REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Power Point Notes
MALE REPRODUCTION... What do I need to know?
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Learning Outcomes
Text Pages
P1
Identify and give functions for each of the following:
testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells), epididymis, ductus (vas)
deferens, prostate gland, cowper's gland, seminal vesicles, penis.
P. 416-417
P2
Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules
to the urethral opening.
P. 414-415
P3
List the functions of seminal fluid.
P. 414-415
P4
Identify the tail, midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and state
their functions.
P. 416-417
P5
Describe the functions of testosterone.
P. 417
P6
Demonstrate knowledge of the control of testosterone levels the endocrine
system.
P. 417
VOCABULARY
_____ Birth canal
_____ Buffer
_____ Bulbourethral gland
_____ Cervix
_____ Clitoris
_____ Copulation
_____ Corpus luteum
_____ Cowper’s glands
_____ Ductus (vas) deferens
_____ Ejaculation
_____ Endometrium
_____ Epididymus
_____ Erectile tissue
_____ Estrogen
_____ External genitalia
_____ Fimbria
_____ Follicles
_____ Follicular phase
_____ FSH
____ GnRH
____ Gonads
_____ HCG
_____ Implantation
_____ Interstitial cells
_____ Labia
_____ Leutenizing hormone
_____ Luteal phase
_____ Menopause
_____ Menstrual phase
_____ Menstruation (menses)
_____ Oogenesis
_____ Ova
_____ Ovaries
_____ Oviduct
_____ Ovarian cycle
_____ Ovulation
_____ Oxytocin
_____ Pap smear
_____ Penis
_____ Placenta
_____ Pregnancy
_____ Progesterone
_____ Proliferative phase
_____ Prostate gland
_____ Puberty
_____ Scrotum
_____ Secretory phase
_____ Semen
_____ Seminal fluid
_____ Seminal vesicles
_____ Seminiferous tubules
_____ Spermatogenesis
_____ Spermatogonia
_____ Spermatozoa (sperm)
_____ Testes
_____ Testosterone
_____ Urethra
_____ Uterine cycle
_____ Uterus
_____ Vagina
_____ Vulva
_____ Womb
HUMAN REPRODUCTION:
The goal of the reproductive system is to pass on your _____________________ onto a new and
unique generation. This is ultimately accomplished via ___________________.
LIFE CYCLE:
Human reproduction employs ________________________, and depends on the integrated action of
hormones, the nervous system, and the reproductive system.
_______________are the __________, which produce _______ and
___________.
________________are the ________ ,which produce eggs and 2 hormones
___________ and ________________.
MALE REPRODUCTION:
Male Anatomy
The male external genitalia are the _______ and ________.
The scrotum is a fold of skin that encloses the male gonads (testes)
The testes are a _________________________surrounded by several layers
of connective tissues.
These tubes are the _____________________________, where sperm are
produced by meiosis.
About ____________of tubules are packed into each testis.
The _______________________________ are scattered between the seminiferous tubules in the
testes. These cells ____________________________.
Sperm production cannot occur at normal body temperature.
So just ______________, the __________________to hang outside the abdominal cavity in the
scrotum, a fold of skin.
The temperature in the scrotum is ____________________________.
SPERMATOGENESIS
This, the _______________
_______________________, is a continuous and
__________ process in the adult male.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the
____________________ of the testes.
The spermatogonia undergo repeated
_____________ to produce large numbers of
potential sperm (spermatocytes) ~_____
million/day.
Next, _____________ occurs to create
________________ _______________.
The _____________ transfer _____________ to the
spermatids, and the developing sperm are gradually
________________ ________________ of the
seminiferous tubule and make their way to the
_____________.
When the spermatids reach the epidymis, they
_________ _____________, and are
________________.
The process from ____________________________
____________________, takes ____________ in the
human male.
___________________of a human male contains about ________
______________________
Sperm production begins at ___________ and continues throughout life, with several hundred million
sperm being produced each day.
SPERM CELLS
The structure of a sperm cell fits its function.
The thick __________ contains the ______ ___________
and is tipped with a special body, the ____________. The
acrosome contains ___________ that help the sperm
_______________________.
The ___________ contains large numbers of
________________ that provide ______ for
________________.
The tail is a _____________ which ______
_____________________.
During ejaculation, the sperm are propelled from the
epididymis through the muscular ___________
______________ ducts, which run from the scrotum
around and behind the bladder, where they join to form a
short ________________________.
This duct opens into the _________, the tube which drains both the excretory and reproductive
systems (never both at the same time).
The urethra runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the tip of the penis.
