Overview
A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species
B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species
C. Verification of BWE
NEMESIS (National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System)
Literature
Monitoring
Collections
Records
Reporting
System
Database
Outputs & Applications
Invasion
Patterns
Management
Efficacy
Early Detection /
Rapid Response
Predictions
Management /
Policy
Overview
A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species
B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species
C. Verification of BWE
Non-native invertebrate taxa reported in coastal waters
of North America (n=326)
Protozoa
Other
Bryozoa
Cnidaria
Urochordata
Insecta
Annelida
Mollusca
Crustacea
0
30
60
Number of Species
90
120
VECTORS: Marine Invertebrates & Algae (Fofonoff et al. 2003)
Number of Species
0
50
100
150
200
Biocontrol
Vectors
Fisheries
Including Shipping
Excluding Shipping
Ornamental
Multiple
Shipping
Assumptions for Current BW
Management (BWE)
• BW is a Dominant Vector
• Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries
& Decreases Sharply with Distance
offshore
Ship Arrivals from Overseas
Ballast Water Dischage:
• ~100 Million Metric Tons / YR
Hull Surface Area:
• ~ 335 Million M2 / YR
Possible vector for coastal NIS introduced to
North America by shipping (n=171)
Dry Ballast
Cargo
Ballast Water
Fouling
0
20
40
60
80
Number of Species
100
120
140
BW is a Dominant Vector
Assumptions for Current BW
Management (BWE)
• BW is a Dominant Vector
• Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries
& Decreases Sharply with Distance
offshore
Number of non-native invertebrate species
reported for Pacific Coast bays
Dutch Harbor
Kodiak Island
Kachemak Bay
Prince William Sound
Other invertebrates
Crustaceans
Sitka
Ketchikan
Puget Sound
Coos Bay
Humboldt Bay
28% - 40%
San Francisco Bay
Long Beach
San Diego
0
30
60
90
120
Number of Species
150
180
Macro scale organisms
(zooplankton)
• Generally good agreement with assumption.
• Possibly source (habitat) dependent.
• There are exceptions to the “rules” (e.g.
habitat sources and habitat generalists)
Different for Microorganisms?
429
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
273
11
Bacteria
Viruses
7
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Concentration (# per liter)
109
1010 1011
Overview
A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species
B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species
C. Verification of BWE
140
Marine
Marine-Estuarine
52%
Marine-Euryhaline
120
Estuarine
Catadromous
Numberof Species
100
Freshwater-Euryhaline
freshwater
80
75%
60
40
20
0
Single Region
Multiple Regions
Atlantic Coast
Single Region
Multiple Regions
Pacific Coast
30
A. Atlantic Coast
(r2=0.429; n=57)
25
20
15
Degrees of Latitude
10
5
0
1800
30
1840
1880
1920
1960
2000
B. Pacific Coast
(r2=0.172; n=190)
25
20
15
10
5
0
1800
1840
1880
1920
Year of First Record
1960
2000
30
A. Atlantic Coast
(n=57)
25
20
15
Degrees of Latitude
10
5
17.5%
0
1800
30
1840
1880
1920
1960
2000
B. Pacific Coast
(n=190)
25
20
15
10
5
0
1800
40.0%
1840
1880
1920
Year of First Record
1960
2000
San Francisco Bay invasions
A
30
n=124
r2=0.168
25
20
15
10
Degrees of Latitude
5
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
30
B
25
n=70
20
Larval Type
Non-planktonic
Planktonic
15
10
5
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
Year of First Record
1960
1980
2000
Who Spreads from
San Francisco Bay?
• Species with planktonic larvae: 23%
• Species with nonplanktonic larvae: 50%
Summary: NIS spread
(a) Spread patterns within coasts result from a combination of
human-mediated transport and natural dispersal
--- and their interactions with life history, behavior,
abundance, habitat utilization, and current patterns.
(b) Frequency differences in spread between coasts may result
primarily from differences in “inter-island” distances and
rates of natural dispersal.
Assumptions for Current BW
Management (BWE)
• BW is a Dominant Vector
• Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries
& Decreases Sharply with Distance
offshore
Relative Role of Ships’ Ballast vs. Hulls
in Coastwise Spread?
Overview
A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species
B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species
C. Verification of BWE
Not
exchanged
(non-complying)
100%
The chemical signature of exchanged ballast
water is more similar to water from the midocean than water from its original coastal
source.
[ Tracer ]
exchanged
(complying)
50%
0%
0
100
miles offshore
200
Tracer Concentration
Invasion Risk
(prob of onshore transport)
Distance from Shore
Ocean water (>100 miles offshore)
Unexchanged Ballast Water
8
6
8
C2
C3
C4
C8
6
4
4
2
2
0
salinity:
0
Fos
LF
BN
AS
36
33
30
27
• BWE greatly reduces concentrations
of fluorescent components
• Exchanged CDOM > Ocean CDOM
• Signatures from all high salinity
sources are similar
Fos
salinity:
Maximum Intensity (QSE +/- SE)
Maximum Intensity (QSE +/- SE)
Effect of Ballast Water Exchange
8
36
LF
BN
AS
33
36
33
Exchanged Ballast Water
6
4
2
0
salinity:
Fos
LF
BN
AS
36
33
36
33