WHAP Exam Review
Period 6
1914- the Present
Chapters 34-40
Big Picture
• How do nationalism and self-determination
impact global events?
• World culture? Globalization
• Effect of Globalization on environment
World War I Era
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Imperialism causes rivalries and competition.
Militarism
Nationalism
Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
Balkans= Powder Keg and Assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• War ensues, alliances called in
The War to End All Wars
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Central Powers vs. Allies
Schlieffen Plan
Trench Warfare, new weapons
US involvement: Lusitania, Zimmerman Note
Treaty of Versailles
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1919
All blame placed on Germany
War reparations, loss of land, military downsized
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
League of Nations
Russian Revolution
• Before war was over
• Russians suffered greatly during war, very costly in
lives and money
• Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate his throne
• Provisional government under Alexander Kerensky,
Soviets too
• Vladimir Lenin, leader of the socialist
party/Bolsheviks called for peace, land and bread.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• USSR= Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Civil War= Red Army under Trotsky against White
Army
Turkey
• Lost land in treaties of WWI
• Greeks invaded
• Mustafa Kemal=Ataturk, successfully led
defeat of the Greeks, became first president of
modern Turkey, westernized/secularized
Turkey
Soviet Union Under Stalin
• Lenin had instituted NEP-New Economic Policy
that had capitalistic aspects
• When Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took over.
• Stalin pushed totalitarianism (not true
communism).
• Five-Year-Plan that pushed industrialization and
collectivization. Epic fail.
• Great Purge: secret police, trials, assassinations
to get rid of opposition
• No religion.
Great Depression
• WWI was expensive
• Nations borrowed money from U.S.---New
York became center of economic world
• Stock Market Crash in October 1929.
• Affects the entire world. Nations can’t pay
debts. Unemployment.
• FDR in U.S.= New Deal
Fascism
• Destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the
people”. Unify society
• Extreme nationalism, often relying on racial identity
• A particular type of totalitarian rule.
• First in Italy: Benito Mussolini created National
Fascist Party in 1919, squads named “Blackshirts”
• By 1926, Italy was a totalitarian fascist regime.
• Expanded into North Africa
Rise of Hitler
• After WWI, Germany had set up a conservative
democratic republic= Weimar Republic
• National Socialist Party (Nazis) started to rise in the
1920s as people were upset about Weimar Republic
not doing much about economics.
• Adolf Hitler became head of Nazi Party and pushed
extreme nationalism based on Social Darwinism.
• 1933, Hitler became chancellor of the Reichstag and
then took control of the government to start the Third
Reich.
• Nationalism in Europe vs. Nationalism in Colonies
Appeasement
• Hitler violated Treaty of Versailles.
• Francisco Franco and “nationalists” take over Spain,
and France and Great Britain don’t get involved.
• Germany takes Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia,
and nothing happens.
• League of Nations does nothing.
• Munich Conference of 1938=appeasement, “peace for
our time”
• Nazi-Soviet Pact: USSR appeases Germany because
they plan to split Europe up between them (at least
that’s what Stalin thinks)
• When appeasement fails, war starts with invasion of
Poland in 1939.
Japan
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Imperialism
1915, Twenty-One Demands on China
1931, invades Manchuria
Withdraws from League, and makes pact with
Germany
• 1937, invades China, “Rape of Nanjing”
World War II
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Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1939, blitzkrieg
Battle of Britain
Fall of France
US involvement: after Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor;
fight in Europe, Africa and Pacific
D-Day: June 6, 1944, invasion of Europe that leads to
end of war in Europe, liberates France
Battle of Stalingrad 1942: Russians defeat Germans
May 1945, Allies closed in on Hitler in Berlin, Hitler
committed suicide
August 1945, U.S. uses atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki to achieve a Japanese surrender
Consequences of WWII
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Holocaust
U.S. and U.S.S.R. =superpowers
Germany occupied and then split
Loss of life and devastation led to Marshall Plan by
U.S.