SEMEN and ACCESSORY GLANDS:
In addition to the testes and ducts, the male reproductive system contains three sets of glands that
add their secretions to the ______________ (the fluid ejaculated).
1. __________________: contribute about _____________ __________________. This pair
of glands lies below and behind the bladder and empties into the ejaculatory duct.
The fluid is _______________and contains ________
_____________________________________ (which provides _______________ for the
sperm).
These vesicles also secrete ____________________, which once in the
female reproductive tract, _______________________ of the uterine
muscles that help move the semen up into the uterus.
____________ in the seminal fluid _______________________________
after it is deposited in the female, thus, making it easier for uterine
contractions to move the semen.
2. _______________________:
This is the _____________ of the accessory glands. Prostatic
fluid is ____________ _______________________, which
____________________ of any residual ____________ in
the urethra and the natural acidity of the _____________.
This gland is the sources of some of the
________________________________________________
_____________________. A benign enlargement of the
prostate occurs in ___________________ of all men in this
age group. That is why it is important to get tested annually
after the age of 40.
3. _______________________________ (cowper’s gland):
These are a pair of ___________ along the
urethra below the prostate.
They secrete a
_______________________________________
____.
It has been suggested that this fluid
___________________________, but the
volume (just one or two drops) seems insufficient
to be very effective for this function.
This fluid __________________ ____________
released before ejaculation. This is one factor in
the ___________________________________
of birth control.
PENIS:
The penis is composed of
_________________ derived from
____________________________.
During sexual _________________, this
erectile tissue fills with __________ from
the arteries.
As it fills, the increasing ______________
__________________ ___________,
causing it to _________________.
The resulting erection is essential ______________________ into the vagina (rodents, raccoons,
walruses, and several other mammals also possess a _____________, a bone that stiffens the
penis).
The main shaft of the penis is covered by relatively thick skin, whereas the head “(or
_______________) has a much __________ ______________ and is consequently more
__________________. The human glans is covered by a fold of skin called the __________ (or
prepuce).
MALE SEX HORMONES:
The principal male sex hormones are the _________________, of which,
_______________________ is the most important.
Androgens are _________________ produced by the ___________ __________ of the testes, and
are directly responsible for the ____________________________________________ of the male.
Androgens are also potent determinants of _________in mammals.
In addition to specific sexual behaviour and __________ (sex drive), androgens increase general
_____________________.
______________ sex characteristics:
development of the _____
_____________ and other ducts, the
____________ ______________, and
____________________.
All babies start as ______. If testosterone
is present, they will become male, if not,
they will be born female.
Sex is determined by ______________,
sex is determined.
__________ sex characteristics:
Features we associate with ________
such as: deepening of the voice, the male
distributions of axillary (armpit), facial, and
pubic hair, and muscle growth (androgens
stimulate protein synthesis).
The __________________ makes a
hormone called __________
(the_______________________________
___________).
GnRH controls the release of two hormones
from the ______________:
1. ______________________________
2. _______________________________
_____________ stimulates the
_____________________ in the
seminiferous tubules to secrete
_____________.
Testosterone has a role in
__________________ and developing male
secondary _____________________.
___________ acts on the epidymis to help
in______________________.
_______________ by testosterone controls
the actions of GnRH.
PLEASE LABEL THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM!
FEMALE REPRODUCTION…
What do I need to know?
#
Learning Outcome
Text Pages
P7
Identify and give a function for each of the following: ovaries (follicles and
corpus luteum), oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris.
P. 418-419
P8
Describe the functions of estrogen.
P. 421-424
P9
Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian and uterine cycles.
P. 420-423
P10
Demonstrate knowledge of the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by
hormones.
P. 420-423
P11
Demonstrate knowledge of a positive feedback mechanism involving
oxytocin.
P. 208, 394
P12
Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation.
Page 424
The female gonads, ____________, are located
within the lower abdominal cavity, below most of
the digestive system.
Each ovary is enclosed in a tough protective
capsule and contains many _______________.
A ___________ consists of one egg cell
surrounded by one or more layers of follicle
cells, which ___________________the
developing egg cell.
All of the ____________ follicles a woman will
ever have are formed at _________.
Of these, only __________________________________
during the woman’s reproductive years.
After ____________, ____(or rarely two or more) _________
____________________ during _____________________.
The cells of the follicle also produce the primary female sex
hormones, ____________.
When ___________________ occurs, the ______________
_________________ from the follicle (like a small volcano).
The remaining ____________________ within the ovary to form a solid mass called the
____________________.
The corpus luteum secretes ______________________
(the hormone of pregnancy) and additional estrogen.
If the egg is _____________, the ____________________
________________ and a new follicle matures during the
next cycle.
