Coppin State University
Health and Human Services Building
Baltimore, Maryland
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation Analysis
Solar Shading Analysis
Overhead Pedestrian Bridge Illumination
Summary and Conclusions
Questions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Size: Five Stories 150,000 ft2
Cost: $48.6 Million
Dates of Construction:
January 2006 – June 2008
Academic Facility
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Early Childhood Demonstration Center
Lecture Halls
Meeting Rooms
Offices
Outpatient Health Clinic
Research Labs
Moot Courtroom
Forensic Lab
Overhead Pedestrian Bridge
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Owner
University of Maryland,
Baltimore
Architect
Client
Design Collective, Inc
Coppin State University
Construction Manager
Barton Malow Company
Acknowledgements
Structural Engineer
MEP Engineer
Hope Furrer Associates
RMF Engineering, Inc
Questions & Comments
Delivery Method: CM at Risk with a Soft GMP
Organizational Chart
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Project Overview
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
PC – Professional Contract
SC- Services Contract
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Roof Materials
– Metal Screen
– EPDM Single Ply Membrane
– Hot Fluid Applied Roof
Project Overview
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Façade Materials
– Glazed Aluminum Curtain Wall
– Glazed Storefront
– Face-Brick Veneer with Masonry Cavity
– Cast Stone Panels
– Insulated Metal Panels
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Framing
– ASTM A992 Structural Steel
Foundation
– 4000 psi Cast-in-Place Caissons, Grade Beams &
Foundation Walls
Project Overview
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Decking
– Composite Metal Deck
– 3” 3500 psi Reinforced Lightweight
Concrete
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Electrical System
– 480Y/277 Volt Service
– 400kW Emergency Back-Up
Generator
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Mechanical System
– 6 Rooftop Air Handling Units
– (2) 400 Ton Chillers
– (2) 200 HP Boilers
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Project Overview
Project Features
Project Team
Building Envelope
Structure
Mechanical & Electrical Systems
Site Conditions
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Site Conditions
– Located in Baltimore, Maryland on a College Campus
– 8 miles Northwest of Inner Harbor
– 3 Site Entrances
Volatility of Escalating
Construction Costs
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Trades in Each Bid Phase
Phase I
Excavation and Grading
Demolition
Deep Foundations
Concrete
Structural Steel Elevators
Phase II
Fireproofing
Glass Systems
Fire Protection
Mechanical
Electrical
Phase III
Final Sitework
Landscaping
Masonry
Misc. Metals
Carpentry & Woodwork
Metal Panels
Roofing
Doors, Frames and Hardware
Partitions and Ceilings
Ceramic Tile
Painting and Coating
Lab Casework
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Steel & Glazing Bid Most Over Estimated Budget
Construction Cost Escalation
Problem:
Managing the risk of maintaining a Budget in the Current
Market Conditions. Factors Increasing Risk:
-Volatility of Material Costs
-Escalation of Labor Wages
Coppin State University - Health and Human Services Building
Conditions
– Project Bid to Contractors in Three Phases
– Hurricane Katrina Hit During Bidding Process
– Materials Escalated Unprecedented High
– Owner Forced to Alter Budget or Building
– Considered Removing Early Childhood Demonstration Center
– Asked State of Maryland for $5 Million More
Solution:
Alter the way Contractors are Procured and Paid.
-Institute a Pre-Qualified Interview Process
-Allow Bid to Reflect Current Market Prices
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
1 Story
X
5 Story Main Building
Presentation
Outline
Resources
Construction Cost Escalation
Contacts for Cost Escalation Interview
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Brian Barnes
John Bechtel
Brook Behner
Lee Evey
Sarah Forrest
Scott Franckowiak
Hope Furrer
Bob Grottenthaler
Merton Harris
Matt Herbert
Telly Koutris
Keith Lambert
Mike Miller
Jorge Scotti
Ken Simonson
Todd Sody
Todd Vochinsky
Contractor
Owner
Contractor
Construction Manager
Estimator
Contractor
Designer
Construction Manager
Designer
Designer
Contractor
Contractor
Construction Manager
Owner
Economist
Contractor
Estimator
Finishes, Inc
The Pennsylvania State University
Homewood General Contractors, Inc
Design Build Institute of America
Hensel Phelps Construction Co.
