A Mobile Mediation Tool for
Enhancing Interaction Between
Depressed Individuals and Caregivers
Presenter :: Li-shan Wang
Outline
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•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
2
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
3
Motivation
Depression
Fourth leading cause of GBD
(Global Burden of Disease, WHO 2002)
Second leading cause of DALYs lost
in year 2020, WHO
(DALYs – disability adjusted life years, the sum of years of life
lost and years lived with disability)
4
Problem Understanding(1/2)
• Two maintaining factors of depression
– Excessive reassurance seeking
• Reassure about own worthiness, truly love and
care from caregiver
– Rumination
• Repetitive thinking of depressive symptoms and
negative attributions
5
Problem(2/2)
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
Reassurance seeking
Burden
Depression
Caring
Rumination
Reject
6
Proposed Solution
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
Technology
Awareness
&
Suggestion
Depression
Rumination
Burden
Mediation
Reassurance seeking
We propose a care mediation tool to improve interaction
7
Related Work(1/2)
• Blues Begone
– Multimedia software tool
– Self-help CBT(cognitive behavioral treatment)
• Detect and correct faulty thinking
8
Related Work(2/2)
• Ubiquitous psychotherapy
– General assisted tool on mobile device for
CBT treatment
– Provide personalized homework
9
Differences
• These two related works are focused on
cognitive behavioral treatment
• Our work focuses on enhancing interaction
between depressed individuals and
caregivers
10
Goal
• Help mild and moderate depressed
individuals and their caregivers
• Increase understanding
• Increase relation satisfaction
• Reduce rumination
• Reduce caregiver’s burden
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Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
12
Goal
• Help mild and moderate depressed
individuals and their caregivers
• Increase understanding
• Increase relation satisfaction
• Reduce rumination
• Reduce caregiver’s burden
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Design Considerations
• Mobility
– Easy to operate
• Reduce inconvenience
– Communication
• GPRS , 3G, wifi …
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Goal
• Help mild and moderate depressed
individuals and their caregivers
• Increase understanding
• Increase relation satisfaction
• Reduce rumination
• Reduce caregiver’s burden
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Design Considerations
• Awareness
– In-situ data
• Mood, availability
– Information glanceability
• Simplicity, clear layout of content
– Timestamp
• Last updated time
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Goal
• Help mild and moderate depressed
individuals and their caregivers
• Increase understanding
• Increase relation satisfaction
• Reduce rumination
• Reduce caregiver’s burden
17
Design Considerations
• Provide suggestion lists
– Distraction suggestion while negative mood
– Behavioral suggestion to caregiver
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Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
19
Architecture
Update
display
Suggest-
OUTPUT
ion
Current mood=negative
Send
SMS/MMS
Caregiver status=busy
DECISION
AGENT
Do distraction=yes
Call caregiver=yes
Update photos=true
Mobile
database
Mood
AvailCamera
INPUT
ability
capture
Calling
behavior
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Mobile mediation tool’s UI
Awareness Display on HTC Touch
mood
availability
photo
timestamp
photos
mood
availability
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Five levels of mood
• Calculation of 10 items
• Positive mood
•
我目前感受到「快樂」這種情緒狀態的程度。
• 5-Likert scale
• Negative mood
• Depressive indicator
□①
□⑤
非常強烈
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1. Sharing mood
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
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2. Suggestion notifications
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
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3. Sharing availability
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
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4. Sharing photos
Depressed Individual
Caregiver
MMS
Server
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Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
27
User Study Design
• Participants
–
–
–
–
NTU students
BDI-II(Beck Depression Inventory-II)
Rumination and reassurance seeking behavior
Participants choose their caregivers (peer relationship)
• Procedures
• Introduction of ESM
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User Study Design
• Participants
–
–
–
–
NTU students
BDI-II(Beck Depression Inventory-II)
Rumination and reassurance seeking behavior
Participants choose their caregivers (peer relationship)
• Procedures
Design Flow
Pre
assessment
ESM
baseline
one week
(with device)
Experimental
period
mediation
tool
Post
assessment
two weeks
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User Study Design
Caregiver
Depressed Individual
Technology
• Measurements
Depression
– Depressed Individuals
• Relation satisfaction
• Reassurance seeking behavior
• Rumination
Rumination
Awareness
&
Suggestion
Mediation
Reassurance seeking
– Caregivers
• Relation satisfaction
• Perceived reassurance seeking behavior
• Perceived burden
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Results (3 case-studies)
Depressed Participants
Participant 1
pre
Participant 2
post
pre
Participant 3
post
pre
post
Reassurance (12-84)
43
24
51
31
37
32
Relation (7-35)
24
27
28
31
31
29
Rumination (10-40)
26
27
26
19
20
19
Caregivers
Caregiver 1
pre
Caregiver 2
post
pre
Caregiver 3
post
pre
post
Perceived Reassurance
(12-84)
39
22
61
46
39
20
Relation (7-35)
28
31
23
29
24
26
Perceived Burden (0-108)
27
26
70
52
22
16
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Discussion
• Results showed that
– Help in reducing reassurance seeking behavior
– Maintain or increase relation satisfaction
• 3 pairs of case studies are still not enough to
provide significant results
• User feedbacks
– Three of depressed participants’ comment: “more icons for
expressing their mood”
– Two of the caregivers’ comment: “provide text messages in
awareness display”
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Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Design Considerations
UI Design
Evaluation
Future Work
33
Future work
• Improve UI design to provide more
information for increasing understanding of
each other
• Conduct clinical moderate depressed
individuals for evaluating mobile mediation
tool in the future
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Thank You 
A Mobile Mediation Tool for Enhancing Interaction
Between Depressed Individuals and Caregivers
Li-shan Wang
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Experience sampling method
• Also called…
– Beeper studies
– Time sampling, Everyday experience method
• Used to understand areas such as
– Mood and Emotional responses
– Social interaction
–…
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