CIVIL RIGHTS 1. DEMANDS OF BLACK AMERICANS, 1. TO BE ABLE TO USE PUBLIC PLACES AS FREELY AS WHITES 2. THEY WANTED ENFORCEMENT OF THEIR CONST RIGHT TO VOTE 3. A FAIR CHANCE WHEN APPLYING FOR JOBS AND HOUSING 2. SECOND CLASS CITIZEN, BLACK PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH DID NOT HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AS WHITES OR ACCESS TO EQUAL JOBS, FACILITIES OR SCHOOLS 3. JIM CROW LAWS, SOUTHERN SYSTEM OF RACIAL SEGREGATION PASSED IN THE LATE 1800'S 4. SOUTH, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS DISCRIMINATION IN BOTH THE NORTH AND SOUTH CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS CONCENTRATED ON THE SOUTH BECAUSE THERE DISCRIMINATION WAS BY LAW 5. NAACP, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE CIVIL RIGHTS ORG. STARTED IN EARLY 1900'S THAT FOUGHT FOR RACIAL JUSTICE IN THE COURTS 6. THURGOOD MARSHALL, FIRST BLACK MAN TO SIT ON THE SUPREME COURT 7.CHARLES HOUSTON, HE TRAINED BLACK LAWYERS AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY IN THE 1930'S THAT WENT ON TO WIN LEGAL BATTLES AGAINST SEGREGATION 8. PLESSY V. FERGUSON, 1896 SUPREME COURT DECISION THAT LEGALIZED SEGREGATION AS LONG AS FACILITIES WERE "EQUAL", BECAME KNOWN AS THE "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE" 9. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION 0F TOPEKA, 1954 SUPREME COURT DECISION THAT OUTLAWED SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 10. SOUTHERN MANIFESTO, CONGRESSIONAL DOCUMENT THAT ATTACKED #9 AND SAID THE COURT HAD NO RIGHT TO MAKE SUCH DECISIONS 11. EMMETT TILL, 1955 MURDERED BLACK BOY IN MISS WHOSE WHITE MURDERERS WERE LET OFF ANGERING MANY AMERICANS 12. ROSA PARKS, 1955, BLACK WOMEN WHO REFUSED TO MOVE TO THE BACK OF THE BUS AND ARRESTED IN MONTGOMERY ALABAMA FOR BREAKING THE SEGREGATION LAW 13. MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT, 1955, BLACKS, ANGRY WITH ROSA PARK'S ARREST BOYCOTTED THE BUSES FOR OVER A YEAR TO FORCE THE END OF SEGREGATION LAWS 14.MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.,(MLK) A YOUNG BLACK MINISTER WHO BECAME A LEADER OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT STARTING WITH THE BUS BOYCOTT IN 1955 15. WHITE CITIZENS COUNCIL, GROUPS FORMED THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH IN THE 1950'S TO OPPOSE INTEGRATION 16. SEGREGATION, KEEPING THE RACES SEPARATE, SUCH AS SEPARATE DRINKING FOUNTAINS, SCHOOLS, NEIGHBORHOODS 17. INTEGREGATION, ALLOWING FREE ACCESS TO ALL PUBLIC FACILITIES AND FORCING ALL PEOPLE TO WORK AND LIVE TOGETHER BY LAW 18. LITTLE ROCK SCHOOLS, SCHOOL BOARD INTEGREGATED ITS SCHOOLS BUT WHITE MOBS AND THE GOVERNOR TRIED TO PREVENT BLACKS FROM ATTENDING WHITE SCHOOLS, 1957-1959 19. SIT-INS, SUCCESSFUL CIVIL RIGHTS TACTIC WHERE BLACKS AND OTHERS WOULD SIT AT SEGREGATED LUNCH COUNTERS BREAKING THE LAW, 1960 20. SCLC, SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE, FORMED IN 1957 WITH MLK AS ITS PRES, IT WORKED THROUGH CHURCHES AND BECAME ONE OF THE MAJOR CIVIL RIGHTS ORG 21. NON VIOLENT PROTESTS, MLK TACTICS BASED ON THE WORK OF THE INDIAN LEADER GHANDI WHERE PROTESTORS WOULD NOT FIGHT BACK, VERY EFFECTIVE IN WINNING THE PUBLICS SYMPATHY 22. FREEDOM RIDERS, 1961, PROTESTORS RODE BUSES TO TRY AND STOP SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, WAS SUCCESSFUL AND RESULTED IN THE INTEGREGATION OF LUNCHCOUNTERS 23.WHY DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TAKE PLACE WHEN IT DID AND NOT EARLIER?, BECAUSE OF: 1. BLACK URBANIZATION 2. RELIGIOUS FAITH 3. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 4. MEDIA COVERAGE 5. AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE 24. MEDGAR EVERS, BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST WHO WAS MURDERED BECAUSE OF HIS ACTIVITIES, HIS KILLER WAS NEVER CONVICTED 25. OLE MISS, NAME FOR THE SEGREGATED UNIVERSITY OF MISS THAT WAS ORDERED INTEGRATED IN 1962 FEDERAL MARSHALS HAD TO REMAIN AT THE SCHOOL UNTIL THE BLACK STUDENT GRADUATED IN 1963 26. BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA, ONE OF THE MOST SEGREGATED CITIES IN THE SOUTH THAT MLK AND SCLC TARGETED FOR AN ALL OUT ATTACK ON SEGREGATION IN 1963. THEY WON IN MAY WHEN MANY BUSINESSES AGREED TO DESEGERATE THEIR STORES 27.BULL CONNOR, POLICE CHIEF OF BIRMINGHAM WHO USED HIGH PRESSURE HOSES, VICIOUS DOGS AND ELECTRIC CATTLE PRODS TO BREAK UP PEACEFUL CIVIL RIGHTS DEMONSTRATIONS. MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD WATCHED AND THE PROTESTORS GAINED MASSIVE SUPPORT 28.MARCH ON WASHINGTON, 250,000 AMERICANS GATHERED IN WASHINGTON TO PEACEFULLY LOBBY FOR PASSAGE OF A CIVIL RIGHTS BILL IN THE LARGEST POLITICAL RALLY EVER 29."I HAVE A DREAM", FAMOUS SPEECH GIVEN BY MLK AT THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON IN AUGUST 1963 30. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964, OUTLAWED RACIAL, RELIGIOUS, AND SEX DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC PLACES AND BY EMPLOYERS AND GAVE 31. FREEDOM SUMMER, 1964, 1,000 NORTHERN COLLEGE STUDENTS, MOSTLY WHITE, WORKED IN THE SOUTH TO HELP GET BLACKS THE RIGHT TO VOTE 32.GOODMAN, SCHWERNER AND CHANEY, TWO JEWISH WHITES AND ONE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS WORKERS WHO WERE MURDERED DURING THE "FREEDOM SUMMER: OF 1964 33. MFDP, MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY, TRIED TO REPLACE THE WHITE DELEGATES TO THE 1964 DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION BUT FAILED 34.SELMA, A 50 MILE MARCH FOR VOTING RIGHTS TOOK PLACE IN MARCH OF 1965 AND THE MARCHERS WERE ATTACKED BY ALABAMA STATE TROOPERS 35. VIOLA LIUZZO, WHITE MOTHER WHO WAS MURDERED WHILE BEING A VOLUNTEER IN SELMA BY KKK IN MARCH 1965 36. VOTING RIGHT ACT OF 1965, AUTHORIZED THE ATTORNEY GENERAL TO SEND OFFICIALS TO ANY AREA WHERE A CHARGE OF DISCRIMINATION AT THE POLLS HAD BEEN FILED. THEY COULD ALSO MONITOR ELECTIONS AND REGISTER QUALIFIED BLACK VOTERS IN THOSE DISTRICTS 37. WATTS, 1965, IN AUGUST A RIOT STARTED IN THE BLACK AREAS OF LA AND WAS NOT PUT DOWN UNTIL 14,000 NATIONAL GUARD TROOPS WERE SENT IN 38.MALCOLM X, BLACK MUSLIM MINISTER WHO WAS EXSPELLED FROM THE MUSLIMS FOR BEING TOO RADICAL, HE BELIEVED THE WHITES WERE "DEVILS" AND THAT A RACE WAR WAS STARTING, MURDERED BY BLACK MUSLIMS IN 1965 39. BLACK SEPARATISM, CREATING AN ALL-BLACK SOCIETY SEPARATED FROM WHITES, ADVOCATED BY MALCOLM X BEFORE 1964 40. BLACK POWER, SLOGAN WITHOUT ANY CLEARLY DEFINED MEANING USED BY BLACK RADICALS 41. BLACK PANTHERS, RADICAL BLACK GROUP THAT ADVOCATED VIOLENCE TO GET THEIR GOALS, MANY WERE KILLED USING 42. RIOTS, BETWEEN 1964-1968 THERE WERE MORE THAT 150 RIOTS IN BLACK URBAN AREAS 43.KERNER COMMISSION, SET UP BY LBJ TO STUDY THE RIOTS WARNED THAT THE US WAS BECOMING TWO SOCIETIES, ONE BLACK, ONE WHITE"SEPARATE AND UNEQUAL" 44. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968, BANNED DISCRIMINATION IN THE SALE OR RENTAL OF MOST HOUSING 45. WHITE BACKLASH, THE RISE OF THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT AND BLACK SEPARATISM AND URBAN RIOTING CAUSED MANY AMERICANS TO STOP SUPPORTING BLACK DEMANDS FOR NEW CIVIL RIGHTS MEASURES 46. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, FEDERAL GOVT POLICY THAT REQUIRED SCHOOLS AND BUSINESSES TO HIRE MINORITIES OVER WHITES, CAUSED ANGER IN MANY WHITES 47. REVERSE DISCRIMINATION, GIVING SPECIAL PREFERENCE MINORITIES OR WOMEN, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WHITE PEOPLE TO 48. ASSASNATION OF MLK, HE WAS MURDERED IN MEMPHIS TENN ON APRIL 3, 1968 BY JAMES EARL RAY 49. MLK RIOTS, AFTER HE WAS SHOT THERE WERE RIOTS IN 125 CITIES WHERE 45 PEOPLE WERE KILLED 50. INFLUENCE OF CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS, OTHER GROUPS TOOK THE EXAMPLE OF THE BLACK STRUGGLE TO WORK FOR THEIR RIGHTS, SUCH AS WOMEN, ENVIRONMENTALISTS, HISPANICS, INDIANS, CONSUMERS, HANDICAPPED AND HOMOSEXUALS