MBR Construction
Hope Furrer Associates
Barton Malow Company
RMF
Design Collective, Inc
David Allen Company
Zephyr Aluminum
Southland
University of Maryland, Baltimore
AGC Chief Economist
Sody Concrete
Barton Malow Company
Causes of Labor Wage Increase
Current Market Conditions:
Lower Employment Levels
Escalation of Labor Wages
-Construction Industry Produced 1 out of 10 New Jobs
-Recent Years Employment Dropped 0.2%
-Hourly Wages increased 4.8% in 2006
-Labor Wages Increase 5% by end of 2007
Low Levels of Unemployment in Current Economy
Questions & Comments
-Engineering News Record (ENR) Database
-AGC Escalation Reports
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Decline in Residential Eliminated Low Un-Skilled Workers
Higher Levels of Employed Skilled Workers
Shortage of Apprentices Coupled with Shortage of Teachers
Presentation
Outline
Cost Escalation
Construction Cost Escalation
Causes of Material Escalation
Increased Fuel Prices
Current Market Conditions:
-Anything Being Shipped or Hauled
Escalation of Material Costs
-Inflation/Escalation Free Era from 2001-2003
-Volatile Escalation of Material Prices from 2004-2006
-Material Costs have Decreased in Recent Months
-Material Costs Expected to Rise 6-8% by end of 2007
-Raw Materials and Finished Products
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
*Statistics from AGC Inflation Report
CPI-U is the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers
-Used to Help Predict Project Cost Changes
-Petroleum Products – PVC, Roofing/Waterproofing, PVC Pipe & Asphalt
Increase In Global Economy (India and China)
-Longer Lead Time for Materials
Materials Affected Most
-Aluminum
-Concrete
-Steel
-Glass
-Drywall/Gypsum
-Lumber
-Copper
Products Affected by Multiple Material Escalation – Cast-in-Place Concrete
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Current Strategy for Managing Risk
Construction Cost Escalation
Current Strategy
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Construction Cost Escalation is a Risk for:
Incorporate an Inflation/Escalation Percentage Increase
and then Pass the Risk to the Next Party
-Contractors
-Construction Managers
-Designers
-Owners
-Vendors
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Problem with Current Strategy
As Risk is Passed a Premium is Paid by the Owner for an
Event that May Never Occur
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Simplification of Bid Documents
-Require Designer and Construction Manager to
complete a Thorough Constructability Review
-Eliminate Addendums
-Involve a Contractor
Bid Current Prices
-Require that Contractor’s Bid does not include
the Cost of Escalation and Inflation
-Assess Material Escalation Quarterly
-Include Cost of Escalation for Materials Bought
Each Quarter on Every Third Pay Application
Construction Cost Escalation
Recommendation
-Make an Effort to Simplify Bid Documents
-Procurement of Contractors be Changed to a Pre-Qualified
Interview Process
-Require Contractor to Bid on Current Market Prices
-Review Material Cost Escalation Quarterly
Altered Contractor Procurement
-Only Allow Pre-Qualified Contractors to Participate in an Interview
-Implement an Interview Process Contractors
-Score Contractors on Three Separately Areas
-Fee Proposal
-Technical Submission
-Interview
-Highest Score Wins the Job
Benefit
-Increase Competition Between Contractors
-Decrease Problem of High Wages with Low Productivity
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Construction Cost Escalation
Project Overview
Conclusion
Construction Cost Escalation
-Allow Owner to Manage the Risk of Cost Escalation and Inflation
Solar Shading Analysis
-Reduce the Amount of Money Spent on Managing Risk
To Allow the Owner
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
‘To Get More Building For His Buck’
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Solar Shading Analysis
