California encounter that a pioneer traveling to
Oregon would not?
F Great Plains
G Mississippi River
H Rocky Mountains
J Sierra Nevada
East Asian Countries
Population
Density
(per
square
mile)
Workforce
in Agriculture
and Forestry
Per Capita
Income
Economic
System
People's
Republic
of China
327
60%
$2,500
command
North Korea
504
36%
$920
command
South Korea
1,185
21%
$11,270
free
enterprise
860
7%
$20,200
free
enterprise
4
36%
$1,800
command
1,537
16%
$12,070
free
enterprise
Country
Japan
Mongolia
Republic of
China
(Taiwan)
Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997
3 Based on the data provided in the chart, what conclusion can be made about the countries of East Asia?
A The countries with the largest percent of their workforce in agriculture and forestry have the
highest per capita income.
B The countries with free-enterprise economic systems have the highest per capita income.
C Command-economy countries have the lowest percent of their workforces in agriculture and
forestry.
D Free-enterprise countries have the lowest population density.
4
One reason the earliest civilization developed at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent in presentday Iraq was that —
F crops grew well in desert conditions
G game for hunting had become too scarce elsewhere
H the rivers in the area provided favorable conditions for agriculture
J many people migrated into the area from India
Age Distribution, 2000
Population Under
15 Years Old
Population Over
65 Years Old
Argentina
26.8%
10.4%
Brazil
29.1%
5.3%
Colombia
32.2%
4.7%
Ecuador
36.2%
4.4%
Country
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
7 Based on the table, which country has the highest life expectancy?
A Argentina
B Brazil
C Columbia
D Ecuador
Selected Megalopolises of the United States
8 A megalopolis is an urban area made up of adjoining cities and their suburbs. The feature shared by all
the megalopolises on the map is that they —
F are located along the East Coast
G extend through two or more states
H are adjacent to bodies of water
J are located in river valleys
Population
Density
(per sq mile)
Per Capita
Income
Labor Force
in Agriculture
Literacy Rate
Bangladesh
980.3
$1,570
63%
56.0%
Malaysia
67.7
$10,300
16%
83.5%
Pakistan
185.7
$2,000
44%
42.7%
Thailand
120.8
$6,700
54%
93.8%
Nation
Sources: CIA World Factbook, 2001 and U.S. Bureau of the Census
35 Which conclusion can be drawn about the countries listed in the chart?
A Bangladesh has the lowest standard of living.
B Thailand is densely populated.
C Pakistan has the highest standard of living.
D Malaysia has the lowest literacy rate.
37 Since the late 1700s, technological innovations such as the steam engine have affected daily life by —
A
increasing industrial efficiency
B
guaranteeing workers’ wages
C
causing mass migration to rural areas
D
decreasing agricultural production
1 According to the map, in 1860 all U.S. cities with populations greater than 250,000 were located —
A south of the Mason-Dixon Line
B west of the territories
C near the Great Lakes
D in the Northeast
3
The invention of the lightbulb contributed to industrial growth in the Untied States by making it
possible for —
A production to continue at night
B workers to light their homes
C electric companies to raise their prices
D cities to reduce crime by lighting city streets
5 The photograph above presents a scene from the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The conditions it pictures
resulted from —
A government programs during the Great Depression
B drought and poor agricultural practices
C the burning of coal to power factories
D the increased use of automobiles
The problems we face are not limited to one coast or one region. From the contaminated
waters of Boston Harbor to the pollution of San Francisco Bay; from the closed shellfish beds
of the Chesapeake to the growing "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico; from the Puget Sound
Superfund sites to the PCB-ridden striped bass of New York; coastal pollution is pervasive and
growing more deadly with each passing year.
— Congressional Record, June 1989
14
Population growth in coastal regions has contributed to the problems described above by --
F creating a need for more highways
G causing an increase in flooding and soil erosion
H creating a demand for more clean water
J producing increasing amounts of sewage and other waste products
26
Industrialization during the late 1800s contributed to the development of organized labor because it
—
F created low-wage, low-skill jobs that made employees easy to replace
G allowed individuals to accumulate huge fortunes
H reduced the demand for hourly wage earners
J contributed to the growth of college business programs
Entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) might change China's economic relationship with
the rest of the world because China will have to —
F allow more foreign competition in its markets
G allow Europeans to manage the economy
H produce completely different goods
J become a democratic country with a market economy
The automobile industry helped stimulate the US economy in the 1920s because it
—
A increased
demand for
products
such as steel,
rubber, and
gasoline
B started the
Industrial
Revolution
in the United
States
C ended U.S.
dependence
on foreignmade cars
D increased
employment
opportunities
for female
engineers
49 The graph indicates that between 1990 and 2050 the percentage of —
A African Americans in the population will decrease
B whites in the population will increase
C Asians in the population will decrease
D Hispanics in the population will increase
52
During the late 19th century, factory owners often hired child workers because children —
F required little supervision
G could be paid low wages
H were able to work after school
J had received job training at school
Every piece of work in the shops moves; it may move on hooks on overhead chains . . . it
may travel on a moving platform or it may go by gravity, but the point is that there is no lifting
or trucking of anything other than materials.
— Henry Ford, 1924
55
What revolutionary manufacturing method is Henry Ford describing in this excerpt?
A Assembly line
B Micromanagement
C Quality assurance
D Cottage industry
2
YEAR
EVENT
1837
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
1876
Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
1951
The first business computer is introduced
1964
The Internet begins functioning
2000
Millions of people around the world use the
Internet
The events listed in the box influenced the U.S. standard of living by –
F
encouraging closer cooperation between government and businesses
