DG Enlargement
Draft Guidelines for EU support to media freedom and media
integrity in enlargement countries, 2014-2020
1. Media Freedom and Media Integrity in the Enlargement Region
Freedom of expression is a fundamental right safeguarded by international law, including the
European Convention on Human Rights, and forms an integral part of the functioning of a pluralistic
democracy. According to the Press Freedom Index 2013 (Reporters Without Borders), the picture of
media freedoms in the Western Balkan countries and Turkey aspiring towards EU membership is
diverse1. Media politicisation and media clientelism are at the core of the most serious problems
faced by the media. In the Western Balkans, the economic crisis combined with the global growing
public preference for free internet-based media have led to a reduction of resources for established
media and further increased the pressure on professional journalism. And when job opportunities
decline, journalists as a community have proved to be weak in its capacity to further develop and
protect common professional and labour standards.
The independence of regulatory authorities is constantly challenged and not sufficiently supported
by law. The judiciary by far too often is used to silence critical media. The Public Service Broadcasters
are still struggling to obtain editorial independence, financial sustainability and accountability in their
service towards citizens.
The substantial investment from the international community to strengthen independent media in
the post-conflict Western Balkan countries has gradually been withdrawn. This trend is not likely to
reverse. In the media landscape only a few independent media outlets have managed to survive the
transition and the current economic crisis. Some have been absorbed by the clientelistic system
whereas others are surviving with meagre resources. The existing not-for-profit media NGOs are still
largely dependent on international donors to sustain their missions2.
1
Serbia shows some progress and is the highest ranked country in the Western Balkans in place 63, advance of
17 places compared to last year’s Index. FYRoM on the other hand dropped full 22 places from 94th last year to
116th in the 2013 Index. Of the other countries of the Western Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina is 68th,
Albania 102nd, and Montenegro is ranked 113th. Kosovo* was considered separately and is ranked 85th.
Turkey, where severe limitations to freedom of expression and press freedom prevails, shows further decline in
the Index and places itself in place 154 out of the 179 countries ranked. The overall low ratings were due to
judicial pressure on the media, the lacking or inadequate legislation, numerous instances of intimidation of
journalists, and lack of proper access to public information.
* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ
Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
2
See detailed country by country assessments of freedom expression and media in the Enlargement Package
2013: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/strategy-and-progress-report/index_en.htm
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2. The Enlargement Agenda for Media Freedom and Media Integrity
It is essential that the enlargement countries guarantee open and pluralistic media landscapes which
allow for a culture of critical and independent journalism. Without the presence of a fully free media,
citizens in the enlargement countries are denied the right to balanced, factual and reliable
information without exposure to bias and propaganda. However the present media situation poses
risks to the full transition towards stable transparent democracies and effective institutions3. Hence
it is an integrated part of the Copenhagen political criteria for accession to the European Union.
The EU accession process is a unique opportunity to encourage far reaching reforms in EU candidate
and potential candidate countries. Endeavours to improve transparency, anti-corruption efforts and
demand for accountable and transparent politics can only succeed if independent media are allowed
access to information and have the capacity to process information and make it available to the
public. Given the prominence of the challenge, the EU has decided to use the leverage of accession
negotiations, where the issues related to the enabling environment for media freedom are being
integrated in the comprehensive action plans under Chapter 23: Judiciary and Fundamental Rights.
Implementation of the plan would form conditionality and determine the pace of the entire
negotiation process.
For the countries, not yet negotiating Chapter 23, a similar/comparable mechanism will be put in
place.
The regular Progress Reports and annual Enlargement Strategy and the conclusions of the Speak Up2
conference (20 June, 2013)4 brought to the fore a set of priority issues relevant for putting in place
robust conditions for independent media and to be pursued in the enlargement process and in the
perspective of the Instrument for Preaccession Assistance (IPA) II:

The governments need to step up efforts and show a solid track record on investigations on
violence and intimidation against journalists.

Rules for transparency of media ownership need to be put in place in line with European
standards, as well as checks against informal economic pressures on media.

Transparent rules and procedures for the use of public funds in media (e.g. in form of the so
called “government advertisement”) adopted and implemented to mitigate clientelistic
support to pro-government media and unfair competition within the media market.

Judicial capacities to protect freedom of expression and press freedom in accordance with
European standards need to be developed.