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Existing Sunshade runs along the 5th Floor Perimeter Serves
as a Capital to Complete an Aesthetic Look
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Problem
– Sunshade does not Minimize Solar Heat Gain
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Sunshade is 4’-1 ¾ “ Above Head of Window
Solution
– Minimize Solar Heat Gain by Extending and Lowering
Sunshade
– Minimize Initial and Operating Cost
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Existing
Redesign
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Existing Conditions
Project Overview
- Located at 39.18°N Latitude and 76.67°W Longitude
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
5th Floor Exposure
- 5th Floor Exposure Aligned with North/South Axis
Bridge Illumination
- 4’ Tapered Outrigger with 4” Airfoil
Acknowledgements
- Sunshade Mounting Tab Welded to Girder
Questions & Comments
4’ Tapered Outrigger
4” Airfoil
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Existing Sunshade Connection
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Constants
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
- Reynolds - “Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings” pg 1638 & 1648
- Azimuth
- Altitude
- Solar Heat Gain Factor
- Viracon Glass VE 1-52 Defines Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient
- Estimated Number of Sunny days per month
Mechanical Impacts
Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
January
Solar
Time
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
Altitude
(degrees)
8.1
16.8
23.8
28.4
30
28.4
23.8
16.8
8.1
Azimuth
(degrees)
55.3
44
30.9
16
0
16
30.9
44
55.3
Shadow Length (ft)
South
East
West
1.00
0.69
0.00
1.68
1.74
0.00
2.06
3.44
0.00
2.25
7.85
0.00
2.31
0.00
0.00
2.25
0.00
7.85
2.06
0.00
3.44
1.68
0.00
1.74
1.00
0.00
0.69
Percent Shaded (SF)
South
East
West
0.15
0.09
0.00
0.25
0.24
0.00
0.30
0.47
0.00
0.33
1.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
1.00
0.30
0.00
0.47
0.25
0.00
0.24
0.15
0.00
0.09
Solar Heat Gain Factor (Btu/h-ft2)
North South
East
West
5
75
111
5
12
160
154
12
16
213
124
16
19
244
61
19
20
254
21
21
19
244
19
61
16
213
16
124
12
160
12
154
5
75
5
111
Solar Heat Gain (Btu)
South
East
11210
139665
21403
166418
26612
101517
29414
26276
30280
29042
29414
26276
26612
22127
21403
16595
11210
6915
West
8427
20225
26967
32023
35394
32023
123722
202820
170215
Solar Heat Gain Sunny Days
Coefficient
per Month
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
Total Btu:
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
779816
1035021
792987
478654
515299
478654
876341
1192325
919196
7068294
Shadow Length = tan(Altitude) x Length of Overhang
cos(Azimuth)
South Side
Shadow Length = tan(Altitude) x Length of Overhang
cos(Azimuth)
Shadow
Length
Height (ft)
Length (ft)
Area(ft2)
North
South
7.33
6.83
86.17
25.33
631.89
East
7.33
188.58
West
7.33
229.83
173.11 1382.94 1685.44
Percent Shaded = Shadow Length x Length of Glass
Total Area of Glass
Corinne Ambler
Hourly Btu
East and West Sides
Effects of Lowering Sunshade
Effects of Extending Sunshade
North
3159
7583
10110
12006
12638
12006
10110
7583
3159
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Constants
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
- Reynolds - “Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings” pg 1638 & 1648
- Azimuth
- Altitude
- Solar Heat Gain Factor
- Viracon Glass VE 1-52 Defines Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient
- Estimated Number of Sunny days per month
Mechanical Impacts
Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
Effects of Lowering Sunshade
Effects of Extending Sunshade
January
Solar
Time
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
Altitude
(degrees)
8.1
16.8
23.8
28.4
30
28.4
23.8
16.8
8.1
Azimuth
(degrees)
55.3
44
30.9
16
0
16
30.9
44
55.3
Shadow Length (ft)
South
East
West
1.00
0.69
0.00
1.68
1.74
0.00
2.06
3.44
0.00
2.25
7.85
0.00
2.31
0.00
0.00
2.25
