DG Enlargement
Draft Guidelines for EU support to media freedom and media
integrity in enlargement countries, 2014-2020
1. Media Freedom and Media Integrity in the Enlargement Region
Freedom of expression is a fundamental right safeguarded by international law, including the
European Convention on Human Rights, and forms an integral part of the functioning of a pluralistic
democracy. According to the Press Freedom Index 2013 (Reporters Without Borders), the picture of
media freedoms in the Western Balkan countries and Turkey aspiring towards EU membership is
diverse1. Media politicisation and media clientelism are at the core of the most serious problems
faced by the media. In the Western Balkans, the economic crisis combined with the global growing
public preference for free internet-based media have led to a reduction of resources for established
media and further increased the pressure on professional journalism. And when job opportunities
decline, journalists as a community have proved to be weak in its capacity to further develop and
protect common professional and labour standards.
The independence of regulatory authorities is constantly challenged and not sufficiently supported
by law. The judiciary by far too often is used to silence critical media. The Public Service Broadcasters
are still struggling to obtain editorial independence, financial sustainability and accountability in their
service towards citizens.
The substantial investment from the international community to strengthen independent media in
the post-conflict Western Balkan countries has gradually been withdrawn. This trend is not likely to
reverse. In the media landscape only a few independent media outlets have managed to survive the
transition and the current economic crisis. Some have been absorbed by the clientelistic system
whereas others are surviving with meagre resources. The existing not-for-profit media NGOs are still
largely dependent on international donors to sustain their missions2.
1
Serbia shows some progress and is the highest ranked country in the Western Balkans in place 63, advance of
17 places compared to last year’s Index. FYRoM on the other hand dropped full 22 places from 94th last year to
116th in the 2013 Index. Of the other countries of the Western Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina is 68th,
Albania 102nd, and Montenegro is ranked 113th. Kosovo* was considered separately and is ranked 85th.
Turkey, where severe limitations to freedom of expression and press freedom prevails, shows further decline in
the Index and places itself in place 154 out of the 179 countries ranked. The overall low ratings were due to
judicial pressure on the media, the lacking or inadequate legislation, numerous instances of intimidation of
journalists, and lack of proper access to public information.
* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ
Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
2
See detailed country by country assessments of freedom expression and media in the Enlargement Package
2013: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/strategy-and-progress-report/index_en.htm
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2. The Enlargement Agenda for Media Freedom and Media Integrity
It is essential that the enlargement countries guarantee open and pluralistic media landscapes which
allow for a culture of critical and independent journalism. Without the presence of a fully free media,
citizens in the enlargement countries are denied the right to balanced, factual and reliable
information without exposure to bias and propaganda. However the present media situation poses
risks to the full transition towards stable transparent democracies and effective institutions3. Hence
it is an integrated part of the Copenhagen political criteria for accession to the European Union.
The EU accession process is a unique opportunity to encourage far reaching reforms in EU candidate
and potential candidate countries. Endeavours to improve transparency, anti-corruption efforts and
demand for accountable and transparent politics can only succeed if independent media are allowed
access to information and have the capacity to process information and make it available to the
public. Given the prominence of the challenge, the EU has decided to use the leverage of accession
negotiations, where the issues related to the enabling environment for media freedom are being
integrated in the comprehensive action plans under Chapter 23: Judiciary and Fundamental Rights.
Implementation of the plan would form conditionality and determine the pace of the entire
negotiation process.
For the countries, not yet negotiating Chapter 23, a similar/comparable mechanism will be put in
place.
The regular Progress Reports and annual Enlargement Strategy and the conclusions of the Speak Up2
conference (20 June, 2013)4 brought to the fore a set of priority issues relevant for putting in place
robust conditions for independent media and to be pursued in the enlargement process and in the
perspective of the Instrument for Preaccession Assistance (IPA) II:

The governments need to step up efforts and show a solid track record on investigations on
violence and intimidation against journalists.

Rules for transparency of media ownership need to be put in place in line with European
standards, as well as checks against informal economic pressures on media.

Transparent rules and procedures for the use of public funds in media (e.g. in form of the so
called “government advertisement”) adopted and implemented to mitigate clientelistic
support to pro-government media and unfair competition within the media market.

Judicial capacities to protect freedom of expression and press freedom in accordance with
European standards need to be developed.