G
providing more-efficient ways for businesses to operate
H
increasing the costs of doing business
J
making businesses less attractive to investors
Which group has most often used court actions, peaceful protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience in
its efforts to achieve economic and political equality?
F Native Americans
G African Americans
H Irish Americans
J Italian Americans
The expanding use of computers in business and industry has generally resulted in –
F higher
prices for
consumers
G greater
worker
productivity
H prolonged
economic
recession
J smaller
corporate
profits
How did the influx of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe after 1880 affect industrial
workers in the United States?
A Immigrants willing to work for low wages reduced union bargaining power.
B Foreign-born workers became less important as labor unions used their power to strike.
C Skilled industrial workers organized to promote immigration.
D Unions were successful at getting workers to agree on workplace issues.
Since 1965 the ethnic composition of the United states has changed because of an
increase in immigrants from –
F newly
independent
African
nations
G Latin
America
and Asia
H western
Europe and
the Soviet
Union
J the northern
Canadian
provinces
State
California
New York
Pennsylvania
Texas
Official Census Data
1970
19,971,069
18,241,391
11,800,766
11,198,655
1990
29,760,021
17,990,445
11,881,643
16,986,510
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
25
If the trends shown in the chart continue, then it is likely that in the early 21st century, the –
A migration of people within the United States will benefit the economy of the Northeast
B various regions of the United States will grow at equal rates
C South and West will continue to attract people from other regions
D changing population patterns will have little effect on economic growth
Speaker 1:
Now that I have been discharged from the army, I want to
leave the crowded city and buy a house with a big lawn in
the suburbs.
Speaker 2:
During the war we worked hard and saved our money, but
there was little to buy. Now we want a shiny new car, some
of those new kitchen appliances, and new furniture.
Speaker 3:
With my new college degree, a great new job, and a new
house in the suburbs, I can start living the way I've always
wanted to live.
Speaker 4:
It's a good thing that my husband has secure employment,
because we have two young children and another one on the
way.
29 The statements illustrate that the 1950s were known as a period of –
A economic growth
B high unemployment
C cultural rebirth
D population stagnation
Immigrants who came to the United States from Italy and Russia between 1880 and
1900 contributed to our country's diverse national identity in that they –
F continued to
speak their
native
languages
and refused
to learn
English
G quickly
assimilated
into
mainstream
U.S. culture
H incorporated
plants
native to
their
homelands
into U.S.
agriculture
J brought
with them
cultures and
religions
distinct to
their
homelands
The invention of the telephone changed the nature of work by –
F providing employees with an easy way to reach family members
G intensifying the isolation of rural laborers
H speeding up the pace of business transactions
J making railroad transportation obsolete
33
Air pollution in growing urban areas is most often caused by –
A inefficient home-heating systems
B fossil-fuel-powered motor vehicles
C electric-powered light-rail systems
D nuclear-powered electric generators
1 According to information in the graphs,
which of the following regions had the
biggest change in the rate of immigration
between 1964 and 1996?
A South America
B Caribbean Islands
C Mexico
D Asia
The migration of people from the cities to the suburbs in the 1950s resulted in —
F a decline in public transportation systems in cities
G a decrease in real-estate taxes in suburbs
H an increase in agricultural production in rural areas
J the growth of housing developments in suburbs
39
African American music that was popularized during the 1920s and continues to be an important
part of U.S. culture today is —
A rock and roll
B salsa
C jazz
D flamenco
The National Park System was established mainly in order to —
F assist territories in becoming states
G guarantee the availability of arable farmland
H conserve and protect natural resources
J protect Native American reservations
What has been responsible for the most significant change in business and communication in the late 20th
century?
F Computers
G Radios
H Telegraphs
J Telephones
17
One reason the U.S. Congress created the National Park Service in 1916 was to
—
A protect the natural beauty of selected federal land
B make a profit on its investment in park facilities
C search for new sources of oil and mineral resources
D supervise mining and lumber operations on federal land
Geographic and economic factors influenced the United States to construct the Panama Canal
because of the canal’s expected impact on the —
F industrial development in South America
G transcontinental railroads of the United States
H speed and cost of international trade
J independence movements in Central America
28
The development of the National Park System was closely related to which 19th-century reform
movement?
F Labor
G Rural electrification
H Business regulation
J Conservation
General U.S. Economic Conditions in the 1950s

The minimum wage increased 33% in 1955.

Unemployment averaged 4.5%.

Average family income rose 15%.

Real wages went up 20%.

Building the Interstate Highway System provided jobs for
150,000 construction workers.
34
Based on the information in the box, what conclusion can be drawn about the 1950s?
F The United States was at peace during this period.
G The value of U.S. exports was greater than U.S. imports.
H The 1950s was a time of prosperity.
J The New Deal programs were established in the 1950s.
Population Shifts in the United States 1950-1970
Year
City
Suburbs
Rural
1950
35.5%
27.0%
37.5%
1960
33.4%
33.3%
33.3%
1970
31.6%
37.0%
31.4%
Which of the following best explains the changes shown in the chart?
A Greater
economic
opportunities
were
available in
rural areas.
B Suburban
areas were
seen as the
best places
to live.
C Educational
opportunities
in cities
were better
than in
suburban
and rural
areas.
D Industry
grew rapidly
in the cities.
37
In the late 1800s the establishment of many industries on U.S. rivers —
A limited shipping on the rivers
B contributed to pollution in the rivers
C forced the railroads to find new customers
D increased the cost of shipping goods