0.00
7.85
2.06
0.00
3.44
1.68
0.00
1.74
1.00
0.00
0.69
Percent Shaded (SF)
South
East
West
0.15
0.09
0.00
0.25
0.24
0.00
0.30
0.47
0.00
0.33
1.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
1.00
0.30
0.00
0.47
0.25
0.00
0.24
0.15
0.00
0.09
Solar Heat Gain Factor (Btu/h-ft2)
North South
East
West
5
75
111
5
12
160
154
12
16
213
124
16
19
244
61
19
20
254
21
21
19
244
19
61
16
213
16
124
12
160
12
154
5
75
5
111
North
3159
7583
10110
12006
12638
12006
10110
7583
3159
Solar Heat Gain (Btu)
South
East
11210
139665
21403
166418
26612
101517
29414
26276
30280
29042
29414
26276
26612
22127
21403
16595
11210
6915
West
8427
20225
26967
32023
35394
32023
123722
202820
170215
Solar Heat Gain Sunny Days
Coefficient
per Month
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
0.4
12
Total Btu:
Hourly Btu
779816
1035021
792987
478654
515299
478654
876341
1192325
919196
7068294
Solar Heat GainX (Btu) = (1-ASX)ATXFX + ASX ATXFN
When…
ASX is the Shaded Area for Side X
ATX is the Total Area of Glass for Side X
FX is the Solar Heat Gain Factor for Side X
FN is the Solar Heat Gain Factor for the North Side
Hourly Solar Heat Gain (Btu) = Solar Heat x Solar Heat Gain x Sunny Days
per Month
Gain
Coefficient
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Overhang Length of 4’
4’-1 ¾ “ Above Head of Window
Month
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Btu per Month
January
9,171,824
February
11,290,921
March
14,263,934
April
16,668,644
May
19,361,664
June
20,657,017
July
22,163,105
August
19,301,728
September
18,547,310
October
15,776,857
November
9,466,098
December
7,491,578
Yearly Total: 184,160,679
Solar Shading Analysis
Mechanical Impacts
Month
Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
Effects of Lowering Sunshade
Extending Sunshade
Current Btu
184,160,679
Corinne Ambler
Re-design Btu
136,746,668
Overhang Length of 4’
0“ Above Head of Window
Change in Btu
47,414,011
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Btu per Month
January
7,068,294
February
8,293,033
March
10,217,519
April
12,269,298
May
14,496,006
June
15,572,578
July
16,679,511
August
13,533,949
September
13,680,595
October
11,807,527
November
7,278,966
December
5,849,392
Yearly Total: 136,746,668
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Mechanical Impacts
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
Solar Shading Analysis
Lowering Sunshade
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Effects of Extending Sunshade
Lowered
Questions & Comments
Extended
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Sunshade Located at Head of Window
Length of
Sunshade
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
Yearly Btu
136,746,668
126,315,695
117,007,831
109,139,949
102,663,315
97,006,771
92,129,427
Difference Between 4' and
New Length (Btu)
0
10,430,973
19,738,837
27,606,719
34,083,353
39,739,897
44,617,241
Difference per Length
Increase (Btu)
0
10,430,973
9,307,864
7,867,882
6,476,634
5,656,544
4,877,344
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Existing Connection
Solar Shading Analysis
Structural Impacts
Addition of 156 Steel Plates Around 5th Floor Perimeter
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
- A36 24”x 7”x 3/8”
-Welded to Girder Beam at 5’ O.C.
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Existing Connection
Corinne Ambler
Redesigned Connection
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Redesigned Connection
Presentation
Outline
Lowering Sunshade
Extending Sunshade
Solar Shading Analysis
Cost per Additional Foot for Material and Labor
Electrical Supply Savings
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Summary & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Current Btu
184,160,679
Re-design Btu
136,746,668
Change in Btu
47,414,011
Sunshade
Length (ft)
Cost Impacts
Savings
$141
Item
Savings
Electrical Demand Supply Charge Savings
CurrentOne
LowestTime
Re-design
Difference in
Change in
Demand