3
As example, Transparency International’s anti-corruption monitoring in the countries shows that progress has
been uneven and several countries continue to grapple with systemic corruption in their public institutions. The
Corruption Perceptions Index in 2011 found that accession countries in the Western Balkans and Turkey all
scored under 4 (0 being highly corrupt, and 10 very clean).
4
http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm
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
Public Service Media remit meant to guarantee content pluralism and matching reform
strategies to be developed, agreed and implemented to ensure transition towards an
independent, accountable and sustainable public service broadcasting system.
3. EU Support
A country wishing to join the EU needs to have an appropriate regulatory environment to ensure the
exercising of freedom of expression and the presence of a free media. In order for independent
media to be capable to fulfil their role they need to be able to access and impart information without
interference by public authorities or business circles. Even though there is a little of the EU level
regulation for the media sector, the European Commission is fully mandated by the Copenhagen
political criteria to thoroughly assess the media situation in the countries aspiring the EU accession
and to demand correction of the identified shortcomings. Therefore the preferred way is that
Government Media strategies and laws are designed in line with the Council of Europe standards5.
The Commission is committed to support meeting the objective of achieving sustainable conditions
for freedom of expression and media. At the same time, the Commission recognises that genuine
professional and independent media cannot be created exclusively with political support and
financial assistance from the outside. With limited resource available it is important that the
identified priorities are taken up and founded in national and regional strategies and owned and
developed by media sector stakeholders themselves.
Moreover, the development of strategies and laws shall take place with proper consultation with the
media community and civil society, including in particular journalist professional organisations, thinktanks and human rights organisations. Equally, it is crucial to understand that the identified tasks are
not to be accomplished by ad hoc or insulated assistance actions. The nature of the issues (e.g.
establishing a functioning self-regulation, changing the mind-set of judiciary, etc.) requires a long
term engagement. (Once developed the assistance programmes might stretch up to 5 years). In this
regard the European Commission is looking forward to cooperate with partners from international
institutions as CoE, OSCE, UNESCO, other European and regional organisations while building on their
respective mandates, strengths and expertise in the media area. A regional approach to support will
be explored to create synergies and enhance efficiency and allow for a broader outlook on the issues
and practices.
To ensure effectiveness of the above assistance approach, the Commission will continue to politically
raise the issues of relevance to freedom expression and media with the governments in the
Enlargement countries (notably, in the context accession negotiations, where available), and it will
underline their importance for EU membership
5
These standards – conventions, recommendations, declarations, guidelines, etc. – are based on Article 10 of
the European Convention on Human Rights and the relevant case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
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3.1 Enabling Environment and Resulting Responsibilities of Main Actors
The task of putting in place an enabling regulatory environment for free, professional and impartial
media stretches far beyond of adopting a few principal provisions in constitutions or comparable law.
Freedom of Expression is a fundamental right, but at the same time it is pivotal for functioning of
democracy and good governance in the given country. Moreover, implementation of this freedom is
largely embedded in the economics, media and advertisement markets. This explains the
comprehensive range of challenges to be addressed by an accession country and the multitude of the
responsible actors within that country.
The national Parliaments bear the ultimate responsibility for the state of democracy in their
countries. Therefore support should be provided to them enabling to regularly assess media situation
in their respective states in a way that would be objective and comparable, that would allow to act
upon the shortcomings of national media legislations and practices, and to take appropriate
measures in order to amend those defects. Such analyses could be done compared to the set of
principles determined with the Resolution 1636 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of
Europe on indicators for media in a democracy6. The modalities of support would include
parliamentary twinning and peer reviews and should encourage dialogue with civil society.
It is the responsibility of the state to protect journalists from physical threats or assaults due to the
work they do. In parallel with raising this point with national authorities, the EC will explore with
partners options for accompanying measures to contribute to legal and physical protection of
journalists.
It is still very common in some accession countries that politicians and state officials attempt to
silence media criticism by suing journalists. By fare too often the judiciary – deliberately or
instinctively - take the side of the state and its officials while ruling on these cases. Continued work
on development of judicial procedures and practices that protects freedom of expression and media
in line with the Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and applicable case law will
be encouraged and supported. This could include updating and improving the capacity of the
national judicial training programmes in the countries, support to law schools and faculties to
improve curriculum related to freedom of expression and the understanding of case law practices.
The regulatory authorities in the broadcasting sector are pivotal to ensure fair business practices,
protect media and content pluralism by enforcing the rules for transparency of financing and
preventing excessive ownership concentration or its close affiliation with political interests. Though
in many cases the legislation in place by itself doesn’t prevent risks to independence and
professionalism of regulators. The main attention needs to be paid and support given to
strengthening of independence and professionalism of regulatory bodies and to creating a credible
enforcement track record by them.
