Matakuliah : L0472 - Psikologi Forensik
Tahun : Feb -2010

Reza Indragiri Amriel
KIK UI / PTIK

• Selection
• Predicting success
• Encounters with the public
• Stress
• Questioning suspects
• False confessions

• The ‘predispositional’ model
• The ‘socialization’ model
 “Predict success and screen propensity for violence”
(Scrivner, 1994)
Ainsworth (1993): sense of humor, communication skills, adaptability, common sense, resilience, assertiveness, sensitivity, tolerance, integrity, literacy, honesty, problem-solving ability

2. Predicting success within the force
• Burbeck & Furnham (1985): intelligence and education // success ?
• Hollin (1989): psychometric and interview  success ?
• Pynes & Bernardin (1992):  assessment center: directing orders, interpersonal skills, perception, decision-making, decisiveness, adaptability, oral communication, written communication.

• PR: Problematic // multiracial societies
• Reiser & Klyver (1987): police training  listening, counseling, stress-awareness, communication, decisionmaking, conflict-resolution skills.
• Bull et al (1985): Human Awareness Training (HAT)  more satisfied, less complaint  improved police-public relations.

(continued …)
Predatory policing >< Community policing
Policing can best be described as predatory where police activities are mainly (not to say exclusively) devoted to the personal enrichment and selfpreservation of the police themselves rather than the protection of the public or the systematic repression of subordinate groups
(Gerber & Mendelson, 2008).

(continued …)
• No police force in the world is completely free of corruption and violent abuse by officers in its ranks.
• Ex: “…police violence and corruption are considerably less frequent in the United States than in Russia, at least for whites, and possibly also for Hispanics and blacks.”
(Weitzer & Tuch, 2004).
• Empat besar lembaga terkorup versi GCB.doc

(continued …)
• “Kita belum tahu ada maksud-maksud tertentu apa di belakangnya. Organisasi ini ( TII , red) bisa jadi ditunggangi oleh kelompok tertentu yang ingin mendiskreditkan Polri” (Brigjen. Anton Bahrul Alam pada
Hukumonline, 7-12-2007
)
“…belajar untuk intropeksi diri dan mengakui kesalahan ….” (Mhs. PTIK pada email 12-11-2008
)
“Penelitian apa? Tai kucing!”
(Irjen. Sisno Adiwinoto pada Koran Tempo , 7-12-2007
)

Stressful nature of work (Bull et al., 1983) versus ‘canteen culture’ / John Wayne Syndrom (Manolias, 1991)
Categories of stress (Terry, 1981):
• External
• Internal
• Task-related
• Own personal safety

(continued …)
Cooper et al. (1982): work overload, lack of personal recognition and unfulfilled work aspirations, perceived unnecessary obstacles that undermine the police function, consequences of autocratic management.
Gudjonsson & Adlam (1982): highrank ‘versus’ low-rank

(continued …)
Kureczka (1996):
• 4-10% of people experiencing a critical incident will develop PTSD
• Critical incident stress will affect 87% of all emergency services workers at least once in their career
• 70% of police officers who use deadly force leave law enforcement within 5 years

(continued …)
Shooting involved officer:
• 58% heightened sense of danger
• 49% anger
• 46% sleep difficulties
• 45% isolation/withdrawal
• 44% flashbacks/intruding thoughts
•
43% emotional numbing
• 42% depression
• 40% alienation
•
37% guilt or sorrow
• 34% nightmares
• 28% mark of Cain
• 28% problems with authority figures
• 27% family problems
• 23% feelings of insanity or loss of control
• 18% sexual difficulties
•
14% alcohol/drug abuse
• 11% suicidal thoughts

• Completeness and accuracy
• Why suspect confesses (Gudjonsson & Brownes, 1992): proof, internal pressure, external pressure
• Psychological techniques (Leo, 1996): “can be best understood as a confidence game based on the manipulation and betrayal of trust” (p. 259)

• Most damaging evidence that can be presented in court
• Most confessions are negotiated
• 20% are recanted
• Three types of false confessions:
– Voluntary: desire for publicity, guilt, psychopathology
– Coerced-compliant: avoid further interrogation, gain promised benefit, avoid threatened punishment
– Coerced-internalized: heightened suggestibility
• What percentage of confessions are false? Can ’t really know… Cassell
(1996): 10-394 annually in the US