Initial
Chiller Savings
$17,278
Hourly Btu
Lowest Hourly
Hourly Btu
Tons
Charge Saved
4.29
$3,079
Initial7191
One Time7048
Steel Plate143Cost
-$6,017
Electricity Savings per Year
$141
Chiller Reduction Savings
Demand
Charge Savings per Year
$3,079
Amount Saved Number of Square
Total Initial
Cost ($/SF)
(Tons)
Feet per Ton
Savings ($)
Total
First
Year Savings
($):
$14,480
4.29
450
$8.95
$17,277.98
Additional Savings per Year ($):
$3,220
Structural Steel Plate Costs
Weight of Steel
(lb/ft3)
460
Volume of Steel
per Plate (ft3)
0.036458333
15% for Labor
(ft3)
0.00546875
Weight per
Plate (lb)
19.28645833
Number of
Plates
156
Cost ($/lb)
$2.00
Cost ($)
Sunshade
Length (ft)
Electrical Supply Savings
Electrical Demand Supply Charge Savings
Chiller Reduction Savings
Structural Steel Plate Cost
$6,017.38
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
Cost ($)
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
Steel10'
Additional Length +
$6,017
$40,015 Initial
$74,387
40000
$109,133
20000
$144,170
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-20000
$179,581
-40000
$215,366
Area of
Sunshade (SF)
3,188
4,006
4,833
5,669
6,512
Initial Savings
($)
7,364
Tonnage8,225
Reduction
Cost
7
Cost ($)
8
9
$17,278
$21,628
$25,977
$30,206
$34,556
10
$38,906
$43,255
$0
$33,998
$68,370
$103,116
$138,152
Yearly Savings ($)
$173,563
Demand + Supply
$209,348
160,000,000
140,000,000
120,000,000
-60000
100,000,000
-80000
80,000,000
-100000
Payback Period
(Years)
$3,220
$4,026
$4,829
Yearly
Btu
$5,606
$6,400
$7,192
$7,981
0
4
9
13
16
19
21
60,000,000
-120000
40,000,000
-140000
Additional Length of Sunshade Cost
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
-160000
-180000
20,000,000
0
41
52
63
74
85
7
96 10
Presentation
Outline
Solar Shading Analysis
Conclusion & Recommendation
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Lowered Sunshade
- Initial Savings $14,480
- Yearly Savings $3,220
- No Schedule Impact
Lower the Sunshade 4’-1 ¾” but do not
extend the Sunshade
Consider Installation of Sunshade on All
Windows
Existing
Lower
Sunshade
Lowered
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Extended
Overhead Pedestrian Bridge
Illumination Analysis
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
Community Outreach
– Early Childhood Demonstration Center
– Outpatient Health Clinic
– Community BBQ
Bridge Illumination Analysis
The Overhead Pedestrian Bridge connects the New Campus to Old Campus
and is a visible symbol of the college for all who drive down W. North
Avenue.
Problem
-Ignored Architectural Feature of the Campus
-Lighting is Dull and Industrious
Solution
-Create a Prestigious Symbol for Coppin State University
-Highlight the Structure and Architectural Features of Bridge
-Hide the Light Source
-Maintain a Horizontal Illuminace Level of 5 footcandles and a Vertical
Illuminance Level of 3 footcandles
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Bridge Conditions
– Connects with Health and Human Services Building on 2nd
Floor
– Will Connect to a Future Parking Garage
– Crosses W. North Avenue
Presentation
Outline
Bridge Illumination Analysis
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Interior View
Bridge Illumination
Existing Conditions
- 40 Pendant Ceiling Mounted Fixtures
- Structure is not Highlighted
- No Light Focused on Structure
- Light Source is Visible
Acknowledgements
Exterior View
Questions& Comments
Exterior View
Pseudo Color Rendering
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Bridge Illumination Analysis
Redesigned Lighting Scheme
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Summary & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
FF-1
Label
Description
Diecast Aluminum,
Ceiling Surface
Mounted Downlight
Diecast Aluminum,
FF-2
Wall Surface
Mounted Downlight
FF-1
Catalogue NO.
Gardco Lighting300/O/CR/50M
H/277/NP
Gardco Lighting301/O/W/50MH
/277/NP
FF-2
NO.
Lamp
Type Watts
Ballast
Voltage
Type
Lamps
Fixture
Qty.
