123 Alpha Drive
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
https://www.google.com/maps/place/150+Gamma+Dr/@40.4997521,79.8681269,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x8834ecdbc348bd5f:0xd10a14f6b42509
a0
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Background
Location: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Introduction
Building Use:
Existing Mechanical System
• Warehouse Storage
• Laboratory Space
• Offices
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Footprint: 74,900 square feet
Acoustical Design
Ceiling Height:
• Offices: 9’
• Warehouse: 22’ 6”
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
https://www.google.com/maps/place/150+Gamma+Dr/@40.4997521,79.8681269,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x8834ecdbc348bd5f:0xd10a14f6b42509
a0
Renovated: 2012
Design Conditions
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Outdoor Design Conditions
Introduction
Indoor Design Conditions
Existing Mechanical System
Offices &
Lab
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
OA Dry Bulb (°F)
OA Wet Bulb (°F)
Summer Design
Cooling
Winter Design
Heating
89 °F
2.0 °F
72 °F
.3 °F
Warehouse &
Storage &
Packaging
Maintenance
Cooling Set
Point
70 °F
85 °F
95 °F
Heating Set
Point
55 °F
55 °F
60 °F
Relative
Humidity
45%
-
-
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Office/Lab Space
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Existing Mechanical System
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Warehouse and Storage
- 6 single zone CAV rooftop units (RTUs)
- Primarily electric resistance heat
- CO2 preheat conditioning option available
- 8 air handling units (AHUs)
- CO2 radiant floor cooling and heating
- Makeup air handling unit
Annual Load Simulation
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Monthly Energy Consumption
350000
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Energy Consumed (kWh)
Introduction
300000
250000
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
HVAC
18%
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Energy Consumption By Use
Lighting
46%
Electrical
Equipment
36%
Annual Load Simulation
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Annual Energy Consumption By Use
Energy Consumption By Use
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
HVAC:
595,045 kWh
Lighting:
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
2,657,011 kWh
Electrical Equipment:
3,252,057 kWh
Acoustical Design
Total Annual Energy Consumption:
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
HVAC
18%
6,5041,143 kWh
Lighting
46%
Electrical
Equipment
36%
Energy Cost and Consumption
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Electrical Cost by Use
Introduction
$40,000
Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area
$35,000
Existing Mechanical System
$25,000
Lighting:
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
$30,000
$0.96/ft2
Cost
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
HVAC:
$2.04/ft2
Electrical Equipment:
$1.89/ft2
Acoustical Design
Total Annual Energy Cost: $366,744
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
Electrical Equipment
Lighting
HVAC
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
System Components
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Advantages
•
•
Outdoor/Indoor Condensing Unit
3 pipe system (suction, liquid,
discharge gas)
•
Mode Change Unit (MCU)
•
2 pipe system from MCU to fan
coil unit
•
•
Lower energy costs
•
Lower CO2e emissions
•
Simultaneous heating and cooling
•
Precise and occupant control
capabilities
Disadvantages
Indoor fan coil units
•
Expensive first costs
•
Requires DOAS system
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
http://y.asi.ph/note/commissioning-daikin-vrv-systems/
VRF System Layout
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
System Layout Restrictions
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
• Piping Length – 656 feet maximum
Key
VRF System 1
Cost Analysis
• External Static Pressure – 1” maximum
VRF System 2
Emissions Analysis
• Condensing Unit Elevation – 360 feet
maximum
VRF System 3
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Condensing Unit Quantity
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Samsung DVM S Series Condensing
Unit Requirements
Number of
Condensing
Units Needed
One
Size (tons)
6-12
Two
14-24
VRF System
1
2
3
Size (tons)
11.5
17.2
12.5
Number of
Condensing Units
Needed
One
Two
Two
Three
26-36
Indoor Fan Coil Unit Selection
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
1-Way Cassette Terminal Unit
Introduction
• Located at edges of room ceiling
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
• Diffuses in one direction
4-Way Cassette Terminal Unit
• Located in central area of ceiling
1 Way Cassette Terminal Unit
Source: Samsung DVM S Series Catalog
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
4 Way Cassette Terminal Unit
Source: Samsung DVM S Series Catalog
• Distributes air in four directions
High Static Pressure Duct Unit
• Up to .99 in wg. external static pressure
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
• Can condition multiple spaces at a time
High Static Pressure (HSP) Duct Unit
Source: Samsung DVM S Series Catalog
VRF System Selection
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
VRF System 1
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
12 ton Outdoor Condensing Unit (1)
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
CU-1
Mode Change Units (3)
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
4 Way Cassette FCU (6)
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
1 Way Cassette FCU (9)
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
VRF System Selection
VRF System 2
6 ton Outdoor Condensing Unit (1)
10 ton Outdoor Condensing Unit (1)
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Mode Change Units (4)
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
4 Way Cassette FCU (12)
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
1 Way Cassette FCU (7)
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
VRF System Selection
VRF System 3
6 ton Outdoor Condensing Unit (1)
10 ton Outdoor Condensing Unit (1)
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Mode Change Units (3)
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
4 Way Cassette FCU (3)
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
1 Way Cassette FCU (4)
High Static Pressure Unit (2)
Dedicated Outside Air System
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Semco FV-2000 Fresh Air Preconditioner
Design Conditions: Cooling Season
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
• 3 Angstrom Total Energy Wheel
Outdoor Airstream
• Parallel system to VRF system
• Manages humidification and de-humidification
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Airflow
(cfm)
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Supply Airstream
Ext. Static
Motor Brake
Pressure (in
Horsepower
wg.)