With the share of commercial advertisements having shrunk considerably, the government publicity
campaigns – the so called “government advertisement” becomes a powerful leverage to influence
6
http://assembly.coe.int/mainf.asp?link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta08/eres1636.htm
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contents of reporting. Putting in place proper (public procurement alike) rule and enforcing them is a
priority. Transparency in implementation is must.
There should be a media community-government dialogue on what are the necessary checks to be
put in place in order to reduce informal business influence on reporting.
The national Public Service Media (unlike commercial media) are created by law or a similar act and
receive public funding for their operation. However they continue to face challenges in defining the
public service remit and public interest, protecting its independence, building the necessary demand
for services the public is willing to pay for and manage the switch from analogue to digital
broadcasting. These challenges can only be addressed if there is a political will and ability to develop
and implement a strategy with a broad public support and with the necessary means allocated for it
to succeed. The EC will support such strategic initiatives through both politically encouraging the
governments to continue with PSB reform and technical assistance and mentoring programmes as
envisaged in its Memorandum of Understanding with the EBU.
3.2 Advancing Media to a Modern Level of Internal Governance
The wide spread clientelism in media, frequent deviation from professional and ethical standards in
reporting, diminishing of the share of serious analytical reporting, shrinking content pluralism have
led to a significant drop in public’s confidence in printed and broadcasting media. It should be also
noted that deviation from transparency and honest business principles exposes media outlets to
additional pressures in the form of risks of the selective justice and impairs independent reporting.
To this end, initiatives to restore good governance at the level of individual media outlets should be
encouraged and supported.
First and foremost it would mean introducing transparency regarding the ownership, cooperate
governance and financing in media outlets. Adequate contractual labour relations are of importance
to ensure independent reporting. In-house editorial codes and an honest, transparent and efficient
mechanism to address complaint’s from readership or viewership is an important factor for public’s
trust in the given media outlet. Investing in education of journalists (also in applying professional
standards) forms a part of good governance.
In the context of regaining public’ trust in traditional, off-line media, it is important that the
enlargement countries develop proper systems for basic and continuous training and education of
journalists and journalist students on professional standards, freedom of expression and media
integrity. Ad hoc training should be avoided and the needs and opportunities for support to journalist
schools to develop curriculums also related to on-line media should be explored.
Special effort should be made to promote the development of quality investigative journalism, e.g.
through substantial training, support and mentoring schemes, and through the reinforcement of
networks to enable a closer cooperation between investigative journalists and Civil Society
Organisations. Investigative journalism should be fostered within the public service media, as well as
in the commercial media and independent production houses. As online media are gaining grounds,
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the challenge on application of media standards in the digital environment and opportunities and
threats to freedom of expression will remain a theme throughout the period. The EC will make it
possible for stakeholders in the enlargement countries to engage in dialogue with key institutions
and actors in the EU on internet media through e.g the People to People (P2P) Programme.
3.3 Increasing Capacity and Representativeness of Journalist Professional
Organisations
Mature and credible journalist professional organisations are a key driver in advancing ethical codes
and self-regulation, labour standards and enabling media legislation. Currently the civic segment of
the journalist community (as an inevitable precondition for protecting professional standards and
labour rights) is weak and organised interests are often disjointed without a long-term common
vision.
Ethical editorial codes and mechanisms for voluntary self-regulation and adherence to principles of
good governance will get their grounds if media owners, journalist organisations and other key
stakeholders are willing to transcend their divides and engage in a dialogue to reach agreement on
common rules, as well as their readiness to subject themselves to these common rules. Efforts to
establish such dialogues should be supported both politically and by provision of concrete advice
when windows of opportunities emerge.
Poor labour relations at media outlets (including absence of proper work contracts) is a powerful
factor of self-censorship. Again, fragmentation of the journalist community is the obstacle to
solidarity when common interests – labour rights are at stake.
To this end, initiatives to develop capacity of journalist associations and unions to achieve the above
strategic objectives need to be supported – among other forms - through collaboration with EU
based journalist associations. Media Partnership Program will be put in place by using the Civil
Society Facility7. The partnerships shall improve the quality and broaden the dialogue within the
media community and between the media community and governments. By bringing together
representatives from different organisations in the Western Balkans, Turkey and EU, the multibeneficiary support will enable common lessons learned, synergies and identify the added value and
complementarity of the Media Partnership Programme to on-going efforts at the national and
regional levels. The Media Partnership approach can be replicated at the national levels according to
the particular issues to be addressed there. It will make it possible for organisations committed to
improved media freedom and standards to perform activities based on a joint strategy and agreed
programme of activities.
