Three Energy Footprints
What Costa Rica, Denmark, and Nigeria Can Teach Us
S
The Shape of an Energy Footprint?
S Tailoring a Concept
British Prime Minister David Cameron’s house
strikes a renewable energy pose.
Nigeria
S A Non-Infrastructural Energy Footprint?
Denmark
S An Footprint Balancing People Power, State Power
& Market Power
cooperatives
(1882Present) &
IPP’s (1979Present)
utilities
• Public to
2002
• Now
privatized in
wholecity
or due to the
• steam heat: Quiet streets in a Danish
oil to natural Danish government’s
partSunday ban on
gas, coal to automobile travel during the 1973 energy
biogas,
crisis.
natural gas,
etc.
• wind turbines
state: Energi
Danmark
• law c. 1979-2001:
taxes, subsidies,
purchase
minimums for
wind, building
codes
• law c. 2001Present: no
subsidies etc.,
privatize &
decentralize
energy sector
Costa Rica
S An Energy Footprint that Relies on Civil Society
1979-1990: shift in forest regime
Causes of Deforestation, 1966-1989Forest Management
Protection
1986, 1990
Forest Laws
1991-2007: shift to coordinating
Annual Crops
sustainability across society
Pasture
Tree Crops
•National
Forestry
Council
•increased
private
sector
engagement
1996 Forest
Law
•ONF, REC’s,
FONAFIFO
•5% fuel tax
2007: shift to carbon neutral
Permanent Crops
energy sector by 2021
c. 2008 80-85% hydro
c. 2005 15%
geothermal
Unknown
forestry regime goal:
adequate water flows
for power
Bibliography
S
Key Sources: Nigeria
S
Abimbola Odubiyi and Innocent E. Davidson, “Distributed Generatoin in Nigeria’s New
E Energy Industry,” Power Engineer (October/November 2003): 18-20
S
N Ekekwe, “The Post-Nigergian Petroleum Era,” African Institution of Technology
Country Focus at www.afrit.org.
S
Ignatius I. Ukpong, “Social and economic infrastructure,” in F. A. Olaloku et al. (eds),
Structure of the Nigerian Economy (London: Macmillan, 1984), 68–99.
S
Wilson Akpan, “When corporate citizens ‘second-class’ national citizens: The antinomies
of corporate-mediated social provisioning in Nigeria’s oil province,” Journal of
Contemporary African Studies 27, no. 1 (January 2009): 105-118.
S
Ayodeji Olukoju, “ ‘Never Expect Power Always’: Electricity Consumers’ Response to
Monopoly, Corruption and Inefficient Services in Nigeria,” African Affairs 103 (2004) 51–
71.
S
Key Sources Denmark
S
Denmark
S
Leila Aboud, “How Denmark Paved Way to Energy Independence,” The Wall Street
Journal April 16th, 2007.
S
Paolo Agnolucci, “Wind Electricity in Denmark: A Survey of Policies, Their
Effectiveness, and Factors Motivating Their Introduction,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy
Reviews 11, no. 5 (June 2007): 951-963.
S
Danish Energy Agency/Energi Styrelsen at www.energistyrelsen.dk
S
Thorkild Kjaergaard, The Danish Revolution, 1500-1800: An Ecohistorical Interpretation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)
S
Henrik Lund, “The Implementation of Renewable Enery System: Lessons Learned from
the Danish Case,” Energy 35, no. 10 (October 2010): 4003-4009.
S
Preben Maegaard, “Danish Renewable Energy Policy,” at
<http://www.wcre.de/en/images/stories/pdf/WCRE_Maegaard_Danish%20RE%20Poli
cy.pdf>
S
Niels I. Meyer, “Renewable Energy Policy in Denmark,” Energy for Sustainable Development
10, no. 1 (March 2004): 25-35.
S
Elisabeth Ryland, “Danish Wind Power Policy: Domestic and International Forces,”
Environmental Politics 19, no. 1 (February 2009): 80-85.
S
Uffe Østergård, “Peasants and Danes: The Danish National Identity and Political
S
Key Sources Costa Rica
S
John Burnett, “Costa Rica Aims to be Carbon Neutral,” NPR, February 18th, 2008 at
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19141333
S
Ronnie Comino, Olman Segura, Luis Guillermo Arias, Isaac Pérez, Costa Rica: Forest
Strategy and the Evolution of Land Use (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000)
S
D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh, Low-enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power
Generation (London: CRC Press, 2008)
S
Jon Hamilton, “Rainfall Shortages Threaten Costa Rica Power,” NPR, February 11th,
2008, at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18832252
S
Edward Martin, “Sustainable Development, Postmodern Capitalism, and Environmental
Policy and Management in Costa Rica,” Contemporary Justice Review 7, no. 2 (June 2004):
153-169.
Appendix
S The Price of Oil, 1945-2005