Fan Speed
(RPM)
Supply Air
1,250
1.50
1.00
1723
Exhaust Air
1,175
.75
.64
1413
Dry Bulb (°F) :
Wet Bulb (°F):
Enthalpy (BTU/lb):
Dry Bulb (°F) :
80.2
Wet Bulb (°F):
65.7
Enthalpy (BTU/lb): 30.5
Airflow (CFM):
1,250
95.0
75.0
38.4
Exhaust Airstream
Dry Bulb (°F) :
Wet Bulb (°F):
Enthalpy (BTU/lb):
Return Airstream
Dry Bulb (°F) :
75.0
Wet Bulb (°F):
62.0
Enthalpy (BTU/lb): 27.8
Airflow (CFM):
1,175
90.8
72.5
36.1
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Source: Semco FV 2000 Catalog
Dedicated Outside Air System
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Outdoor Airstream
Sensible Supply Efficiency: 74%
Cost Analysis
Latent Supply Efficiency:
74%
Emissions Analysis
Supply Air Pressure Loss:
.36
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Design Conditions: Cooling Season
Efficiency and Static Pressure Loss
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Exhaust Air Pressure Loss: .33
Dry Bulb (°F) :
Wet Bulb (°F):
Enthalpy (BTU/lb):
95.0
75.0
38.4
Exhaust Airstream
Dry Bulb (°F) :
Wet Bulb (°F):
Enthalpy (BTU/lb):
90.8
72.5
36.1
Supply Airstream
Dry Bulb (°F) :
80.2
Wet Bulb (°F):
65.7
Enthalpy (BTU/lb): 30.5
Airflow (CFM):
1,250
Return Airstream
Dry Bulb (°F) :
75.0
Wet Bulb (°F):
62.0
Enthalpy (BTU/lb): 27.8
Airflow (CFM):
1,175
Controls
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
BACnet Gateway Building Management System
Occupant Controls
Introduction
• Can connect up to 256 indoor units/16 outdoor units
• MWR-WE10N Wired Remote Controller
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
• Weekly/Daily Scheduling
• Can control up to 16 indoor units and ERV
Cost Analysis
• Temperature limitations
• Operation mode
• ERV operation mode and fan speed
• Temperature setting (limited by BACnet)
• Zone Management
• ERV operation and fan speed (limited by BACnet)
Existing Mechanical System
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Cost Analysis
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
VRF System Monthly HVAC Energy
Consumption
Introduction
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Energy Consumption (kWh)
7000
Existing Mechanical System
Alexander Radkoff
VRF Zone Annual Energy Consumption By Use
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
HVAC
9%
Lighting
51%
Electrical
Equipment
40%
Cost Analysis
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
VRF System Zones Electrical Cost by Use
Introduction
Annual HVAC Cost Per Unit Area:
$4,500
$4,000
Existing Mechanical System
$0.71/ft2
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Total Annual HVAC Energy Cost:
$9,001
Conclusion
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
Acoustical Design
Alexander Radkoff
$3,000
Cost
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
$3,500
$500
$0
Electrical Equipment
Lighting
HVAC
Energy Consumption Comparison
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Original Design Annual HVAC Energy
Consumption:
14,000
Existing Mechanical System
85,148 kWh
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
VRF System Annual HVAC Energy
Consumption:
Acoustical Design
72,316 kWh
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Monthly HVAC Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption (kWh)
Introduction
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Difference:
12,832 kWh
Original
VRF System
Energy Cost Comparison
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Original Design Annual HVAC Energy Cost:
Monthly HVAC Energy Cost
Introduction
2,500
$16,416
Existing Mechanical System
VRF System Annual HVAC Energy Cost:
Cost Analysis
$9,001
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
1,500
1,000
500
Difference:
$7,415
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Cost ($)
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
2,000
0
Original
VRF System
Mechanical First Costs Comparison
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Original HVAC vs. VRF System First Costs
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Materials
Labor
Total
Original HVAC
System
$144,663.88
$79,733.00
$222,396.88
Emissions Analysis
VRF System
$327,702.26
$20,690.81
$348,393.07
Acoustical Design
Difference
-$178,038.38
$59,042.19
-$118,996.19
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Materials Difference:
+118%
Labor Difference:
-74%
Total First Cost Difference:
+51.8%
Payback Period
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Variables
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
FCO= First Cost of Original HVAC System
AECO= Annual Energy Cost of Original HVAC System
FCVRF= First Cost of Original VRF System
Equation
FCO + (AECO * X) = FCVRF + (AECVRF * X)
$229,396 + ($16,416*X) = $348,393.07 + (9001 * X)
$118996 = $7415 * X
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Payback Period
X= Payback Period in years
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
AECVRF= Annual Energy Cost of VRF HVAC System
X= 16.04 years
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Emissions Comparison
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Acoustical Breadth Investigation
Recommended Noise Criterion - NC
Introduction
KEY
Existing Mechanical System
Recommended NC
Rating
Equivalent Sound
Level dBA
Open-Plan
Offices
35-40
45-50
Private Offices
30-35
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conference
Rooms
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
25-30
40-45
35-40
Private Offices
Conference
Rooms
Open Plan
Offices
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Acoustical Breadth Investigation
Existing Mechanical NC Rating
Existing Mechanical Conditions
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
• 5 Ton Carrier 50TCD06 Rooftop Unit
NC-46
~ 48 dBA
• 1” Fiberglass Insulation
• Room Dimensions : 34’x26’x8’
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
• Measure SPL to nearest diffuser
Acoustical Design
Sound Power Level, dB (re 10^-12 W)
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Octave Band
Frequency, HZ
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
Discharge
85.8
84.3
80.5
78.7
76.4
72.7
68.3
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Acoustical Breadth Investigation
Recommended Noise Criterion - NC
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Recommended NC
Rating
Equivalent Sound
Level dBA
Open-Plan
Offices
35-40
45-50
Private Offices
30-35
40-45
Conference
Rooms
25-30
35-40
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Existing Mechanical NC Rating
NC-46
~ 48 dBA
Acoustical Breadth Investigation
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Proposed Mechanical Conditions
Introduction
Recommended Noise Criterion - NC
• Samsung DMV AM024FN4dCH/AA 4 Way Cassette
Fan Coil Units
Existing Mechanical System
NC-25
~ 32 dBA
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
• Room Dimensions : 34’x26’x8’
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Sound Power Level, dB (re 10^-12 W)
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Octave Band
Frequency, HZ
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
Discharge
40.1
37.2
36.4
33.0
29.7
27.3
22.6
Acoustical Breadth Investigation
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Recommended Noise Criterion - NC
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Recommended NC
Rating
Equivalent Sound
Level dBA
Open-Plan
Offices
35-40
45-50
Private Offices
30-35
40-45
Conference
Rooms
25-30
35-40
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
Recommended Noise Criterion - NC
NC-25
~ 32 dBA
Conclusion
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Acoustical Invesitgation
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
• First Costs – 51% more expensive than original
• Annual Costs – 45% cheaper than original system
Cost Analysis
• Original Design – did not meet recommended NC
Ratings for office spaces
Emissions Analysis
• Payback Period – 16 years (uneconomical)
• Potential for rumbly HVAC noise
Acoustical Design
• Emissions – 13% less annually than original
• VRF Design – met all recommended NC Rating
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
• Improve occupant comfort
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
and dBA values
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado
AE Staff and Faculty
Marc Portnoff
Jonathan Iams
Joel Butler
Dan Gardner
My friends and family
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
123 Alpha Drive
Introduction
Existing Mechanical System
Variable Refrigerant Flow System
Questions?
Cost Analysis
Emissions Analysis
Acoustical Design
Conclusion
Alexander Radkoff
Mechanical Option | Spring 2014
Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado