University of Waikato
Friday 13 April 2012.
Immigrant Integration and Social
Capital Formation.
Matthew Roskruge, Arthur Grimes,
Philip McCann, Jacques Poot.
Funded by International Integration of Immigrants Programme
and
Motu Economic Public Policy and Research
28 June 2016
Motivation
• Social capital is related to a range of positive (and some
negative) economic and social outcomes.
• Growth, Efficiency, Social cohesion, Wellbeing.
• Migration separates people from their location specific
social capital, creating an incentive to invest in new
networks in host country.
• Benefits migrant.
• Benefits existing migrant groups.
• Benefits non-migrant groups.
• May benefit society as a whole.
• Strategies migrants use to invest in social capital may
depend on the demography, culture and language of the
migrant as well as spatial factors of the region they live in.
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Motivation (cont.)
• Only a handful of studies examining social capital
amongst migrants internationally, primarily by educational
sociologists
• No study conducted using New Zealand data.
• Understanding migrant investments in social capital will
aid in policy formation and contribute to further work on
social capital.
• This presentation aims to answer the following questions
• Do migrants use social capital investment as a form of
integration?
• Is there any difference between foreign born and native born
investment in social capital?
• Does investment in social capital impact the economic and
wellbeing outcomes for migrants?
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Research Questions.
• Do migrants use social capital investment as a form of
integration?
• Is there any difference between foreign born and native
born investment in social capital?
• Does region of birth play a role in social capital formation
for migrants?
• What role does geography and clustering play in social
capital formation?
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Measures of social capital
“Social networks which are created, maintained and used by the
network participants in order to distribute norms, values, preferences,
information and social attributes”.
-Westlund (2006).
•Social capital can be indirectly measured using a range
of proxy variables which are related to network formation
or characteristics.
•We utilize two proxies for social capital appropriate for
developed democratic societies:
• Participation in social activities.
• Volunteering in community activities.
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Analytical framework
Four groupings of determinants of social capital formed
the base for the framework:
•Personal characteristics applicable to all individuals (Pi)
•Personal characteristics applicable to foreign born only (Pfor)
•Human capital (KHi)
•Geographic and location specific variables (Gr)
KSir = (Pi, Pfor, KHi, Gr,)
Tobit regression methods then used to predict the impact
of these factors on social capital formation amongst
migrants.
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Data
• Data sourced from the 2006 Adult Literacy and Life Skills
survey (ALL).
• For NZ, participants were drawn at random from electoral
role, collection via face to face in-home interviews.
• Survey conducted in 12 countries, with questions relating
to: Education, Work, Health and wellbeing, Literacy,
numeracy and computing skills and Social participation.
• Variables of interest selected from ALL survey using the
framework specified earlier.
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Data (cont)
• Variables of interest selected from ALL survey using the
framework specified earlier.
• Final sample after merging and cleaning included 6819
observations, with 1694 (24.8%) foreign born individuals.
• Regional data was sourced through Statistics New
Zealand, primarily the 2006 census.
• Data allowed for the construction of the two measures of
social capital, along with detailed determinants and
regional indicators for density, clustering between regions
and clustering within a region.
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Migrant characteristics
Census
Av. YSM Av. Part Av. Vol
06
Birthplace
ALL
New Zealand
75.2%
77.1%
0
1.36
1.31
24.8%
22.9%
17.4
1.43
1.15
10.5%
8.9%
22.5
1.39
1.32
1.8%
1.8%
17.5
1.30
1.07
Pacific Islands
4.9%
3.5%
19.8
1.72
1.23
Asia
6.9%
6.5%
9.0
1.29
1.31
MELAA
0.7%
2.2%
6.6
1.27
0.71
Overseas
pooled
UK, NA, Aus,
Ire
Continental
Europe
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Regional effects
As some social capital is location specific, it is important to
consider the role of spatial factors in influencing investment.
Geography could influence both the amount of investment
and the form of investment (bridging v bonding) through two
mechanisms.
• Population density.
• Migrant clustering.
• Between regions
• Within a region
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Regional data
Regional data is coded for individuals at the at the
territorial authority level using 2006 NZ census data.
•Population density.
•Clustering between TA’s. (Lichtenberg index)
•Clustering within TA’s (Duncan segregation index)
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Regional characteristics.
Mean
Min
Max
Pop density (NZ born)
308.15
0.53
1597.64
Pop density (OS Born)
493.94
0.71
1597.64
LQ * Overseas born
1.28
0.24
1.79
SI * Overseas born
0.25
0.06
0.53
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Tobit results for Pooled Participation and Volunteer
with regional effects. N=6818.
VARIABLES
(1)
Participation
(2)
Volunteer
Born in UK, US, Ire, Oz
-0.391**
-0.579**
Born in cont. Europe
-0.570***
-1.022***
Born in Pacific Islands
0.062
-0.624
Born in Asia
-0.605***
-1.100***
Born in MELAA
-0.489
-1.172**
YSM
0.071***
0.135***
YSM2 *100
-0.324***
-0.514***
YSM3 *1000
0.038***
0.054***
ln(popdens)
-0.019*
-0.086***
LQ x born overseas
-0.165*
-0.365***
SI x born overseas
1.101*
0.386
Age
0.022***
0.028***
Male
Years of schooling
-0.118***
0.148***
-0.363***
0.175***
Born NZ x pacific
0.577***
0.387***
Born NZ x asian
0.301
0.186
Born NZ x maori
0.423***
0.500***
Tobit results for Participation by region of birth.
(3a)
(3c)
(3d)
(3b)
Participation
VARIABLES
Participation Participation Participation
(Asia)
(All overseas) (UK,NA,Ire,Aus) (Pacific Islands)
Born in cont. Europe
-0.181
Born in Pacific Islands
0.397**
Born in Asia
-0.267**
Born in MELAA
-0.149
YSM
0.074***
0.059**
0.037
0.147**
YSM2 *100
-0.343***
-0.303***
-0.161
-0.967**
YSM3 *1000
0.040***
0.037***
0.007
0.184***
ln(popdens)
-0.002
0.030
0.130
-0.132
LQ x born overseas -0.189
-0.386*
-0.662**
0.573**
SI x born overseas
1.161*
2.367*
1.942*
-0.562
age
0.024***
0.028***
0.044***
0.022**
male
0.024
-0.080
0.133
0.261
Years of schooling
0.112***
0.111***
0.214***
0.081***
Observations
1694
719
334
469
Tobit results for Volunteer by region of birth.
VARIABLES
Born in cont. Europe
Born in Pacific Islands
Born in Asia
Born in MELAA
YSM
YSM2 *100
YSM3 *1000
ln(popdens)
LQ x born overseas
SI x born overseas
age
male
Years of schooling
Observations
(4a)
(4c)
(4b)
Volunteer
Volunteer
Volunteer
(All overseas) (UK,NA,Ire,Aus) (Pacific Islands)
-0.189
0.393**
-0.299**
-0.167
0.076***
-0.349***
0.041***
0.001
-0.207
1.284*
0.025***
0.031
0.114***
1694
0.134***
-0.580***
0.066***
-0.010
-0.580*
2.432**
0.026***
-0.319*
0.144***
719
-0.074
0.593
-0.097
-0.266
-0.175
-1.719
0.029**
-0.065
0.332***
334
(4d)
Volunteer
(Asia)
0.285***
-1.518**
0.247**
-0.304**
0.475
-1.720
0.021
-0.145
0.104***
469
Discussion
Migrants from the UK, US, Ireland and Australia
• Similar to migrants from Cont. Europe and MELAA.
• Strong evidence of catch-up effect.
• Most influenced by regional characteristics.
Pacific Island born migrants
• most similar to NZ born.
• Native born people who identify as Pasifika have highest participation
and volunteering.
• Small effect from regional variables.
• Strong positive impact of age and education.
Migrants from Asia
• Strongest catch-up effect.
• No evidence of geographical effects other than density.
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Lifecycle model of social capital investment
YSM, education and age results all suggest that a lifecycle model of
understanding social capital investment amongst migrants is
appropriate
•Migrants invest in social capital on arrival.
•After approximately 15 years migrants appear to assimilate, reduce Ks
investment
•Investment increases again as migrants near retirement.
Lifecycle investment in Ks for Migrants using pooled YSM results
1.2
1
Participation
0.8
0.6
Volunteering
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
YSM
40
50
60
Discussion (cont.)
• Education is especially important, particularly amongst
Pacific Island migrants.
• Age appears to be slightly more important for migrants
compared to Native born individuals.
• Gender does not impact investment by migrants, but
strongly determines investment amongst native born.
• Effects of geography less evident
• Increasing Population density of a territorial authority may weakly
decrease investment in social capital.
• Regions with higher proportions of migrants appear to invest less in
social capital.
• More segregated regions experience higher investment in social
capital
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Conclusions.
• Migrants enter New Zealand with low or no local fixed
social capital.
• Asian & Continental European migrants have lowest initial
stocks.
• Results for YSM suggest investment in social capital for
migrants follows a lifecycle model.
• Complex relationship exists between geography and
migrant investment in KS.
• Clustering between regions adversely impacts English speaking
and pacific groups, positively impacts investment by Asian groups
• Clustering within regions has weak positive role in social capital
investment.
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Further investigation
• Alternate measures of social capital.
• Deeper understanding of regional framework.
• Further develop understanding of investment ‘bridging’ or
‘bonding’ Ks.
• Outcomes of social capital investment by migrants.
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Web links
ALL:
http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/topics/research/all
IIP:
http://newsettlers.massey.ac.nz/
Motu: http://www.motu.org.nz/
Waikato: http://www.waikato.ac.nz
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