1
50W
MH
50W Electronic
1
277
7
1
50W
MH
50W Electronic
1
277
16
- Small Fixtures Blend into Space
- Fixtures Painted to Match Truss Color
- FF-1 Ceiling Mounted Every 20 feet
- FF-1 have Emergency Battery Ballasts
- FF-2 Wall Mounted Every 10 feet on Alternate Sides
Pseudo Color Rendering
-Average Illuminance of 6.18 footcandles
-Maximum Illuminance 11.6 footcandels
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Bridge Illumination Analysis
Hidden Light Source that Highlights the Structure and Architectural
Features with a Sufficient Amount of Light
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
Exterior View
Interior View
Exterior View
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Existing Power Density
Label
FF-1
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Total
Watts
Qty
Watts
1400
35
40
1400
Total Watts:
2040
Sqare Feet:
Power Density: 0.686275
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
Redesigned Power Density
Label
FF-1
FF-2
Total
Qty
Watts
Watts
7
52
364
16
52
832
Total Watts:
1196
Square Feet:
2040
Power Density: 0.586275
Circuit 4 Redesign
Circuit 4 - 20A, Single Pole, 277V
Bridge Illumination Analysis
PANELBOARD SCHEDULE
VOLTAGE: 480Y/277V,3PH,4W
PANEL TAG: LPN2
SIZE/TYPE BUS: 150A
SIZE/TYPE MAIN: 150A/3P C/B
DESCRIPTION
Electrical Impacts
Watts/ft2 Met
- ASHRAE Design Criteria of Maximum of 3
- Redesign Power Density 80% Less than Allowable
- Existing and Redesigned System Circuited to
Panelboard LPN2
- Circuit 4 Redesigned According to NEC
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
MIN. C/B AIC: 10K
PANEL LOCATION: Room 212
LOCATION
OPTIONS: PROVIDE FEED THROUGH
PANEL MOUNTING: SURFACE
LOAD (WATTS) C/B SIZE POS. NO.
A
B
FOR PANELBOARD 1L1B
C POS. NO.
C/B SIZE LOAD (WATTS)
Allowable Total Wattage on Circuit 4
Offices
Offices
Exterior
Control Panel
Control Panel
2900
2100
500
2900
2900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
*
*
*
*
*
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
20A/1P
1800
1196
1100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Corridor
Bridge
Cove
0
16A x 277V x 1(Power Factor) = 4,432 Watts
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,196 Watts < 4,432 Watts
*
*
*
*
*
All Fixtures on Same Circuit
*
*
*
*
*
CONNECTED LOAD (KW) - A
7.60
TOTAL DESIGN LOAD (KW)
CONNECTED LOAD (KW) - B
6.20
POWER FACTOR
CONNECTED LOAD (KW) - C
1.60
TOTAL DESIGN LOAD (AMPS)
Feeder Requires (3) #10 Wires in ½” EMT Conduit
Corinne Ambler
LOCATION
DESCRIP
Lighti
Lighti
Lighti
Lighti
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Number of Fixtures
-Existing has 40 Fixtures
-Redesign has 23 Fixtures
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Summary & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
Redesigned Fixture
-Actual Cost of Existing Feature Could
Not be Found
-Actual Cost of Redesigned Fixture
Could Not be Found
-Redesigned Fixture Can be Purchased
from a Low-end Manufacturer
Bridge Illumination Analysis
Cost Impacts
- Lamp Maintenance Reduced
- Number of Fixtures Decreased
- Redesigned Fixtures Inexpensive
Lamp Maintenance Reduction
-Existing Lamp is Linear Fluorescent T8
-Redesigned Lamp is Metal Halide
-Linear Fluorescent Lamps Lose Efficiency and Lamp Life
in Low Temperatures Present in Baltimore, Maryland
-Metal Halide is Better for Outdoor Application
Metal Halide
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Linear Fluorescent
Presentation
Outline
Interior View
Conclusion & Recommendation
Redesigned Lighting Scheme Recommended
- Creates a Prestigious Symbol for the College
- Maintains or Lowers Cost
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination Analysis
Existing
Bridge Illumination
Summary & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions& Comments
Redesign
Existing
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Redesign
Construction Management
Existing
Exterior View
Redesign
Presentation
Outline
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Questions and Comments
Acknowledgements
Barton Malow Company
Coppin State University & University of Maryland, Baltimore