3
As example, Transparency International’s anti-corruption monitoring in the countries shows that progress has
been uneven and several countries continue to grapple with systemic corruption in their public institutions. The
Corruption Perceptions Index in 2011 found that accession countries in the Western Balkans and Turkey all
scored under 4 (0 being highly corrupt, and 10 very clean).
4
http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm
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
Public Service Media remit meant to guarantee content pluralism and matching reform
strategies to be developed, agreed and implemented to ensure transition towards an
independent, accountable and sustainable public service broadcasting system.
3. EU Support
A country wishing to join the EU needs to have an appropriate regulatory environment to ensure the
exercising of freedom of expression and the presence of a free media. In order for independent
media to be capable to fulfil their role they need to be able to access and impart information without
interference by public authorities or business circles. Even though there is a little of the EU level
regulation for the media sector, the European Commission is fully mandated by the Copenhagen
political criteria to thoroughly assess the media situation in the countries aspiring the EU accession
and to demand correction of the identified shortcomings. Therefore the preferred way is that
Government Media strategies and laws are designed in line with the Council of Europe standards5.
The Commission is committed to support meeting the objective of achieving sustainable conditions
for freedom of expression and media. At the same time, the Commission recognises that genuine
professional and independent media cannot be created exclusively with political support and
financial assistance from the outside. With limited resource available it is important that the
identified priorities are taken up and founded in national and regional strategies and owned and
developed by media sector stakeholders themselves.
Moreover, the development of strategies and laws shall take place with proper consultation with the
media community and civil society, including in particular journalist professional organisations, thinktanks and human rights organisations. Equally, it is crucial to understand that the identified tasks are
not to be accomplished by ad hoc or insulated assistance actions. The nature of the issues (e.g.
establishing a functioning self-regulation, changing the mind-set of judiciary, etc.) requires a long
term engagement. (Once developed the assistance programmes might stretch up to 5 years). In this
regard the European Commission is looking forward to cooperate with partners from international
institutions as CoE, OSCE, UNESCO, other European and regional organisations while building on their
respective mandates, strengths and expertise in the media area. A regional approach to support will
be explored to create synergies and enhance efficiency and allow for a broader outlook on the issues
and practices.
To ensure effectiveness of the above assistance approach, the Commission will continue to politically
raise the issues of relevance to freedom expression and media with the governments in the
Enlargement countries (notably, in the context accession negotiations, where available), and it will
underline their importance for EU membership
5
These standards – conventions, recommendations, declarations, guidelines, etc. – are based on Article 10 of
the European Convention on Human Rights and the relevant case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
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3.1 Enabling Environment and Resulting Responsibilities of Main Actors
The task of putting in place an enabling regulatory environment for free, professional and impartial
media stretches far beyond of adopting a few principal provisions in constitutions or comparable law.
Freedom of Expression is a fundamental right, but at the same time it is pivotal for functioning of
democracy and good governance in the given country. Moreover, implementation of this freedom is
largely embedded in the economics, media and advertisement markets. This explains the
comprehensive range of challenges to be addressed by an accession country and the multitude of the
responsible actors within that country.
The national Parliaments bear the ultimate responsibility for the state of democracy in their
countries. Therefore support should be provided to them enabling to regularly assess media situation
in their respective states in a way that would be objective and comparable, that would allow to act
upon the shortcomings of national media legislations and practices, and to take appropriate
measures in order to amend those defects. Such analyses could be done compared to the set of
principles determined with the Resolution 1636 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of
Europe on indicators for media in a democracy6. The modalities of support would include
parliamentary twinning and peer reviews and should encourage dialogue with civil society.
It is the responsibility of the state to protect journalists from physical threats or assaults due to the
work they do. In parallel with raising this point with national authorities, the EC will explore with
partners options for accompanying measures to contribute to legal and physical protection of
journalists.
It is still very common in some accession countries that politicians and state officials attempt to
silence media criticism by suing journalists. By fare too often the judiciary – deliberately or
instinctively - take the side of the state and its officials while ruling on these cases. Continued work
on development of judicial procedures and practices that protects freedom of expression and media
in line with the Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and applicable case law will
be encouraged and supported. This could include updating and improving the capacity of the
national judicial training programmes in the countries, support to law schools and faculties to
improve curriculum related to freedom of expression and the understanding of case law practices.
The regulatory authorities in the broadcasting sector are pivotal to ensure fair business practices,
protect media and content pluralism by enforcing the rules for transparency of financing and
preventing excessive ownership concentration or its close affiliation with political interests. Though
in many cases the legislation in place by itself doesn’t prevent risks to independence and
professionalism of regulators. The main attention needs to be paid and support given to
strengthening of independence and professionalism of regulatory bodies and to creating a credible
enforcement track record by them.
With the share of commercial advertisements having shrunk considerably, the government publicity
campaigns – the so called “government advertisement” becomes a powerful leverage to influence
6
http://assembly.coe.int/mainf.asp?link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta08/eres1636.htm
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contents of reporting. Putting in place proper (public procurement alike) rule and enforcing them is a
priority. Transparency in implementation is must.
There should be a media community-government dialogue on what are the necessary checks to be
put in place in order to reduce informal business influence on reporting.
The national Public Service Media (unlike commercial media) are created by law or a similar act and
receive public funding for their operation. However they continue to face challenges in defining the
public service remit and public interest, protecting its independence, building the necessary demand
for services the public is willing to pay for and manage the switch from analogue to digital
broadcasting. These challenges can only be addressed if there is a political will and ability to develop
and implement a strategy with a broad public support and with the necessary means allocated for it
to succeed. The EC will support such strategic initiatives through both politically encouraging the
governments to continue with PSB reform and technical assistance and mentoring programmes as
envisaged in its Memorandum of Understanding with the EBU.
3.2 Advancing Media to a Modern Level of Internal Governance
The wide spread clientelism in media, frequent deviation from professional and ethical standards in
reporting, diminishing of the share of serious analytical reporting, shrinking content pluralism have
led to a significant drop in public’s confidence in printed and broadcasting media. It should be also
noted that deviation from transparency and honest business principles exposes media outlets to
additional pressures in the form of risks of the selective justice and impairs independent reporting.
To this end, initiatives to restore good governance at the level of individual media outlets should be
encouraged and supported.
First and foremost it would mean introducing transparency regarding the ownership, cooperate
governance and financing in media outlets. Adequate contractual labour relations are of importance
to ensure independent reporting. In-house editorial codes and an honest, transparent and efficient
mechanism to address complaint’s from readership or viewership is an important factor for public’s
trust in the given media outlet. Investing in education of journalists (also in applying professional
standards) forms a part of good governance.
In the context of regaining public’ trust in traditional, off-line media, it is important that the
enlargement countries develop proper systems for basic and continuous training and education of
journalists and journalist students on professional standards, freedom of expression and media
integrity. Ad hoc training should be avoided and the needs and opportunities for support to journalist
schools to develop curriculums also related to on-line media should be explored.
Special effort should be made to promote the development of quality investigative journalism, e.g.
through substantial training, support and mentoring schemes, and through the reinforcement of
networks to enable a closer cooperation between investigative journalists and Civil Society
Organisations. Investigative journalism should be fostered within the public service media, as well as
in the commercial media and independent production houses. As online media are gaining grounds,
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the challenge on application of media standards in the digital environment and opportunities and
threats to freedom of expression will remain a theme throughout the period. The EC will make it
possible for stakeholders in the enlargement countries to engage in dialogue with key institutions
and actors in the EU on internet media through e.g the People to People (P2P) Programme.
3.3 Increasing Capacity and Representativeness of Journalist Professional
Organisations
Mature and credible journalist professional organisations are a key driver in advancing ethical codes
and self-regulation, labour standards and enabling media legislation. Currently the civic segment of
the journalist community (as an inevitable precondition for protecting professional standards and
labour rights) is weak and organised interests are often disjointed without a long-term common
vision.
Ethical editorial codes and mechanisms for voluntary self-regulation and adherence to principles of
good governance will get their grounds if media owners, journalist organisations and other key
stakeholders are willing to transcend their divides and engage in a dialogue to reach agreement on
common rules, as well as their readiness to subject themselves to these common rules. Efforts to
establish such dialogues should be supported both politically and by provision of concrete advice
when windows of opportunities emerge.
Poor labour relations at media outlets (including absence of proper work contracts) is a powerful
factor of self-censorship. Again, fragmentation of the journalist community is the obstacle to
solidarity when common interests – labour rights are at stake.
To this end, initiatives to develop capacity of journalist associations and unions to achieve the above
strategic objectives need to be supported – among other forms - through collaboration with EU
based journalist associations. Media Partnership Program will be put in place by using the Civil
Society Facility7. The partnerships shall improve the quality and broaden the dialogue within the
media community and between the media community and governments. By bringing together
representatives from different organisations in the Western Balkans, Turkey and EU, the multibeneficiary support will enable common lessons learned, synergies and identify the added value and
complementarity of the Media Partnership Programme to on-going efforts at the national and
regional levels. The Media Partnership approach can be replicated at the national levels according to
the particular issues to be addressed there. It will make it possible for organisations committed to
improved media freedom and standards to perform activities based on a joint strategy and agreed
programme of activities.
7
CSF – a financial assistance programme within IPA, meant to raise capacities of civil society organisations in
the Enlargement countries: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/tenders/support-for-civil-society/civil-societyfacility/index_en.htm
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ANNEX A: DRAFT RESULTS FRAMEWORK
The proposed results framework has been developed in line with the principles and objectives set
out in the draft guidelines for EU support to media freedom and integrity 2014-2020. It has been
conceived as a framework for the enlargement region as a whole and will provide the basis for a
tailor-made approach at national level in accordance with the country context. Indicators are to be
defined in consultation with media community stakeholders and relevant international organisations
and other stakeholders. A brainstorming event, involving some of them, took place on 7-8
November, 2013. The same are to be re-fined further considering them under the operational / easyto-estimate point of view.
Objective
Result
Indicator
Enabling environment and resulting responsibilities of main actors
1. An enabling legal,
1.1. Parliaments (and
1.1.a. Annual assessments of
regulatory and policy
governments) in Enlargement
existing legislation, other legal
environment for the
acts affecting media and factors
countries:
exercising rights of
influencing freedom of
- conduct periodic assessments expression conducted
freedom of
expression and media of the state of media freedom,
measuring national laws and
1.1.b. Number of proposals (e.g.
and media integrity.
practice against a range of basic policy approaches/”strategies”,
principles on the “quality of
draft laws) made and
law” stated in ECtHR case-law
implemented as a result of the
and the indicators listed in the
above assessments
Council of Europe PA Resolution
1.1.c. Extent to which journalist
1636 (2008).
professional organisations and
-put forward and adopt policy
media interested NGOs are
and legislative proposals in line
involved in preparing the
with the EU law and above
Parliaments’ assessments and
principles and indicators to
follow-up proposals.
Independent assessments by
address the shortcomings.
think-tanks, international
institutes and similar (if
available) published and form
part of dialogue with
MoV/Comment
TBD8
8
The column “Means of Verification” is largely open for time being. It should reflect how, in what form the
indicators are to be measured to certify the implementation of the goals. One can imagine a diverse spectrum
of means and institutions involved. So, for example, if it is about quality assessment of the adopted laws, the
European Commission might relay on the established cooperation with the Council of Europe and OSCE. When
it is about assessing the assistance to journalist professional organisations by using the Civil Society Facility,
most probably the verification instruments associated with this instrument will be used.
At the same time, the participants of the given consultation are invited to give their consideration and
suggestions in the above regard.
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Parliaments.
1.1.d. Media are consulted in
transparent manner during
drafting of relevant legislation.
1.2. Judiciary acts in conformity
with article 10 of the European
Convention on Human Rights
and applicable case law.
1.2.a. Judicial training national
curricula developed and
regularly updated on media
freedom case law and
standards.
TBD
1.2.b Relevant case law from
ECtHR (applying Art.10)
translated and published
1.2.c Increase in numbers of
judicial staff trained in applying
ECtHR case law on freedom of
expression; training covers
application of legislation
affecting media in line with
fundamental rights (including to
free expression). 9
1.2.d. Number of rulings related
to media that are consistent
with ECtHR case law
1.2.e Dynamics in numbers of
court cases (acquitted cases,
convictions, levels of awarded
damages, etc.) where charges
are pushed by public officials on
grounds of media criticism
9
By the way of an example: if the court case refers to , for instance, fiscal or economic aspects of a media
outlet, the court should take into consideration the public significance of the given media for exercising
freedom of expression.
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(defamation and other laws).
1.3. State institutions and
public authorities take positive
actions to ensure and promote
media pluralism and their
independence.
1.3.a. Rules on access to
information are in place and
being followed by authorities
without delays. Persisting legal
restrictions on grounds of
privacy or national security are
proportionate
1.3.b Number of physical
attacks, threats and other forms
of intimidation of media
decreases. Such cases are dealt
with by law enforcement and
judiciary in timely manner.
