Senior Thesis Presentation Bucks County Justice Center Doylestown, PA Joshua Lange Lighting/Electrical Thesis Adviser: Dr. Richard Mistrick Electrical Adviser: Gary Golaszewski 4/15/2015 1 Introduction Presentation Overview Location/Site Building Overview Project Introduction Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth/MAE Depth Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 2 Introduction Presentation Overview Location/Site Building Overview Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Bucks County Justice Center Doylestown, PA Conclusion 3 Introduction Presentation Overview Existing Administration Building 1 1. 2 Location/Site Building Overview Lighting Depth Electrical Depth 3 Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth 2. 3. Conclusion 4 Introduction Presentation Overview Existing Administration Building 1 1. Building Statistics 2 Location/Site Size: 273,000 GSF Building Overview Lighting Depth Levels: 7 above grade (with penthouse) 2 below grade Electrical Depth 3 Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 2. 3. Dates of construction: July 2011-February 2015 Overall Project Cost: approximately $84 million 5 Introduction Presentation Overview Existing Administration Building 1 1. Project Team 2 Location/Site Architect: HOK Building Overview MEP: H. F. Lenz Lighting Depth Lighting: Tigue Lighting Electrical Depth 3 Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion Telecom, Data, A/V, and Acoustics: Acentech Incorporated 2. 3. Civil Engineering: Carroll Engineering Corporation Structural: The Harman Group Security and Code Consulting: Brinjac Engineers General Contractor: Ernest Bock & Sons, Inc. 6 Introduction Lighting Depth Spaces Outdoor Space: Main Plaza Circulation Space: Main Lobby 1000 Design Criteria Qualitative Main Lobby Open Office Professional Ceremonial Courtroom Consistency Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion Large Workspace: Open Office 2520 Special Purpose Space: Ceremonial Courtroom 4100 Quantitative CRI:80 CCT: 3500K Target of 20% reduction from ASHRAE maximum LPD 7 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby 1000 Main Lobby Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 8 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby 1000 Main Lobby Introduction/Location Room Area: ~3,000 SF Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Ceiling Height: 28’-0” Balcony Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 9 Introduction Lighting Depth Quantitative Criteria Qualitative Criteria Main Lobby Introduction/Location Design Criteria Location Security Screening Lobbies near entries (day) Eh (lux) 200 100 Elevation Eh Avg:Min 3’-0” Floor 2:1 4:1 Assist Security screening Spacious and grand Final Design Design Analysis Open Office LPD (W/SF) Local Control 0.9 REQ Automatic Daylight Responsive Controls for Sidelighting REQ Automatic Full OFF Scheduled Shutoff ADD2 ADD2 Way finding Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 10 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Type Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion R3 R4 W1 Description RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1500 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM WALL WASH 1000 LUMEN CCT Life Input CRI (K) (Hours) (Watts) Fixture Image Type 3500 80 50,000 L70 22.4 R7 3500 80 50,000 L70 14.1 R8 WALL MOUNTED LINEAR UPLIGHT 3500 80 TWO FOOT, 2000 LUMENS 50,000 L70 22.6 R9 Description CCT Life Input CRI (K) (Hours) (Watts) RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 5000 3500 80 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 3500 80 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 3500 80 LUMEN 50,000 L70 62 50,000 L70 42 50,000 L70 42 Fixture Image 11 Introduction Lighting Depth Criteria Vs. Design Main Lobby Illuminance Introduction/Location Location Design Criteria Final Design Security Screening Lobbies near entries (day) Target Design Target Design Eh (lux) 200 186 100 139 Height Eh Avg:Min 3’-0" 3’-0" Floor Floor 2:1 1.7:1 4:1 3.2:1 Design Analysis Power Open Office W/SF Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth ASHRAE Maximum 0.9 Design 0.33 Percent Reduction 63% Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 12 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 13 Introduction Lighting Depth Open Office 2520 Main Lobby Open Office Room Area: ~1,300 SF Introduction/Location Design Criteria Ceiling Height: 9’-0” Final Design Half height partitions Design Analysis Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 14 Introduction Lighting Depth Quantitative Criteria Qualitative Criteria Main Lobby Open Office Location Open Office *From Table 12.6 Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design LPD (W/SF) Local Control Manual ON Restricted to Partial Automatic ON 0.98 REQ ADD1 ADD1 Eh (lux) 300 Elevation Eh Avg:Min 2’-6” 1.5:1* Openness Promote community Bilevel Lighting Control REQ Automatic Daylight Responsive Controls for Sidelighting REQ Automatic Full OFF Scheduled Shutoff ADD2 ADD2 Views Design Analysis Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 15 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby Open Office Introduction/Location P1E P2 P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth P2 P1 CYLINDRICAL LED DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT P1 CCT Life Input CRI Fixture Image (K) (Hours) (Watts) 50,000 L80 40 P1E EMERGENCY CYLINDRICAL LED 50,000 3500 80+ DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT L80 40 P2 CYLINDRICAL LED WALL WASHER 50,000 3500 80+ PENDANT L80 20 3500 80+ P2 P2 P2 P3 P2 CYLINDRICAL LED DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT 3500 80+ 50,000 L80 60 P1 P2 Design Analysis Ceremonial Courtroom Description P2 Design Criteria Final Design Type Luminaire Type P2 is suspended 8’-0” AFF P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1E P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1E All others are suspended 7’-0” AFF P3 Conclusion 16 Introduction Lighting Depth Criteria Vs. Design Main Lobby Illuminance Open Office Location Introduction/Location Open Office Target Design Eh (lux) 300 329 Height Eh Avg:Min 2‘-6" 2'-6" 1.5:1 2.0:1 Design Criteria Final Design Power Design Analysis W/SF Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth ASHRAE Maximum 0.98 Design 0.71 Percent Reduction 28% Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 17 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby Open Office Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Ceremonial Courtroom Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 18 Introduction Lighting Depth Ceremonial Courtroom 4100 Main Lobby Open Office Room Area: ~2,900 SF Ceremonial Courtroom Introduction/Location Design Criteria Ceiling Height: 10’-6” Public Seating Capacity: 222 Final Design Design Analysis Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 19 Introduction Lighting Depth Quantitative Criteria Qualitative Criteria Main Lobby Open Office Location Attorneys’ Tables Bench and Clerks Jury Box Witness Stand Public Seating Ceremonial Courtroom Introduction/Location Eh (lux) 500 500 300 300 100 Dignified Elevation Eh Avg:Min 2’-6” 2’-6” 2’-6” 2’-6” 2’-6” 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 Max:Avg Notes 2:1 Max Value Flexibility Design Criteria Final Design Location AV Presentation Screen Design Analysis Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth LPD (W/SF) Local Control Manual ON Restricted to Partial Automatic ON 1.72 REQ ADD1 ADD1 Ev (lux) 50 Bilevel Lighting Control REQ Automatic Daylight Responsive Controls for Sidelighting REQ Automatic Full OFF Scheduled Shutoff ADD2 ADD2 Conclusion 20 Introduction Lighting Depth Type Main Lobby R2 Design Criteria R2 R2 R2 R11 S1E R4 R2 R10 R1 R2 R2 R2 R4 R4 R10 R1 R11 R4 Final Design R2 R2 Ceremonial Courtroom Introduction/Location R2 R1 R4 R10 R11 R2 R2 R2 R1 R4 Design Analysis RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH NARROW BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1500 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH R2 WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1000 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH R4 WIDE BEAM WALL WASH 1000 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH R10 WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 LUMEN RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH R11 MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 2000 LUMEN R1 Open Office R1 R4 R11 R2 R2 S1E R2 R2 Description S1E CCT Life Input CRI Fixture Image (K) (Hours) (Watts) 3500 80 50,000 L70 22.4 3500 80 50,000 L70 14.1 3500 80 50,000 L70 14.1 3500 80 50,000 L70 43.6 3500 80 50,000 L70 31.5 SURFACE MOUNTED LINEAR 50,000 3500 80+ CEILING WASH L70 63.4 Electrical Depth R2 Mechanical Breadth R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 21 Introduction Lighting Depth Criteria Vs. Design Main Lobby Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Electrical Depth Illuminance Location Target Table 1 Attorney’s Tables Table 2 Target Design (Bench Upper) Bench and Clerks Design (Bench Lower) Design (Clerks) Target Podium Design Target Jury Box Design Target Witness Stand Design Target Public Seating Design Eh (lux) 500 454 457 500 434 460 500 500 456 300 325 300 384 100 123 Avg:Min 2:1 1.1:1 1.1:1 2:1 1.9:1 1.7:1 1.2:1 2:1 1.1:1 2:1 2.0:1 2:1 1.1:1 2:1 2.1:1 Power W/SF ASHRAE Maximum 1.72 Design 0.66 Percent Reduction 62% Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 22 Introduction Lighting Depth Main Lobby Open Office Ceremonial Courtroom Introduction/Location Design Criteria Final Design Design Analysis Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 23 Introduction Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Introduction Influence of Lighting Depth Short Circuit Study DC Efficiency Analysis Short Circuit Study Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 24 Introduction Lighting Depth Transformer Max Let Through Current Percentage Loss Due to Conductor Impedance Electrical Depth Introduction 140,000 0.45 Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion 0.41 0.40 120,000 0.37 0.35 100,000 80,000 60,000 36,738 40,000 0.32 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.19 0.11 0.10 20,818 13,879 20,000 Percentage Loss Short Circuit Study Short Circuit Current (Amps) 125,511 0.05 6,574 0.00 0 T1 T2 T4 T29 T31 Bus #2 Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 25 Introduction Lighting Depth Short Circuit Current (Busway #2) Electrical Depth Primary Introduction 36,957 Short Circuit Study Conclusion Branch circuit panels: AIC rating of 10,000 A 32,710 32,710 30,382 30,382 Devices on the primary side of the transformers: AIC of 35,000 A or 50,000 A depending on the location Current (Amps) Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Secondary 36,957 34,013 Mechanical Breadth Conclusion 6,707 T5 6,707 T6 Level 6 6,376 T11 Level 4 6,608 T14 6,608 T15 Level 3 6,314 T20 6,314 T21 Level 1 26 Introduction Lighting Depth Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Feasibility Analysis Data Sources Advantages: Thermal Demand was exported from a Trane Trace Model Increases primary fuel efficiency Electric demand data was derived from EIA data for similar buildings Reduces emissions Natural gas and electric costs came from EIA average data for Pennsylvania Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Introduction Analysis Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Allows “off grid” operation Conclusion 27 Introduction Lighting Depth Monthly Thermal and Electric Demand and Lambda D Thermal and Electrical Base Loads Electrical Depth Analysis Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion Electric (KW) Data Sources 4.5 800 4.0 700 3.5 600 3.0 500 2.5 400 2.0 300 1.5 200 1.0 100 0.5 0 Jan Feb Mar Average Electric Apr May Jun Assumed Base Jul Aug Sep Average Thermal Oct Nov Dec 0.0 Average Lambda D Summer Average (June, July, August) Thermal 1.99 (MMBTU/hr) Thermal (MMBTU/hr) Mechanical Breadth 900 Winter Average (December, January, February) Electric 590 (KW) Results λD Annual Spark Spread 1.34 21.98 Simple Payback 16.3 Years 28 Introduction Lighting Depth Speech Intelligibility of Ceremonial Courtroom 4100 Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Performed a reverberation time (RT) analysis Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Introduction Analyzed the influence of the audio reinforcement system Acoustical Breadth (RT Analysis) MAE Depth (Audio Amplification System Analysis) Conclusion 29 Introduction Lighting Depth Design Criteria Results Electrical Depth Ceremonial Courtroom Reverberations Times Mechanical Breadth 1.20 Reverberation Time (seconds) Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Introduction Acoustical Breadth (RT Analysis) MAE Depth (Audio Amplification System Analysis) Conclusion 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 Target Original Design EASE 0.00 125 Figure 17.10 from “Architectural Acoustics” by Marshall Long 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Frequency (Hz) 30 Introduction Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Speaker (Typ.) Mechanical Breadth Audience 1 Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Seat 2 Human Source Introduction Judges 2 Acoustical Breadth (RT Analysis) MAE Depth (Audio Amplification System Analysis) Audience 2 Judges 1 Seat 1 Conclusion Jury Audience 3 31 Introduction Lighting Depth SPL Plot Without Reinforcement SPL Plot With Reinforcement Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Introduction Acoustical Breadth (RT Analysis) MAE Depth (Audio Amplification System Analysis) Conclusion 32 Introduction Lighting Depth STI Plot Without Reinforcement STI Plot With Reinforcement Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Introduction Acoustical Breadth (RT Analysis) MAE Depth (Audio Amplification System Analysis) Conclusion 33 Introduction Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Lighting Depth Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth/MAE Depth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Conclusion Summary Acknowledgements 34 Introduction Lighting Depth Acknowledgements Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Mr. Gerald Anderson Mr. Scott Mack and the team at H.F. Lenz Conclusion Summary Acknowledgements Dr. Richard Mistrick Mr. Gary Golaszewski Dr. Michelle Vigeant Dr. James Freihaut 35 Introduction Lighting Depth Senior Thesis Presentation Electrical Depth Mechanical Breadth Acoustical Breadth and MAE Depth Bucks County Justice Center Doylestown, PA Conclusion Joshua Lange Lighting/Electrical Thesis Adviser: Dr. Richard Mistrick Electrical Adviser: Gary Golaszewski 4/15/2015 36 Main Lobby 1000 Type Description Manufacturer Model R3 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1500 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING LD6A15DL3 ERW6A15835 6LW1LI R4 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM WALL WASH 1000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING R7 RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 5000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING R8 RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING R9 RECESSED CIRCULAR 8 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING LD8A302DL3 ER8A30835 8LW0LI W1 WALL MOUNTED LINEAR UPLIGHT TWO FOOT, 2000 LUMENS COOPER LIGHTING A02-SI-A-2-LED-35K-277-S-AK12-D Lamp CCT Life CRI (K) (Hours) Ballast Input Voltage (Watts) INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 22.4 277 LD6A10DL3 ERM6A10835 6LM111LI INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 14.1 277 INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 62 277 LD8A302DL3 ER8A30835 8LW110LI INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 42 277 INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 42 277 INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 22.6 277 LD8A502DL3 ER8A50835 8LMOLI Fixture Image 37 Open Office 2520 Type Description Manufacturer Model Lamp CCT (K) CRI Life (Hours) Ballast Input (Watts) Voltage P1 CYLINDRICAL LED DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT PEERLESS RD4M4 W20/20 8FT R8 277 EZB SCT LP835 F1/24 C110 INTEGRAL 3500 80+ 50,000 L80 INTEGRAL 40 277 P1E EMERGENCY CYLINDRICAL LED DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT PEERLESS RD4M4 W20/20 8FT R8 277 EZB 1 EC SCT LP835 F1/24 C110 INTEGRAL 3500 80+ 50,000 L80 INTEGRAL 40 277 P2 CYLINDRICAL LED WALL WASHER PENDANT PEERLESS RD4MW W20 40FT R8 277 EZB SCT INTEGRAL LP835 F1/24 C110 3500 80+ 50,000 L80 INTEGRAL 20 277 P3 CYLINDRICAL LED DIRECT/INDIRECT PENDANT PEERLESS 3500 80+ 50,000 L80 INTEGRAL 60 277 RD4M4 W20/40 4FT R4 277 EZB SCT LP835 F1/24 C110 INTEGRAL Fixture Image 38 Ceremonial Courtroom 4100 Type Description Manufacturer Model R1 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH NARROW BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1500 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING LD6A15DL3 ERN6A10835 6LN1LI R2 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 1000 LUMEN R4 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM WALL WASH 1000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING R10 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH WIDE BEAM DOWNLIGHT 3000 LUMEN R11 S1E COOPER LIGHTING Lamp CCT Life CRI (K) (Hours) INTEGRAL 3500 80 LD6A10DL3 INTEGRAL 3500 80 ERW6A10835 6LW1LI LD6A10DL3 ERM6A10835 6LM111LI Ballast 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 Input Voltage (Watts) 22.4 Fixture Image 277 Space 14.1 277 INTEGRAL 3500 80 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 14.1 277 COOPER LIGHTING LD6A30DL3 INTEGRAL 3500 80 ERW6A30835 6LW1LI 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 43.6 277 RECESSED CIRCULAR 6 INCH MEDIUM BEAM DOWNLIGHT 2000 LUMEN COOPER LIGHTING LD6A20DL3 INTEGRAL 3500 80 ERN6A20835 6LM1LI 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 31.5 277 SURFACE MOUNTED LINEAR CEILING WASH IO LIGHITNG 0 -08-35KV2HO-1-72-L INTEGRAL 3500 80+ 50,000 INTEGRAL L70 63.4 277 Fixture Quantity Ceremonial Courtroom 4100 R1 R2 R4 R10 R11 S1 5 24 13 3 4 16 Watts per Total Room LPD Allowed Allowed Space Type fixture watts Area (W/SF) LPD Watts 1905 2900 0.66 Courtroom 1.72 4988 22.4 112 14.1 338.4 14.1 183.3 43.6 130.8 31.5 126 63.4 1014 39 Short Circuit Study Designation KVA Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Phase T1 T2 T4 T29 T31 2000 30 45 15 75 34,500 480 480 480 480 480Y/277 208Y/120 208Y/120 208Y/120 208Y/120 3 3 3 3 3 πΌπΉπΏπ΄ = πππ΄ 1000 ππΏπΏ 3 πΌππΆ = πΌπΉπΏπ΄ 100 %π Type %Z* Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry 5.75 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7 Mounting Floor Hung Hung Hung Hung πΌππΆ πππππππππ¦ = I FLA ISC 7,217 125,511 250 13,879 375 20,818 125 6,574 625 36,738 ππππππππ¦ π πΌππΆ πππππππ¦ ππ ππππππππ¦ Location Bus #2 Feed Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Conductor Type 3 Sets 300 KCMIL 800A Bus 800A Bus 800A Bus 800A Bus 800A Bus 800A Bus Length Table 5 (Feet) C 30 16 32 48 64 80 96 18177 49300 49300 49300 49300 49300 49300 3∅ πππ’ππ‘π : π = I3∅ 125,511 100,476 100,476 100,476 100,476 100,476 100,476 3 πΏ πΌ3∅ πΆ π ππΏπΏ Conductors f per phase VLL 3∅ (n) Faults 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 π= 0.25 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.71 M 0.80 0.89 0.81 0.74 0.68 0.63 0.59 ISC Notes Approximate length of conductor 100,476 from main panel to bus 89,898 81,335 74,262 Length of bus to electrical room 68,320 based on floor to floor height 63,259 58,896 1 1+π 40