The female reproductive system is not completely closed.
The egg cell is expelled into the _____________
__________near the opening of the _____________ (or
fallopian tube).
The ___________________ on the oviduct
____________________ ______, and the __________ on
the inner epithelium lining the duct help collect the egg cell
by ____________________to draw fluid into the duct.
The oviduct is the ___________________________.
The ___________ in this duct also convey the egg cell down the duct to the
_____________________ (womb).
The _____________ is a thick,
__________________(shaped like an upside down
pear).
It is remarkably small; the uterus of a woman who has
never been pregnant is about _________long and
________wide at its widest.
The unique arrangement of muscles that make up the
uterine wall ________________to accommodate a 4
kg (_____ lb) fetus.
The inner lining of the uterus, the
_________________, is richly supplied with
________________, in which a fertilized egg implants
and develops.
The narrow neck of the uterus is the ____________, which opens into the ____________.
The vagina is a thin-walled chamber that forms the _______ ___________through which the baby is
expelled; it is also the __________ for the man’s penis.
The vagina is the terminal portion of the female reproductive system, but it is covered by two pairs of
skin folds. The female external genitals are collectively known as the _______________.
The ______________are the __________of skin just outside the vaginal opening. They are
composed of
erectile tissue and enlarge during arousal/intercourse.
The
______________, a pair of thick, fatty ridges,
At the top of these two folds is a
small bulb of erectile tissue called
the ______________, which is the
female equivalent of the glans of the
penis.
Like that organ, it is one of the most
________________ of stimulation in
sexual response.
cover and _____________the genital area.
The ___________________(breast) is another structure important to
mammalian reproduction, although it is not part of the reproductive
tract itself.
The secretory apparatus consists of a series of __________, small
sacs of epithelial tissue that _________ ________.
The aveoli drain into a series of _________ that open at the ______.
The _________________________prevents the development of both
the secretory apparatus and the fat deposits, so the breasts remain
__________and the nipple is not connected to the ________.
OOGENESIS
The ovary contains many ___________ composed of a __________
_____ surrounded by an outer layer of follicle cells. Each egg begins
oogenesis as a primary ________.
The development of ova (mature, unfertilized eggs)
__________________________in three ways.
1. During meiotic divisions of oogenesis, _________________, as
only _____ of the four cells will develop into ________, the
other 3 are called ______________(which help to _________
the egg).
2. At birth each female carries ____ _________________ it will ever have, though still in an
immature state.
3. Oogenesis is ____________. It has long ‘resting’ periods before the process is complete.
______________, a developing egg is released _____________ from puberty until
menopause, a total of _______________.
THE FEMALE HORMONES:
The pattern of hormone secretion controlling female reproduction
differs strikingly from the male pattern, mostly due to its cyclical
nature.
Whereas the male produces sperm continuously, females ovulate
only one or a few eggs at one time during each cycle. The control
of this cycle is _____________.
THE FEMALE HORMONE CYCLES
Two different types of cycles occur in the female mammals:
1. The _______________ cycle
2. The _______________ cycle
MENSTRUAL CYCLE :
This cycle occurs in the uterus. There are 3 phases in this
cycle.
_______ is the first day of a woman’s ‘_______’ (1st day of ______________)
THREE PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
1. The _________________: Menstrual _______________ usually persists for a few days (day
2-8).
2. The _________________: the ____________________________for a week or two (until
_______________).
3. The _________________: usually about 2 weeks long, the endometrium continues to
______________, becomes more _________________and secretes a fluid rich in
___________ to prepare for a __________________.
*If an ________________________ in the uterine lining by the end of the secretory phase, a
_____________________________________.
*If an _______________________ before the end of the secretory phase, the
______________________________________________.
THE OVARIAN CYCLE:
This cycle occurs in the ovaries.
THREE PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE:
1. This cycle begins with the _________________, during which several
___________________________ and _________________.
The maturing follicle develops an internal fluid-filled cavity and
grows very large, forming
a _____ near the surface of the ovary.
2. The follicular phase ends with
_____________ when the follicle and
adjacent wall of the ovary __________,
____________________. The egg cell
is transported ________________ and
is transported into the uterus.
3. The last phase is the _________________. During this phase, the ___________________
that remains in the ovary after ovulation is ________________________________________.
The corpus luteum is an endocrine tissue that synthesizes and
______________________________________________________.
The next cycle begins with growth of new follicles.
These cyclic phases are interrupted only by ___________ and continue until ________________,
when reproductive capability ends.
THE FEMALE SEX HORMONES
Hormones coordinate the menstrual and ovarian cycles in such a way that growth of the follicle and
ovulation are ______________ with preparation of the uterine lining for possible implantation of an
embryo.