Decline of Colonialism
Women started working outside home during war
and stayed out
United Nations
Cold War
Cold War
• 1945-1990s, played out world-wide, everyone
takes sides or become nonaligned “Third World”
• Nuclear arms race
• Spread of communism vs. containment
• Berlin blockade and airlift
• Truman Doctrine: aid countries threatened by
communist takeover
• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• “Iron Curtain”
• Korea and Vietnam
China
• Chinese Revolution of 1911: Sun Yat-sen, Three Principles of
the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy), establish
Kuomindang
• Chiang Kai-shek took over after Sun, Civil War against the
communists
• Japan invaded and all attention went to stopping them
• Mao Zedong led communists, pushed out nationalists, and
created People’s Republic of China
• Mao’s ideas: Great Leap Forward (industrialization and
collectivization), Cultural Revolution (forced egalitarianism),
both failures
• 1976, Deng Xiaoping: restructured economy, education, mix
between communist command economy and free-market
capitalist economy
• 1989, Tianamen Square
Korea
• Split into Soviet Union backed North and U.S.
backed South after WWII. 38th parallel
• North invaded South
• UN sent in troops under U.S. General
MacArthur
• Armistice in 1953
• Still split today.
• North Korea has nuclear weapons.
Vietnam
• Vietminh fought against French colonial
powers to gain independence.
• Split into two nations, communist North and
democratic south, at 17th parallel
• Ho Chi Minh wanted a unified communist
Vietnam, invaded South Vietnam.
• U.S. troops fought to save South Vietnam, but
failed. Anti-war sentiment at home
• Vietnam became a unified communist nation.
Cuba
• Cuban Revolution: Batista, supported by U.S.,
was overthrown by revolutionaries under Fidel
Castro
• Cuba became communist, businesses
nationalized
• Bay of Pigs Invasion failed
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Cuba has deteriorated with fall of USSR.
Latin America
• “Good Neighbor” policy
• Single-party rule in Mexico (PRI) until 2000
when a (PAN) candidate won election
• Sandinistas in Nicaragua and El Salvador,
Contras
• Export economies
Poland
• 1980, Solidarity: workers joined together
under Lech Walesa, strike to reform economy
• Put down by martial law
• 1989, Solidarity was legalized
• 1990, Lech Walesa was elected President, new
constitution
• Joined NATO and the EU
Germany
• Berlin Wall torn down in 1989, mass exodus
• Reunified as a free market democracy
• Has gone through many changes since WWI
Collapse of Soviet Union
• Mikhail Gorbachev: glasnost, perestroika
• Elements of private enterprise added to the
economy
• Great Purge was denounced.
• Disintegrated in 1991.
• Yugoslavia: ethnic cleansing
• Chechnya
• 1993, Constitution: Federal state with 3 branches,
checks and balances, independent court
• First President=Boris Yeltsin
• Vladimir Putin-head of state
• Dmitry Medvedev-head of government
India
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Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Amritsar Massacre in 1919
Mohandas K. Gandhi: Passive resistance
Hindus and Muslims didn’t get along, India
partitioned when it got independence. (India
and Pakistan) caused at least 500,000 deaths
• Still have trouble today, Kashmir
Africa
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Decolonization issues
Algerians fight war of independence
Civil Wars, such as Rwanda with genocide
New resources: metals and palm oils
South Africa ends Apartheid
Middle East
• Balfour Declaration
• Creation of Israel in 1948
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Arab-Israeli War
Six Days’ War
Camp David Accords
PLO, intifada
Hamas, Fatah, Hezbollah
• Iran Revolution
– Ayatollah Khomeini
– U.S. Embassy workers taken hostage
• Iraq-Iran War
– Iran-Contra Scandal
• Gulf War
– Iraq invades Kuwait
Globalization Since 1980
• Gulf War
• Terrorism: Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama bin
Laden
– September 11, 2001---World Trade Center
• Global Trade: NAFTA, EU, transnational
corporations, IMF, GATT, G6/G8/G20
• Environmental Issues: Earth Summit, Kyoto
Protocol
Technology
• Weapons of mass destruction: atomic bombs
to nuclear weapons
• Computers!!! Whee!!!
– Reduced size, increased power
– Personal
– World Wide Web
– Browsers
Role of Women
• Women’s suffrage movements after WWI and
WWII, but not in most Middle Eastern nations
• More access to education
• Communist nations said women were equal,
but still were not
• Population: one-child policy in China,
sterilization in India
• Work!!!
• Family Structure: women in the workforce
and working at home
Big Picture
• Nationalism
• Globalization---Is there a world culture?