7
CSF – a financial assistance programme within IPA, meant to raise capacities of civil society organisations in
the Enlargement countries: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/tenders/support-for-civil-society/civil-societyfacility/index_en.htm
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ANNEX A: DRAFT RESULTS FRAMEWORK
The proposed results framework has been developed in line with the principles and objectives set
out in the draft guidelines for EU support to media freedom and integrity 2014-2020. It has been
conceived as a framework for the enlargement region as a whole and will provide the basis for a
tailor-made approach at national level in accordance with the country context. Indicators are to be
defined in consultation with media community stakeholders and relevant international organisations
and other stakeholders at a brainstorming event in November 2013. The same are to be re-fined
further considering them under the operational / easy-to-estimate point of view.
Objective
Result
Indicator
Enabling environment and resulting responsibilities of main actors
1. An enabling legal
1.1. Parliaments (and
1.1.a. Periodic Yearly
and policy
governments) in Enlargement
assessments of existing media
environment for the
countries conduct periodic
legislation and other legislation
exercising rights of
assessments of the state of
affecting media and factors
freedom of
media freedom, measuring
influencing freedom of
expression and media national laws and practice
expression conducted
against a range of basic
and media integrity.
1.1.b. Number of proposals (e.g.
principles on the “quality of
policy approaches, draft laws)
law” stated in ECtHR case-law
made and implemented as a
and the indicators listed in the
Council of Europe PA Resolution result of the above assessments
1636 (2008). Proposals to
1.1.c. Extent to which Journalist
address the shortcomings are
professional organisations and
put forward.
media interested NGOs are
involved in preparing the
1.1.1 Parliaments (and
parliaments’ assessments and
governments) in Enlargement
follow-up proposals (including
countries adopts legislation in
line with basic principles on the shadow assessments).
“quality of law” stated in ECtHR
case-law and the indicators
listed in the Council of Europe
PA Resolution 1636 (2008).
Proposals to address the
shortcomings are put forward.
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1.1.d. Media is consulted in
drafting media-related
legislation in a transparent
manner
1.1.e. Legislation provides for
independent and professional
operation of regulatory
authorities
MoV/Comment
Independent
assessment
Monitoring of
parliamentary
committees related to
media
Independent survey of
journalists/ngos
Parliamentary
records/report
Online consultation
websites?
Independent
assessment
(media acts as
watchdog for
legislative
processes/corruption)T
BD
8
1.2. Judiciary exercises
authority acts in conformity
with article 10 of the European
Convention on Human Rights
and applicable case law.
1.2.a. Judicial training national
curricula regularly updated on
media freedom case law and
standards developed and
regularly updated.
TBD
1.2.b. Increase in numbers of
judicial staff trained in applying
ECtHR case law on freedom of
expression and legislation
affecting media freedom.
1.2.c. Number of verdicts in
cases related to media coherent
with European Court of Human
Rights case law
1.2.d Dynamics in numbers of
court cases (acquitted cases,
convictions, levels of awarded
damages, etc.) where charges
are pushed by politicians public
officials on grounds of media
criticism (defamation and similar
other laws).
1.2.e Relevant case law from
ECtHR in application of article 10
translated and published in local
languages by judicial institutions
1.3. State institutions and
public authorities take positive
actions to defend ensure and
promote media pluralism and
their independence.
1.3.a. Journalists Assessments of
access to information: rules and
their implementation show that
public by authorities are open
and transparent .persisting legal
restrictions on grounds of
privacy and national security
1.3.b. Number of cases of
physical attack, threats, law suits
and other forms of intimidation
against media decreases. Such
Journalists and media
organisations report adequate
protection against physical
threats and attacks and that
such cases are timely dealt with
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1.3.a. Survey
1.3.b. survey
TBD
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by law enforcement and
judiciary in a timely manner.
1.3.c. Regulatory authorities of
the broadcasting sector operate
without political or other
interference in a transparent
and effective manner. The
legislation provides for
independent and professional
operation of regulatory
authorities of the broadcasting
sector without political or other
interference and in a
transparent and effect1.3.d.