5 hormones participate in both (+) and (-)
feedback cycles:
1. ____________________________
(GnRH): secreted by the
_____________________
2. ______________________(FSH):
secreted by _________________
3. ______________________(LH):
secreted by __________________
4. ________________: secreted by
___________________
5. ________________: secreted by
___________________
FEMALE HORMONE CONTROL:
1. During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ___________ ___________________.
2. This causes the ______ ______________ to secrete small quantities of _______________.
3. At this time, the _______ in the ovary __________ _________________, but not for LH.
The ________________ ___________________.
4. The follicles _________ ______________ as they grow. The amount of estrogen secreted during
this time is small.
5. When the [__________] secretion begins to _____, it causes the ___________________
____________________(__________ feedback).
6. GnRH causes even ________________to be released from the anterior pituitary.
7. This causes the ______ ____________.
8. By now, the follicles have receptors for LH and can respond to this hormonal cue.
The ____________ induces _____________ ____________________ ____________________
9. _______________ occurs on __________, about _____________ _______________.
10. After ovulation, ______ will _________________ ____________________
____________________.
11. LH will also stimulate the corpus luteum to start secreting ____________
____________________.
12. The corpus luteum reaches its maximum development about _____ ____________________. At
this point there is very ________________________________________ in the blood.
(*at the peak, we start to see symptoms of _____.)
13. High levels of these hormones exerts _______ ____________________________________.
14. This causes a severe ____________the amounts of ___________.
15. When [LH] plummets, the _______________ __________________.
16. This causes a sharp ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
17. Without these hormones, the ________________________________________and day one of
the cycle begins again.
18. As these hormones drop off, the ___________________ ____________________________.
19. So the ____________ ____________begins to ____________enough _________ to stimulate
___________________ _________in the ovary.
20. This initiates the follicular phase of the next ovarian cycle.
How is the ovarian cycle synchronized with the menstrual cycle?
1. _________________ phase/___________________ phase: Estrogen (which is released by
follicles in the follicular phase) is a hormonal signal to the uterus, which stimulates the
development of the endometrium (proliferative phase).
2. __________________________: After ovulation, estrogen and progesterone secreted by the
corpus luteum stimulate continued development and maintenance of the endometrium
(secretory phase) as the body prepares for the possibility of a fertilized egg.
3. A rapid drop in the level of estrogen and progesterone hormones ______________
_______________________ causes
__________________
________________that deprive the
endometrium of blood.
____________________________
results in ____________________ and
the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.
In the meantime, ovarian follicles that
will stimulate renewed thickening of the
endometrium are just beginning to grow.
In addition to their role in coordinating reproductive cycles, _______________________ are also
responsible for the _____________ _____________________ of the female:
1. Deposition of ______________________
2. Increase in _______________________
3. Affects calcium metabolism
4. Stimulates _______________________
5. Mediates female __________________
6. Initiates female ___________________
7. ___________
8. _____________________
9. _________________ (chocolate, cheese, milk…)
10. _________________ (not as much as men)
WHAT HAPPENS IF THE EGG IS FERTILIZED?
If the egg is fertilized, the resulting embryo will start to
release a hormone called
_______________________________________________.
___________________to
________________________and this allows the levels of
_______________________________________________.
Thus, the ________________ layer is
__________________________ and is maintained by the
high levels of hormones.
The levels of HCG are so high, that some is excreted in the
___________, where it can be detected in _____________.
Other changes for the mother in the first trimester
include:
• Increased mucous in the cervix to form a
protective plug.
• Growth of the placenta
• Enlargement of the uterus
• Morning sickness
• Mood swings
• Weight gain of ~1kg
• Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycling
• Breasts become large and tender
BIRTH CONTROL
____________________________ (birth control pills)
usually contain a combination of
___________________
_______________________________.
High levels of these hormones ______
_______________________________, and thus
________________________
_______________________________. And this
means __________________ and no fertilization
possible.
This tricks your body into thinking you are
_________________.The days that you take a
placebo, would be the days you have your period.
OTHER OPTIONS?
1. ______________(Norplant) can be implanted under the skin and offer long-term suppression
of ovulation. May double the risk of blood clots.
2. There is also an ________________ available, which you receive once every 3 months (it acts
similarly to the pill).
3. RU-486, the ‘___________________’, interferes with implantation of the blastula into the
uterine wall. Its use as a contraceptive is very controversial.
4. __________________: physical (condom, diaphragm) or chemical (spermacides) means to
separate the sperm from the egg.
5. __________________(most effective) include vasectomy and tubal ligation.