Подсолнечник
Helianthus
annuus L.
http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/weeds/sunflowr.htm
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/g/gauguin/vangogh.jpg
http://www.artquotes.net/masters/vangogh/vangogh_sunflowers1888.jpg
http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/artists/vincent_van_gogh/van_goghs1.jpg
http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/pd--10106228/sp--A/Sunflowers.htm
http://www.larose.com/Cups_and_Mugs/images/Sunflowers_Van_Gogh.JPG
http://static.flickr.com/23/374
69881_9ac0e3d549_m.jpg
http://www.abundantlifeseeds.com/stor
es/1/Russian_Mammoth_P163C106.cf
m?UserID=5542&jsessionid=8c30a4fa
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Domestication? Competing
Theories
Mexican Hypothesis (Lentz et al
2001)
• Archaeological
evidence
– San Andrés, Tabasco,
Mexico
– Dated to 4130 ± 40
B.P. (seed) and 4085 ±
50 B.P. (achene)
– Size well within range
of domesticated
sunflower seeds
Eastern North American
Hypothesis (Crites 1993)
• Archaeological evidence
–
–
–
–
6 completely carbonized sunflower seeds
4265 ± 60 years B.P.
Hayes site, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Size (length increased by 30%, width by 45%)
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•
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5.7 mm x 2.2 mm
7.3 mm x 3.3 mm
6.7 mm x 2.9 mm
6.9 mm x 2.9 mm
7.3 mm x 2.9 mm
7.4 mm x 3.8 mm
cutoff for domestication
is between 5 and 7 mm
Problems with Mexican Hypothesis
(Smith 2006)
From Smith 2006
Problems with Mexican Hypothesis
(Smith 2006)
• No documentation
that San Andrés seed
is Helianthus annuus.
• San Andrés achene
lacks striations
indicative of H.
annuus.
• San Andrés is outside
of current wild range
From Smith 2006
Genetic Data (Harter et al 2004)
• Defined two population clusters (groups with
distinct allelle frequencies—18 microsatellite loci
– Mexico + Arizona
– Central US
• 10 runs of algorithm assigned domesticates to
US
• After subdividing US cluster, all domesticates
assigned to easternmost populations
from Harter et al 2004
from Harter et al 2004
from Harter et al 2004
Questions
• Algorithm?
• Site 20 (Oklahoma)
More genetic data
• Wills and Burke (2006)
– chloroplast DNA suggests (?) single origin of
domesticated sunflower in U.S.
• Liu and Burke (2006)
– nucleotide diversity confirms “single” origin of
domesticated sunflower
– cannot determine location of event
Liu and Burke (2006) cont.
Something I wish had been
addressed
from Harter et al 2004
• Liu and Burke (2006) only published a
phylogeny including Native American land
races.
• Gene flow is easy (Snow et al 1998 and
cited refs.) and it affects the behavior of
wild plants (Snow et al 2003)
• How should one deal with gene flow
between crops and wild relatives?
• At what point will gene flow obscure any
phylogenetic signal?
Literature Cited
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•
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Crites, G.D. 1993. Domesticated sunflower in fifth millennium B.P. Temporal Context: New
evidence from Middle Tennessee. American Antiquity, 58: 146-148.
Harter, A.V., K.A. Gardner, D. Falush, D.L. Lentz, R.A. Bye, L.H. Rieseberg. 2004. Origin of
extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. Nature, 430: 201-205.
Lentz, D.L. M.E.D. Pohl, K.O. Pope, A.R. Wyatt. (2001). Prehistoric Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus L.) Domestication in Mexico. Economic Botany, 55: 370-376.
Rieseberg, L.H., A.V. Harter. (2006). Molecular evidence and the evolutionary history of the
domesticated sunflower. In Motley, T. N. Zerega, H. Cross (eds.) Darwin’s Harvest: New
Approaches to the Origins, Evolution, and Conservation of Crops. Columbia University Press.
Smith, B.D. 2006. Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 103: 12223-12228.
Snow, A.A., P. Moran-Palma, L.H. Rieseberg, A. Wszelaki, G.J. Seiler. 1998. Fecundity,
phenology, and seed dormancy of F1 Wild-Crop Hybrids in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus,
Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 85: 794-801.
Snow, A.A., D. Pilson, L.H. Rieseberg, M.J. Paulsen, N. Pleskac, M.R. Reagon, D.E. Wolf, S.M.
Selbo. 2003. A Bt transgene reduced herbivory and enhances fecundity in wild sunflowers.
Ecological Applications, 13: 279-286.
Wills, D.M., J.M. Burke. 2006. Chloroplast DNA variation confirms a single origin of domesticated
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Heredity, 97: 403-408.