Regulators provide transparent,
credible and accessible records
on media ownership and
economic performance/financial
statement are available;
1.3.d.1 Legislation against media
monopolies and dominant
market positions – properly
enforced (track-record)
1.3.e. “State advertising” and
any other direct or indirect use
of public money in media
handled in accordance with
good governance to guarantee
fairness, neutrality and equal
treatment (rules are in place and
enforced by the competition
authority or
comparable).Transparency in
dispatching adds by big stateowned companies.
1.3.f. Transparency in
dispatching ads by big stateowned companies. Volume and
share of State advertising per
media outlet is made public.
1.3.g. Public policies take into
account sector analysis, inluding
independent and verified
audience research
Viewers’/readers’ monitoring
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10
(rates) carried out and
published.
1.3.h. Regulatory bodies
perform periodic sector analysis
to prevent and disclose checks
are in place to alleviate
informaleconomic pressures on
independent reporting (e.g. by
adds agencies).
1.3.i. Other actions undertaken
by authorities and aimed at
promoting free expression and
media pluralism.
1.3.j. Digitalisation process
carried out in transparent way
that ensures media plurality.
1.3.k. Internet remains free.
1.3.l Privatisation of stateowned media carried out in
transparent manner with
respect for fair competition
1.3.m Public authorities
promote media literacy
1.3.n Public authorities develop
strategies for the support of
new/online, local and
alternative media
1.4. Public Service Media /
Broadcasting – ensure content
pluralism in media
environment. (independence –
financial sustainability –
transparency and fair election
of board – public involved in
programming-professional
standards)
1.4.a. Assessment of the Public
Service Media remits definition
law (as preceded by broad
public consultation), including
standards on: transparency,
election and composition of
board & council, involvement of
public in programming,
complaint mechanisms, financial
independence and sustainability,
etc.
TBD
1.4.b. Law provides for editorial
independence and against
politicisation of PSB.
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11
1.4.c. Assessment of the
implementation of the law (see
1.4a) independence and
professionalism of governance
structures of Public Service
Media (track-record).
1.4.d. Implementation of long
term reform of Public
Broadcasters guided by
comprehensive and budgeted
strategies (matching the PS
remit).
1.4.e. Sustainability and
autonomy of PSB financing
mechanism.
1.4.f. PSB subscribe to
accountability by publishing
annual reports (including
financial) according to Public
Service Remit as provided for in
law and annual work plans.
1.4.g. Effective mechanism in
place to deal with viewers’
complaints.
1.4.h. measuring dynamics of
public’s trust in PSB.
1.4.i. level of completion of the
digitalisation efforts
Advancing media to a modern level of internal governance
2. Improved
2.1. Media outlets adhere to
standards and
principles of good governance.
accountability in
media sector.
Growing public’s
confidence in media.
Financial
sustainability of
media outlets.
Indicator: audience
measurement for
publications/broadcas
ts with investigative
Draft 23/10/2013
2.1.a. The share of media
outlets that provide open
access to key data (balance
sheets and ownership
structure) about corporate
governance and finances.
Register of media and
register of companies
The % of companies that
publish sources of finances
(incl. state aid and state
(advertising) / market share
The body for
protection of
competition
The level to which the Law
CSOs/NGOs and
12
content
2.2. Media outlets subscribe to
and implement adequate labour
standards. Adopting minimum
wage rate / editorial
independence / journalist
independence / signing
collective agreements Issue of
free lancers
2.3. Self-enforcement of ethical
norms and professional
standards.
2.4. Structures strengthened for
basic and continuous training
and education of Journalists and
journalist students with
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(related to the transparency in
relation to the ownership) has
been implemented
regulatory bodies
2.2.a. increased share of
journalists reporting adequate
working contracts with
sufficient social protection.
TBD
The number of signed collective
agreements
The number of media outlets
with internal code of conduct
The level to which journalists
say that they can do their job
independently
Survey by journalist
associations/civil
society media
organisations
2.3.a. Share of media outlets
with developed in-house codes
and effective mechanisms to
deal with readers/viewers
complaints (e.g. ombudsman,
readers editor).
TBD
The % of media outlet with
developed, published and
implemented internal code of
conduct (in accordance with IFJ
– International Federation of
Journalists).
Survey of journalists
The content review of the
media outlets
Review conducted by
professional
agencies/CSO/press
council/watchdog
media monitoring
groups.
2.4.a. Number of curriculums
for journalist colleges/schools
developed and implemented
incorporating ethical codes and
TBD
13
professional standards, freedom
of expression and media
integrity. Qualitative and
trustworthy investigative
journalism available to the
citizens.
standards.
2.4.b. number of internships
increased and professional
journalists and publicists as
resource persons in training
programmes.
The level of professionalism in
the sector
The breaches (breech) in the
professional conduct
Recognition of quality
journalism (prizes)
Media monitoring
groups/watchdog CSOs
Journalist professional
organisations
EU/award system
established in
countries by
Association of
journalists
Share of quality investigative
journalism in local on- and offline media.
Share of outlets’ (including
PSM) budget used to
investigative journalism.
2.5. Media outlets promote
professional training (including
on professional ethics).
Increased managerial capacities
in media outlets
2.6. Regaining audience’s
confidence.
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The number of media outlets
with implementing business
plans towards financial survival
in a changing market.
Market share/financial
reports
2.6.a. Growing audience ratings
for outlets embarking upon
improved governance.
14
3. Qualitative and
trustworthy
investigative
journalism available
to citizens .
3.1. Improved conditions for
quality investigative journalism
(see also: 1.3.b; 4.5.a; 2.4.b).
3.1.a. increased cooperation
between media organisations,
media outlets and CSOs
benefiting investigative
journalists. (Objective 4)
TBD
3.1.b. Share of quality
investigative journalism in local
on- and off-line media.
3.1.c. public recognitions of
quality investigative journalism
(audience measurement for
publications/broadcasts with
investigative content).
3.1.d. Share of outlets’
(including PSM) budget
dedicated to investigative
journalism.
Increasing capacity and representativeness of journalist professional organisations
4. Members’
4.1. Regular dialogue within the
4.1.1. Frequency Regularity and
organisations (Media media community established on productiveness of meetings
organisations,
press freedom and integrity
conducted (e.g. leading to joint
journalist profess (
issues. Broad platforms
conclusions and actions).
organisations
(including: NGOs, think-tanks
- Number of joint initiatives
(associations and
,journalists, editors, andowners,
among journalists on national
unions), CSOs dealing members organsition, media civil and regional level conducted
with medial issues)
society organisations) formed.
- Active fund programme for
develop
building the capacities of
professionally to
member organisations enabled
influence
governments, public
service broadcasts,
media outlets.
4.2. Media
4.2. Media and journalist
Representative
organisations/journalists
organisations engage into
media and journalist
associations are acting based on
informed dialogue with
professional
long-term vision and strategies
authorities. Positive dynamics
organisations capable to achieve impact.
in membership figures.
of taking
- The public is more aware for
responsibility of
media freedom issues
sector relevant issues
- Number of advocacy actions
in dialogue with
are organised
authorities as well as
- Number of joint policies and
providing services to
actions by member
their members.
organisation on national level
are organized
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The surveys will
increase the
engagement of
stakeholders and will
assist in determining
the subject
15
- Number of members who
benefits free legal aid
- Number of services and their
quality from member
organisations offered to
members is increased and
improved
- Number of members is
increased to member
organisations
4.3. Media organisations monitor
and evaluate the results and
impact of their own work.
4.3.a. Media organisations that
monitor and evaluate their
projects and programmes using
baselines and quality indicators.
4.4. Platforms (journalist
professional organisations,
NGOs, media owners and
editors) set up and actively to
promote professional standards
and ethics.
4.4.a. Presence of selfregulatory bodies with relevant
representation from the media
community, effectiveness of the
agreed rules.
TBD
4.4.b. Dynamics of financial
contributions from media
community and media owners
to common self- regulatory
body/-ies (e.g. a Press Council),
indicating respect of the
commonly agreed rules
institutional sustainability.
4.4.c. Self-regulatory body
available for advice to judiciary.
4.5. Labour standards developed
and adhered to.
4.5.a. increased share of
journalists reporting adequate
working contracts with
sufficient social protection.
4.5.b. level of recognision of
trade unions as negotiating
partners (do they meet,
agreements in the social
dialogue as compared to the
labour standards) number of
media outlets where collective
bargaining between trade
unions and employers took
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16
place with a positive result.
4.5.c. Dynamics in numbers of
journalists associated in a
journalist unions.
4.d. Number of advocacy and
lobbying initiatives undertaken
in relation to the labour
standards
4.e. Quality/ number of legal
and social services for freelance
journalists
4.f. Number of legislations on
working conditions and social
protecting and implementing in
practice
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