Budget Justification This is a two year proposal, so a two year budget is being provided. Salary: We are requesting funds for one month of summer salary per year for the PI, William Menke, in each of two years, to cover both overall management of the project and participation in the scientific research effort. We are requesting two months of salary per year for each of the two postdocs, V. Hjorleifsdottir and M. Nettles, in each of two years, to cover their participation in the scientific research effort. We are requesting 6 months per year for a Graduate Research Assistant, in each of two years. The GRA will assist Menke, Hjorleifsdottir and Nettles in the scientific research effort. Corresponding tuition remission is also requested. We are requesting 0.5 months per year for an Administrative Assistant, who will assist in project-specific tasks such as library research, web-searches, etc. Summer Intern: We are requesting funds for the participation of one undergraduate student in the Lamont Summer Intern Program, for each of two years. This is a long-standing program here at LDEO to expose geoscience-interested students to ongoing scientific research. During this 8-week long program, the intern will develop a self-contained project that is related to the overall objectives of this proposal. Travel: We are requesting funds to support the airfare, local travel, subsistence, and registration of one person, each year, to the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, CA in order to present the projects results. Material and Supplies: We are requesting $500 per year for each of two years for project-related supplies, e.g. color printing, data storage media, etc. Publications: During the second year only, we are requesting funds to cover publication charges of a eight-page paper describing our final results. Communications: We are requesting $500 per year for each of two years to cover communication costs.