University of Washington Ballast
Water Research Update
Russ Herwig, Jeff Cordell, Dave Lawrence
School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, UW
Washington Sea Grant
herwig@u.washington.edu
December 6, 2007
1
The current team
Jeff Cordell
Principal Research Scientist
Dave Lawrence
Research Scientist
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
2
Team, continued
Olga Kalata
Research Scientist
zooplankton
Nissa Ferm
SMA Graduate Student
zooplankton
3
Major Projects and Collaborations
State of Washington Ballast Sampling
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Allen Pleus, Pam Meacham, Keith Streick, Gary Gertsen
Sodium Hypochlorite Ballast Water Treatment Studies
Severn Trent De Nora
Rudy Matousek
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) - Surrogate Species
Project
Old Dominion University
Fred Dobbs
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Don Anderson
Marshall University
Andrew Rogerson
4
Presentation Outline
Preliminary Comments
Different types of ships
“Famous” introductions
Ballast water exchange
State of Washington Ballast Water Sampling
Necessity for ballast water treatment
Inoculation and propagule pressure
Ballast Water Treatment Development and Experiments
Proposed and existing discharge standards
Technologies “on the table”
Scaling up treatment tests
Shipboard tests
Concluding Remarks
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Cougar Ace, Gulf of Alaska, July 2006
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Comment 1
Know your vessel types and voyage
patterns.
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Russ Herwig
8
9
Russ Herwig
10
Russ Herwig
Other vessel types
Container ships
Bryan Nielsen
Tankers and Tanker Barges
11
Port of Seattle
Year
Vessel Calls
2006
2002
990
Vessel Type
Number
2003
1,012
Container
814
2004
1,095
Cruise
196
2005
1,345
Grain
109
2006
1,301
Barge
182
12
Comment 2
Not all invasive species are
created equal.
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14
15
It’s not just zebra and quagga mussels.
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Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Copepod first appeared in
Columbia River, 1990
Found as “monoculture” in
many other west coast rivers
Displaced native copepods
Important in diet of crabs and
mysid shrimp
Replaced in the Columbia River
by two new invasive copepod
species
Jeff Cordell
Native to: Japan, China, Korea
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Pseudodiaptomus forbesi
Native to: Japan, China, Korea
• First recorded in San Francisco
Estuary, 1987
• Recorded in Columbia River
Estuary, 2002
Jeff Cordell
• Appears to have displaced previously
introduced P. inopinus in the Columbia
River, which is no longer abundant
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19
May and August 2005
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Reservoir
Lower Granite
Little Goose
Lower Monumental
Ice Harbor
McNary
John Day
Bonneville
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Washington Non-Indigenous Marine/Estuarine Species
“Introduced” by Ballast Water
The biggies
Carcinus maenus
Crab, European green
Eriocheir sinensis
Crab, mitten
Styela clava
Tunicate, club (solitary)
Ciona savignyi
Tunicate, transparent (solitary)
Molgula manhattensis
Tunicate (solitary)
Botrylloides violaceus
Tunicate, chain (colonial)
Botryllus schlosseri
Tunicate, golden star (colonial)
Didemnum sp.
Tunicate (colonial)
The others
Diadumene lineate
Anemone, orange-stripe
Petricolaria pholadiformis
Angelwing, false
Zoobotryon verticillatum
Bryozoan, spaghetti
Neotrapezium liratum
Clam, Japanese
Potamocorbula amurensis
Clam, Asian
Gemma gemma
Clam, Atlantic gem
Mercenaria mercenaria
Clam, Northern quahog
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Comb jelly, Leidy’s
Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Copepod
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Crab, Harris mud
Sabella spallanzanii
Fan worm, Mediterranean
Tridentiger trigonocephalus
Goby, chameleon goby
Orthione griffensis
Isopod, Griffen’s (parasitic)
Maeotias inexspectata
Jellyfish, Black Sea
Phyllorhiza punctata
Jellyfish, spotted
Batallaria attramentaria
Mudsnail, Asian
Geukensia demissa
Mussel, Atlantic ribbed
Perna spp.
Mussel, New Zealand green
Musculista senhousia
Mussel, Japanese
Exopalaemon modestus
Prawn, Siberian
Crepidula fornicata
Snail, Atlantic slipper
Clathria prolifera
Sponge, red beard
Busycotypus canaliculatus
Whelk, channeled
Nuttallia obscurata
Clam, purple varnish
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Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Watch List (Invasive Species Council, August 2007)
What to do? Ballast water exchange.
Ship exchanges the
water in its ballast tanks
50 to 200 nautical miles
from coast
Empty-refill method
Flow through method
2 to 3 times volume of
water is flushed
through ballast tank
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State of Washington Ballast Sampling
Sampling initiated 6 years ago by University of Washington
Later, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling;
preserved zooplankton samples provided to UW
2 ship inspectors - Puget Sound and Columbia River
Sampling: 3 vertical plankton tows per sampled ballast tank
73 µm mesh net
Zooplankton identified to lowest taxonomic level possible
Examined ballast samples from 246 ships, 2001 - 2005
Accepted for publication, Aquatic Conservation
UW developing MS Access database
Quicker analysis of data
Less errors in data entry
Today, preliminary 2006 - 2007 sample analysis, 172 ships
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25
26
Ballast water zooplankton samples per month
2006 (n=76) and 2007 (n=96)
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Number of boardings by ship type
(2006 - 2007)
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Number of boardings by source country
(2006 - 2007)
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% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms
(2006 - 2007) (n=133, others in process)
100%
% NI + Coastal
Zooplankton per m3
90%
45,000
40,000
80%
30,000
60%
25,000
50%
20,000
40%
15,000
30%
10,000
20%
5,000
10%
0%
0
115
93
60
73
45
68
63
228
105
47
104
38
249
64
217
213
222
241
79
200
75
261
263
121
192
243
234
122
251
130
238
69
128
110
239
225
106
140
245
141
100
230
219
107
209
108
117
66
242
111
89
36
78
71
114
112
102
95
252
235
229
226
211
167
133
129
118
% NI + Coastal
70%
NI + Coastal Organisms per m 3
35,000
Sample #
30
% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms
(2006 and 2007) - CA as BW source (n=45)
100%
45,000
% NI + Coastal
Zooplankton per m3
90%
40,000
80%
30,000
60%
25,000
50%
20,000
40%
15,000
30%
10,000
20%
5,000
10%
0%
71
129
89
90
74
242
77
66
97
219
209
70
212
225
260
98
72
264
259
134
96
69
238
122
248
103
203
261
263
121
75
216
76
256
257
217
213
63
262
247
254
67
68
62
0
124
% NI + Coastal
70%
NI + Coastal Organisms per m3
35,000
Sample #
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Oithona davisae
Most commonly discharged non-indigenous
zooplankton from sampled vessels
(2006 + 2007 data)
All ships sampled
Ships with CA as BW source
Estimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Estimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Geometric mean
1.47E+05
Geometric Mean
1.37E+05
Mean
1.35E+07
Mean
2.66E+07
Standard Error
8.33E+06
Standard Error
1.67E+07
Median
1.99E+05
Median
3.11E+05
Standard Deviation
6.40E+07
Standard Deviation
9.01E+07
Minimum
0
Minimum
0
Maximum
4.38E+08
Maximum
4.38E+08
Count
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples)
59
47.4%
Count
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples)
29
73.3%
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Conclusions from Puget Sound Ship
Sampling (Cordell et. al in press)
Despite Washington State regulations requiring oceanic
exchange (OE), ships had high densities and/or
percentages of NIS and/or coastal species.
Densities of both NIS and coastal taxa, and percentages of NIS
were consistently and significantly higher from domestic
trips; lower in samples from transpacific trips.
Domestic trips dominated by tankers carrying ballast water from
California.
International trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with
ballast from Japan, China, and South Korea.
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Comment 3
Proposed discharged standard will
challenge technologies and testing
protocols.
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Discharge Standards
Size of
organisms
International
Maritime
Organization
(IMO)
Washington
California
Canada
> 50 µm
< 10 m-3
Kill or remove
95%
zooplankton
No detectable
living
organisms
< 10 m-3
< 0.1 m-3
10 to 50 µm
< 10 mL-1
Kill or remove
95%
phytoplankton
< 10-2 mL-1
< 10 mL-1
< 1 mL-1
U.S.
S.1578
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Public Health Microorganisms
Type of
organism
International
Maritime
Organization
(IMO)
Toxigenic
Vibrio
cholerae
Washington
California
Canada
U.S.
S.1578
1 CFU 100 mL-1,
1 CFU g-1 wet
zooplankton
1 CFU 100
mL-1, 1 CFU
g-1 wet
zooplankton
1 CFU 100
mL-1, 1 CFU
g-1 wet
zooplankton
< 1 CFU 100
mL-1; <1 CFU
g-1 zoological
sample
E. coli
250 CFU 100
mL-1
126 CFU 100
mL-1
250 CFU
100 mL-1
<126 CFU
100 mL-1
Intestinal
enterococci
100 CFU 100
mL-1
33 CFU 100
mL-1
100 CFU
100 mL-1
< 33 CFU 100
mL-1
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Treatment Technologies
Chemical biocides
Physical methods
Ozone
Ultraviolet light
Sodium hypochlorite
Deoxygenation
Chlorine dioxide
Electrolysis
PERACLEAN® Ocean (peroxyacetic
acid)
Heat
SeaKleen® (menadione, vitamin K3)
Advanced oxidation methods
Combinations of treatment
Size separation
Filtration
Cyclonic separation
Red = UW work
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“Scale Up” Process
Literature Review
Microcosm Experiments
(milliliters to few liters)
Mescocosm Experiments
(100's of liters)
Shipboard or Testbed Experiments
(100's of cubic meters)
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Comment 4
Don’t scale-up a screw-up.
Comment 5
Do your homework before you install a
treatment system on a ship.
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Upcoming Shipboard Tests
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Severn Trent De Nora BalPure Treatment
System onboard the SeaRiver American Pride
STDN electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generator
Neutralization step before discharge
American Pride - tanker, petroleum product
Voyage: Port Everglades, FL (Miami) to Beaumont, TX
U.S. Coast Guard STEP
IMO - compatible tests (G8)
3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast uplift
3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast discharge
Samples collected from control and treatment ballast tanks during
voyage
3 biological tests in 6 months
February, May, August 2008
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Concluding Comments
Ballast water exchange, as currently practiced, is releasing
large numbers of non-indigenous and/or coastal organisms
in Puget Sound.
Many potential treatment technologies being considered.
Limitations and positive attributes of each technology need to be
evaluated.
Different technologies may be applicable to different vessel classes.
Many treatment technologies appear better than ballast water
exchange (e.g., concentration of discharged organisms)
Scientists and engineers must work together in not only
finding environmental problems, but also in providing
solutions.
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Funding Acknowledgements
National Sea Grant Program
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Washington Sea Grant
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Industry
BP Oil Transportation
Severn Trent De Nora
MARENCO Technology Group
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