Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Fireplace
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:29
Plate 22, 23
Feature Description:
- Fireplace seven feet in diameter near mound’s center
Contents:
1. Pottery vessels (4) – (Plate 22 g-i, 23)
- regularly spaced according to map
- three plain, one fancy
2. Flint flakes
- mixed with ashes
3. Corn and corncobs
- charred
- mixed with ashes
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Burial 1
Burial
Burials 1A & 1B
Willoughby 1922:30
Feature Description:
- Under concrete-like layer
- Eight feet four inches by four feet eight inches
- 18 inches gravel resting on a bed of bluish ashes, 1.5 inches thick
- within the blue ashes were two lines of white ash two inches wide extending full
length of grave
- Beneath ashes was a fine layer of gravel and sand
- An upright stone, about 1 foot long, stood upright at graves eastern end
- Five similar stones were at the opposite end of the grave, their apices barely
protruding above the ashes
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (2)
- Skeleton A: extended head east-southeast
- Skeleton B: extended
2. Unio shell spoon (1)
- at knees of Skeleton A
3. Bone awls (3)
- near head of Skeleton B
4. Bone needles (“a bundle of”)
- near head of Skeleton B
5. Flint flake knives (“several”)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- near head of Skeleton B
6. Unio shell (1)
- filled with red substance
- at Skeleton B’s left foot
7. Flaked knives (“several”)
- [association not clear]
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- some broken
- found near unio shell (near Skeleton B’s left foot)
8. Red substance [probably ocher]
- in Unio shell beside left foot
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Burial 9
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:30
Feature Description:
- Mass of burned clay, red in color, formed into a truncated pyramid 12 inches high,
base of five feet, top of three feet
- A worked clay structure covered and surrounding the skeleton
- Five to seven inches in thickness
- Enclosed the skeleton and a quantity of fine, soft, black earth
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed and face down
2. Bone awls
- fragments
- one finely decorated
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Burial 12
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:30
Feature Description:
- Beneath floor
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to northwest
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Burial 13
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:30
Feature Description:
- Beneath floor
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to southeast
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 1, Burial 16
Burial
Burials 16A, 16B, 16C
Willoughby 1922:30
Feature Description:
- Triple burial
- Eight feet long, 4.5 feet wide
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (3)
- north skeleton [Burial 16A]
- middle skeleton [Burial 16B]
- south skeleton [Burial 16C]
2. Marine shell vessel (1)
- large
- at feet of south skeleton
3. Shell ornaments (several)
- at feet of south skeleton
4. Large pearls (several)
- at feet of south skeleton
5. Shell spoon (1)
- at left knee of south skeleton
6. Marine shell drinking vessel (1)
- cut and perforated
- in left hand of south skeleton
7. Pearl beads (200)
- by right tibia of north skeleton
8. Stone pipe (1)
- double-bowled
- near right knee of north skeleton
No Artifacts (for Burial 16B)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 2, Willoughby 1922:33a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:33
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head northwest per map
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 3, Burial 10
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:35-36
Feature Description:
- An oblong, oval recess filled with irregular layers of ashes sand and clay burned red
- The lower stratum was of black ashes and charcoal two to four inches thick and 18
inches wide
- Possible funeral pyre location
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- 2 quarts cremated
2. Fulgur perversa shell vessel (1)
- open side up
3. Antler effigy of a fish with a rattler tail
- had opening beneath into which a staff may have fit
4. Copper earspools (2)
5. Marginella shells (200)
- perforated from stringing
6. Large shell beads (27)
7. Small shell and pearl beads
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 3, Central Altar
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:46-60
Plates 10-16, Figure 22-26, Squier & Davis 1848: Figure
163
Feature Description:
1. Altar
- quadrangular (nearly rectangular)
- four corners pointed to four cardinal directions of the compass
- center of Mound 3
- corners rounded and project somewhat beyond the side of unit
- five feet diagonal distance corner to corner
- basin dug in floor and lined with clay
- sides and upper edge burned to 1.5 inch deep
- may be superimposed on another altar
- smaller alter found few feet to northwest
- concrete cover exists over altar two to four inches thick
2. Provenience of goods
- under concrete cover was a layer of lose stone followed by fine sand
- three sheets of mica covered three distinct ornament heaps
- on one of these mica sheets rested a copper cutout
Contents:
1. Native copper nuggets (35)
- some hammered
2. Copper frontal ornament for headdress (2) (Plate 10g)
3. Copper plate (Plate 10a)
- small
4. Serpent horns copper (4)
- [copper cutout]
5. Perforated copper disks with scalloped edges
- [copper cutout]
- “eyes of a serpent effigy” (Plate 11c)
- similar to eyes of fawn [Squier and Davis, figure 163]
6. Crescent shaped copper gorget (Plate 11b)
- [copper crescent]
7. Copper pendants (17) (Plate 11)
- [copper cutouts (4?)]
- [copper pendants/gorgets (13?)]
8. Copper bracelets (Plate 10)
- one was twisted out of shape before deposit
- one is covered with thin beaten silver (Plate 10c)
9. Copper adze blade (Plate 10f)
10. Copper ear ornaments (50) (Plate 12c)
- some covered with meteoric iron or silver
- 3 or 4 with silver
- “a few” with meteoric iron
11. Cone shaped copper pendants (Plate 12a)
- [tinklers]
- similar to deer antler tips also found in altar
- also similar to historic objects of tin used as ornaments for bags, a clump of hair
usually attaches to the wide end
12. Tubular beads copper (150) (Plate 10b)
- small
13. Large hollow beads copper (12) (Plate 10h)
14. Small beads copper (550) (Plate 12b)
15. Wooden beads copper covered (“a few”) (Plate 10i)
16. Hemispherical clay buttons copper covered (figure 25 a-c)
17. Meteoric iron nuggets (“several”)
- small mostly unworked
18. Head plate
- meteoric iron
- fragmentary
19. Hollow beads
- meteoric iron like those of copper
20. Tube holder
- [panpipe]
- meteoric iron
- 3.5 inches total material
- one side corrugated one side flat
- other similar specimens of silver and copper from Marietta
- one Tennessee museum specimen surround 0.5 inch diameter cane or reed tubes
21. Cone shaped tinkler copper overlaid with silver
- [tinkler]
22. Silver overlay sheets
- remains of overlay after objects were decayed
23. Gold sheets hammered (15) (Plate 13b and Plate 11d)
- one may have been fastened to an ear ornaments
24. Pearl beads (36000) and unworked pearls (12000) (Plate 14d, e)
- estimated number
- 24 pounds
25. Shell beads (5000) (Plate 14a, 12d, Figure 22)
- small disks, globular shaped oval shaped
26. Embroidery shells freshwater (17000) (Plate 14c)
27. Bear canines (36) (Plate 12f)
- perforated for attachment
- two have holes for pearl insets
28. Alligator teeth (12)
29. Small animal canines (2000)
- perforated for suspension
- lynx
- wolf/dog
- opossum
- raccoon
- fox
- badger
30. Small animal phalanges (600)
- unworked
31. Artificial bear teeth of shell (“several”)
32. Artificial bear teeth of bone (“one or two”)
33. Large crystals of mica (3)
- [mica cutout]
- cut in irregular ovals
- on top of three ornament heaps
34. Ornaments/ceremonial objects of mica (Plate 15)
- [mica cutouts]
- two human heads, traces of red paint appear at neck, perforations in upper lip as
though for attachment of something [human]
- five upper half of bear, painted dark red
- fifteen bird effigies, portions painted red (Plate 15b)
- “several” disks with and without holes in center, some have concentric circle incised
line, some have traces of white pigment
- “many pieces” narrow serpentine figures, unidentifiable
- “several hundred pieces”other designs, unidentifiable
35. Incised discs human parietals (2) (figure 23 and 24)
- represents a composite bird
- central portion is owl
- edge is head and shoulder of crested bird
- on opposite side of each is another birds head which also forms leg or wing of
central creature
- eye like designs with angular arms in upper half of each disk
36. Spatula like object tortoise shell
- incised scroll at one end
- eight inch by 1 1/8 inch
37. Flint Blades (6)
- five to six inches
- broken
28. Knife blades (12) (Plate 16)
- obsidian and flint
39. Blades (“many”)
- broken by fire
- flint and obsidian
40. Imitation blades and spear points (11) (Plate 16)
- micaceous schist
- perforated for attachment
- probably ceremonial spear points
- surface ground to create imitation chip marks
41. Large hemispherical button-like objects (2)
- sandstone originally covered by some metal
- grooved and perforated for hanging
- a similar object in mound 4 was copper covered
42. Terra cotta rings (3) (figure 26a)
- probably ear ornaments
- similar items of micaceous schist
- outlines form perfect circles
- surfaces exactly symmetrical
- some of the finest Hopewellian craftsmanship
- terra cotta examples are baked and modeled by hand
- 8 perforation holes in four pairs for feather attachment
43. Fossil fetishes (“several”)
- fragmentary
44. Shell vessels (“many”)
- fragmentary
45. Bone rings (“many”)
- fragmentary
46. Shell rings (“many”)
- fragmentary
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 3, Willoughby 1922:60
Burial
Burials: Willoughby 1922:60A, 60B, 60C
Willoughby 1922:60
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (2)
- at bottom of pit near center
- [WL1922:60A & 60B]
2. Burned human and animal bone
- covering tibiae of both skeletons
- mixed with ash
3. Human crania (16)
- located “about the two skeletons at regular intervals”
- 13 have scratches or cuts on their surfaces
- red ocher adheres to the surface of six of the skulls
- mostly on forehead, face, and mandible
- on one red ocher appears on the base
- five skulls have 1-4 cranial vault perforations, 1/8th inch
- one skull has 11 perforations
4. Human skeletal remains (1)
- fragment
- found in pit
- [Willoughby 1922:60C]
5. Rounded mica sheet (1)
- 12 inch across
- near skeletons laying on a flat stone
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 4, Central Altar
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:63-74
Feature Description:
- Altar was quadrangular in form with a rounded projection at each corner
- Corners at cardinal directions
- Six feet diagonally corner to corner
- Circular basin in southwest floor of altar
- 15 inch diameter by 5 feet deep
- covered with a layer of pebbles
- 13 inch deep layer of black ashes on basin floor
- Two inch layer white ashes over one half of black ashes
- Another one inch layer of black ashes over white layer
- Layer of gray ashes (five inches) covered the black ash layers
- Next layer of worked pieces of cannel coal
- Final layer was a triple layer of flat stones
- Floor of altar found to be burned, very hard to 2.5 inches
- Second altar found beneath northeast edge of this altar
Contents:
1. Cannel coal (26)
- twenty five pieces in layer over altar
- one piece in altar floor
2. Copper nuggets (7)
- largest weighting 56.5 ounces
3. Meteoric iron nugget (1)
- 27.25 ounces
4. Fossils (“many”)
5. Deer and elk astragali (284)
6. Antler tip hollow cones (44)
7. Stones and concretions
- natural forms
- one looks like serpent’s head
8. Copper bracelet (1)
9. Copper cones (“uncounted”)
10. Copper beads (“uncounted”)
11. Pearl beads (200)
12. Hollow stone effigies (2)
- wrapped in mica
- one is serpent monster
- red slate
- part serpent, part quadruped
- head has horns and serpent scales
- tail is a rattle
- two horns carved in relief as well
- two horns inserted into holes in side of head
- probably pearl eyes
- may have once been an inlay representing teeth for the open mouth
- drilled holes appear to be receptacles for small mammal canines
- pronounced anal opening
13. Mica horned serpent (1)
- laid over entire deposit
- probably large pearl eye was inlaid
- just right sized pearls found in ashes
14. Terra-cotta figures (“several”)
- one wears belt and broad breach cloth painted red
- one with clothing painted red and eyes perhaps painted white
15. Mica cutouts (“a considerable number”)
- destroyed by fire
- pieces of small scroll, serpentine, figurines, etc
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 11, Central Altar
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:82
Feature Description:
- Altar
- Covered by a three inch layer of fine sand
- Basin of altar was two feet long by 18 inches wide by six inches deep
- Cavity
- a sand filled cavity existed beneath the small altar
- 12 inches long by 10 inches wide by eight inches deep
- this cavity was molded in clay upon which the altar rested
- shaped something like a human foot clothed with a moccasin
Contents:
1. Single valve of an unio shell (1)
- directly under the floor of the altar on the fine sand of the cavity
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 11, Willoughby 1922:80a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:80
Feature Description:
- Tumulus mound of sandy loam within the Great Enclosure
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended with head to south
- right hand placed over pelvis
2. Copper adze (1)
- small
- in right hand over pelvis
3. Mass of galena (1)
- 24 ounces
- four inches from head
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 11, Willoughby 1922:80b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:80
Feature Description:
- Tumulus mound of sandy loam within the Great Enclosure
- Three feet southeast of Willoughby 1922:80a
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- child
- doubled-up position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 11, Willoughby 1922:80c
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:80
Figure 22
Feature Description:
- Tumulus mound of sandy loam within the Great Enclosure
- Five feet southwest of Willoughby 1922:80b
- 16 inches beneath the surface
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- adult
- head to south
2. Pottery vessel (1) – (figure 22d)
- broken
- near left hip
3. Flint knife (1)
- near pottery vessel
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial A
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:83
Feature Description:
- Within a circular wall of stones on the mound floor
- On a layer of sand
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed
- northwest [per map]
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial B
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:83
Feature Description:
- A grave made within the area that would have been part of a circular wall of stones
had the wall extended full circle
- Five courses of stones were removed or left out of the wall to make room for the
burial
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
2. Large marine shell (1)
- near the knees
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burials C & D
Burial
Burials C & D
Willoughby 1922:83-84
Feature Description:
- