Which of these lists the six categories for
classifying bone by shape?
1. Intramembranous; periosteal; diaphysis
mesenchymal; endochondral; interstitial
2. Flat; irregular; short; long; sesamoid; sutural
3. Long; short; mesenchymal;
intramembranous; endochondral;
epiphyseal
4. Femur; sternum; wormian; pelvis; patella;
vertebra
Which bony marking is correctly paired
with its description?
1. Fissure; depression
2. Facet; opening
3. Tuberosity; process formed where tendons
or ligaments attach
4. Spine; process formed for articulation with
adjacent bones
Which of these bony markings would
become more pronounced with weightbearing exercise?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tuberosities
Condyles
Processes
Heads
Which of the following describes
osteoprogenitor cells?
1. Divide to produce daughter cells that
differentiate into osteoblasts
2. Assist in elevating local concentrations of
calcium phosphate
3. Multinucleate and derive from same stem
cells that produce monocytes
4. Maintain protein and mineral content of
surrounding matrix
How would the strength of a bone be affected if
the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Strength increases, flexibility increases.
Strength increases, flexibility decreases.
Strength decreases, flexibility decreases.
Strength decreases, flexibility increases.
If the activity of osteoclasts exceeds the activity
of osteoblasts in a bone, how will the mass of
the bone be affected?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stable mass, but re-positioned matrix
Mass will not be affected
More mass
Less mass
What are functional relationships between
compact and spongy bone?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spongy bone resists stress from many
directions/compact bone is extremely strong when
stressed along the axis of alignment
Spongy bone is strong along its main axis/compact
bone resists stress from many directions
Both spongy and compact bone resist stresses from
all angles except a sudden force to the side of the
bone
None of these is correct
A sample of bone has lamellae, which are not
arranged in osteons. Is this sample from the
epiphysis or diaphysis?
1. It is from the diaphysis.
2. It is from the medullary cavity of a long
bone.
3. It could be from either epiphysis or
diaphysis.
4. It is from the epiphysis.
Which of the following is/are correct
concerning the periosteum?
1. It has a fibrous outer layer and cellular
inner layer.
2. It provides a route for nerves and blood
vessels into bone.
3. It actively participates in bone growth
and repair.
4. All of the above are correct
During intramembranous ossification, which
type(s) of tissue is/are replaced by bone?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue
Mesenchymal connective tissue
2 and 3
In endochondral ossification, what is the
original source of osteoblasts?
1. De novo synthesis
2. Cells brought via the nutrient artery
3. Cells of the inner layer of the
perichondrium
4. Chondrocytes from the original model
How could X-rays of the femur be used to
determine whether a person has reached full
height?
1. The epiphyseal plates can be identified.
2. The epiphyseal lines can be measured.
3. The width of the shaft can be correlated to
height.
4. The extent of osteoporosis can be seen.
How is bone remodeling accomplished?
1. Osteoblasts form new bone matrix.
2. Osteocytes remove and replace calcium
salts.
3. Osteoclasts are not active, thus producing
stronger bone.
4. 1 and 2.
Why were some people sickened by
radioactivity years after the Chernobyl
accident?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Osteoclasts do not differentiate between heavy
metals and calcium
Turnover of bone matrix caused release of
stored radiation into circulation
Osteoblasts are a type of memory cell and
recall the poisons that enter them
Heavy metal ions are stored in the bloodstream
Why would you expect the arm bones of a
weight lifter to be thicker and heavier than
those of a jogger?
1. Joggers are naturally thin.
2. Larger muscles apply more mechanical
stress to the bones.
3. Aerobic exercise reduces bone mass.
4. Anaerobic exercise reduces bone mass.
A child who enters puberty several years later than
the average age is generally taller than average as
an adult. Why?
1. Epiphyseal plates fuse during puberty.
2. Bone growth continues throughout
childhood.
3. Growth spurts usually occur at the onset of
puberty.
4. All of the above.
A seven-year-old child has a pituitary tumor involving the
cells that secrete growth hormone (GH), resulting in
increased levels of GH. How will this condition affect the
child’s growth?
1. The individual will be taller.
2. The individual will be shorter.
3. Growth of the individual will be erratic and
slow.
4. Excessive growth will be limited to axial
skeleton.
Which hormone is correctly paired with its
function?
1. Calcitonin/stimulates osteoclast activity
2. PTH/reduces calcium ion concentration of
body fluids
3. Calcitrol/inhibits calcium and phosphate ion
absorption along the digestive tract
4. Thyroxine/stimulates osteoblast activity
Why does a child who has rickets have difficulty
walking?
1. Joints become fused, preventing
movement.
2. Bones are brittle and break under body
weight.
3. Bones are flexible and bend under body
weight.
4. Motor skills are impaired.
What effect would increased PTH secretion have
on blood calcium levels?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Higher level of calcium
Lower level of calcium
Uncontrolled level of calcium
No effect on blood calcium, PTH affects
calcium in the bones
How does calcitonin help lower the calcium ion
concentration of blood?
1. By inhibiting osteoclast activity
2. By increasing the rate of calcium
excretion at the kidneys
3. By increasing the rate of calcium uptake
by intestinal cells
4. 1 and 2
Why would a second fracture to a particular
bone be more likely to occur at a different site
along that bone than the first fracture?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The newly formed bone is slightly thicker and
stronger at the original fracture site.
During healing of the first fracture, calcium
was removed making the site of the second
fracture weaker.
The person is older when the second fracture
occurs, so their bones are weaker.
None of these is correct.
A balance between which two hormones
is essential for maintaining calcium
homeostasis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calcitrol and parathyroid hormone
Calcitrol and thyroxine
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Growth hormone and sex hormones
Why are women usually shorter than men
at maturity?
1. Estrogens cause faster epiphyseal plate
closure.
2. Androgens cause faster epiphyseal plate
closure.
3. Thyroxine increases the rate of osteoblast
activity in boys before puberty.
4. Men have more growth hormone.
Why would you expect that all people lose
some height as they age?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Osteomalacia causes the bones to soften.
Osteopenia causes a reduction in bone mass.
Osteoporosis causes a reduction in bone mass.
Growth hormone is no longer available.
Why is osteoporosis more common in older
women than in older men?
1. Testosterone levels decline in postmenopausal women.
2. Older women tend to be more sedentary
than older men.
3. Declining estrogen levels lead to
decreased calcium deposition.
4. In males, androgens increase with age.