1.3.c. The legislation provides
for independent and
professional operation of
regulatory authorities of the
broadcasting sector without
political or other interference
and in a transparent and
effective manner. Track-record
of regulators independence and
professionalism established
1.3.a. Survey including
also journalists’
assessment of
openness and
transparency of public
authorities
1.3.b. survey
TBD
1.3.d. Regulators provide
transparent, credible (in terms
of real beneficiaries) and
accessible records on media
ownership Economic
performance/financial
statements of outlets are made
available.
1.3.e Legislation against media
monopolies and dominant
market positions is in place and
properly enforced (track-record)
1.3.f. “State advertising” and
any other direct or indirect use
of public money in media
handled in accordance with
good governance to guarantee
fairness, neutrality and equal
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treatment (rules are in place and
enforced by the competition
authority or comparable).
Volume and share of State
advertising per media outlet is
made public.
1.3.g. Transparency in
dispatching adds by big stateowned companies.
1.3.h. Public policies (e.g. on
digitisation, dispatching of
official publicity campaigns) and
regulatory proposals are
developed on the basis of sector
analysis and verified audience
measurement.
1.3.i. Responsible authorities
(e.g. regulatory bodies) perform
periodic sector analysis to
disclose informal economic
pressures on independent
reporting (e.g. by adds
agencies). Legal checks are in
place against these pressures.
1.3.j. Privatisation of state
owned media carried out in
transparent way and with due
respect to fair competition.
1.3.k. Internet remains free.
1.3.l Public authorities develop
strategies for supporting of
“new”/online, local and
alternative media (including
definition of public
responsibilities of internet
service providers).
1.3.m Public programmes to
promote media literacy are in
place
1.3.n Other actions undertaken
by authorities and aimed at
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promoting free expression and
media pluralism.
1.4. Public Service Media –
ensure content pluralism in
media environment in
independent and accountable
manner.
1.4.a. Public Service Media
remit defined in law (as
preceded by broad public
consultation).
TBD
1.4.b. Law provides for editorial
independence and against
politicisation of PSB.
1.4.c. Assessment of the
independence and
professionalism of governance
structures of Public Service
Media (track-record).
1.4.d. Implementation of
adequate reform of Public
Broadcasters guided by
comprehensive and budgeted
strategies (matching the PS
remit).
1.4.e. Sustainability and
autonomy of PSB financing
mechanism.
1.4.f. PSB subscribe to
accountability by publishing
annual reports (including
financial) according to Public
Service Remit as provided for in
law and annual work plans.
Public consultation on
implementation of PS remit by
PSB.
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11
1.4.g. Code of ethics and
effective mechanism in place to
deal with viewers’ complaints.
1.4.h. measuring dynamics of
public’s trust in PSB.
1.4.i Digitalisation process
carried out in transparent way
that ensures media plurality and
respects competition rules.
Advancing media to a modern level of internal governance
2. Improved
2.1. Media outlets voluntarily
professional
adhere to principles of
standards and
transparency (as required by
accountability in
good governance).
media sector.
Increased resilience
against different
pressures. Growing
public’s confidence in
media.
2.2. Media outlets voluntarily
subscribe to and implement
adequate labour standards.
Labour relations are not a factor
for self-censorship anymore (see
also 4.5.).
2.1.a. The share of media
outlets that provide open
access to key data about
corporate governance and
finances (e.g. ownership
structure, income received
from the state, financing
sources, balance sheets, market
share, etc.) .
2.2.a. Increased share of
journalists reporting adequate
working contracts with
sufficient social protection.
Surveys by national
unions/CSOs
2.2.b Number of signed
collective agreements. Number
and status of parte-time and
freelance stuff.
2.2.c Journalists do not report
obstacles to freedom of
association [in unions]. Internal
code of conduct clearly spells
out this right.
2.3. Self-enforcement of ethical
norms and professional
standards.
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2.3.a. Share of media outlets
with developed in-house codes
(e.g., in line with International
Federation of Journalists) and
effective mechanisms to deal
with readers/viewers
complaints (e.g. ombudsman,
readers editor).
[Content study of
media outlets
production according
to ethical and
professional criteria
(e.g. presence of hate
speech, respect to
privacy, breaches of
professional conduct,
12
etc.). - Conducted by
professional
agencies/NGOs/media
freedom watchdogs or
similar]
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2.4. Structures strengthened for
basic and continuous training
and education of journalists and
journalist students on
professional standards, freedom
of expression and media
integrity.