Design Collective, Inc
Family and Friends
Fellow Architectural Engineering Students
Architectural Engineering Faculty
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Solar Heat Gain Recommendation
Summary and Conclusions
Construction Cost Escalation
Lower the Sunshade 4’-1 ¾”
– First Year Savings of $14,480
– Yearly Additional Savings $3,220
Overhead Pedestrian Bridge Illumination
-Allow Owner to Manage the Risk of Cost Escalation and
Inflation
Questions & Comments
-Reduce the Amount of Money Spent on Managing Risk
To Allow the Owner
Utilize Redesigned Lighting Scheme
– Creates Prestigious Symbol
– Highlights Structure and Architecture
– Hides Light Source
‘To Get More Building For His Buck’
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Structural Steel Plate Cost
Presentation
Outline
Electrical Savings
Current Btu
184,160,679
Re-design Btu
136,746,668
Change in Btu
47,414,011
Change in Btu
Project Overview
Construction Cost Escalation
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Solar Shading Analysis
Savings
$141
x $0.608/kwh
COP of Chiller x 3412 kwh/Btu
Demand Supply Charge Savings
Current Lowest
Hourly Btu
7191
Re-design
Lowest Hourly
7048
Difference in
Hourly Btu
143
Change in
Tons
4.29
Demand
Charge Saved
$3,079
Hourly Change in Btu x 365 Days x COP of Chiller x $10/ton
12000 Btu/ton
Summary & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
Tonnage Reduction Savings
Amount Saved Number of Square
(Tons)
Feet per Ton
4.29
450
Cost ($/SF)
$8.95
Total Initial
Savings ($)
$17,277.98
Tons Saved x 450 SF/ton x $8.95/SF
Weight of Steel
(lb/ft3)
460
Volume of Steel
per Plate (ft3)
0.036458333
15% for Labor
(ft3)
0.00546875
Weight per
Plate (lb)
19.28645833
Number of
Plates
156
Cost ($/lb)
Cost ($)
$2.00
Volume per Plate x 1.15 (Labor) x 460 lb/SF x Number of Plates x $2/lb
Cost Impacts
Additional Cost per Foot
Electrical Savings
Demand Supply Charge Savings
Tonnage Reduction Savings
Structural Steel Plate Cost
Additional Length of Sunshade Cost
Sunshade
Length (ft)
Area of
Sunshade (SF)
Cost ($)
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
3,188
4,006
4,833
5,669
6,512
7,364
8,225
$0
$33,998
$68,370
$103,116
$138,152
$173,563
$209,348
$41.56/SF (Includes Labor) x Area of Sunshade
Payback Period of Extension
Sunshade
Length (ft)
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
Cost ($)
Initial Savings ($)
Additional Length + Steel
$6,017
$40,015
$74,387
$109,133
$144,170
$179,581
$215,366
Tonnage Reduction
$17,278
$21,628
$25,977
$30,206
$34,556
$38,906
$43,255
Yearly Savings ($) Payback Period
(Years)
Demand + Electric
$3,220
$4,026
$4,829
$5,606
$6,400
$7,192
$7,981
(Yearly Savings + Initial Savings – Initial Costs)
Yearly Savings
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
0
4
9
13
16
19
21
$6,017.38
Presentation
Outline
Construction Cost Escalation
Project Overview
Implementation
Construction Cost Escalation
-Owner must Demand Constructability Review be Completed
Solar Shading Analysis
-Construction Manager can Run Pre-Qualified Interview Process
Bridge Illumination
-Party Managing Pay Application can Implement Quarterly
Acknowledgements
Material Cost Escalation Adjustments
Questions & Comments
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management
Presentation
Outline
Risk Passed
Owner Added Inflation (13%)
Construction Cost Escalation
Contractor Bid
Case Study
$4 Million
Project Overview
Estimated Cost $4.52 Million
Construction Cost Escalation
Contractor Added Inflation (7%)
Solar Shading Analysis
Bridge Illumination
Acknowledgements
Questions & Comments
$4.28 Million
Vendor Added Inflation (5%)
Risk Managed
Conditions:
Contractor Purchases Steel in February 2006 with 8% Increase
-One Year Project December 2005 to December 2006
-Management of the Cost of Steel Escalation
-Estimated Current Price of Materials in Scope $4 Million
Only Hold Price for 10 Days $4.5 Million
Additional Contractor Added Inflation (5%)
$4.32 Million
Owner Increases Contract Price to Adjust for Escalation
$4.32 Million
Owner Saves $380,000
$4.7 Million
Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management