2.4.a. Number of curriculums
for journalist colleges/schools
developed and implemented
incorporating ethical codes and
standards.
2.5. Media outlets promote
professional training (including
on professional ethics).
2.5.a Training programmes in
place; average hours of training
per employee (different
categories).
2.6. Investment in professional
management of company.
Improved economic
performance of the outlet in
changing markets
2.6. Number of media outlets
with well-defined business
plans under implementation
2.7. Regaining audience’s
confidence.
2.6.a. Growing audience ratings
for outlets embarking upon
improved governance.
TBD
2.4.b. number of internships
increased and professional
journalists and publicists as
resource persons in training
programmes.
13
3. Qualitative and
trustworthy
investigative
journalism available
to citizens.
3.1. Improved conditions for
quality investigative journalism
(see also: 1.3.b; 4.5.a; 2.4.b).
3.1.a. increased cooperation
between media organisations,
media outlets and CSOs
benefiting investigative
journalists.
TBD
3.1.b. Share of quality
investigative journalism in local
on- and off-line media.
3.1.c. public recognitions of
quality investigative journalism
(audience measurement for
publications/broadcasts with
investigative content).
3.1.d. Share of outlets’
(including PSM) budget
dedicated to investigative
journalism.
3.1.e Public recognition of
investigative journalism
(awards).
Increasing capacity and representativeness of journalist professional organisations
4. Representative
4.1. Regular dialogue within the
4.1.a Frequency and
media and journalist
media community established on productiveness of conducted
professional
press freedom and integrity
meetings (e.g. leading to joint
organisations capable issues. Broad platforms
conclusions and actions at
of taking
(journalist professional
national and regional levels).
responsibility of
organisations, NGOs, think-tanks, 4.1.b Increased public
sector relevant issues editors and owners) formed.
awareness about freedom of
in dialogue with
expression issues.
authorities as well as
4.2. Media
4.2. Media and journalist
providing services to
organisations/journalists
organisations engage into
their members.
associations act on basis of long- informed dialogue with
term vision and strategies to
authorities in coordinated
achieve impact.
manner. increased respect to
these organisations. It is
reflected particularly in:
a. increased capability of
fundraising (to support
implementation of long-term
plans)
b. number of advocacy actions
organised
c. number of joint policy actions
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14
(e.g. dialogue meetings with
public authorities to suggest or
influence upcoming policies or
legislation); impact of these
actions on adopted decisions
d. number of implemented
advocacy actions
e. number of members having
benefited from free legal aid
f. range of services made
available to members
g. dynamics in membership
figures.
4.3. Media organisations monitor
and evaluate the results and
impact of their own work.
4.3.a. Media organisations that
monitor and evaluate their
projects and programmes using
baselines and quality indicators.
4.4. Platforms (journalist
professional organisations,
NGOs, media owners and
editors) set up and actively
promote professional standards
and ethics.
4.4.a. Presence of selfregulatory bodies with relevant
representation from the media
community, effectiveness of the
agreed rules (implementation
rate).
TBD
4.4.b. Dynamics of financial
contributions from media
community, outlets and media
owners to common selfregulatory body/-ies (e.g. a
Press Council), indicating
respect of the commonly
agreed rules institutional
sustainability.
4.4.c Representativeness of
established self-regulation
(number of –participating
outlets, market share covered
by these outlets)
4.4.d. Self-regulatory body
interacts with and is available
for advice to judiciary.
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4.5. Labour standards developed
and adhered to.
4.5.a. increased share of
journalists reporting adequate
working contracts with
sufficient social protection (see
also: 2.2).
4.5.b. Trade unions recognised
as partners in negotiating
collective agreements. Number
of media outlets where
collective bargaining between
trade unions and employers
took place with a positive
result. Quality of reached
agreements (against the
backdrop of labour standards).
4.5.c Number of advocacy and
lobbying activities by unions
and other organisations
regarding labour standards.
4.5.d Quality and number of
social services (e.g. level of
social protection) for part-time
and freelance journalists
4.5.e Implementation of
national labour laws (in media
outlets) and their reflection in
reached collective agreements.
4.5.f Presence (or absence) of
media owners/employers
organisations. Their role in
reaching satisfactory labour
standards.
4.5.g. Dynamics in numbers of
journalists associated in a
journalist unions.
Draft 18/11/2013
16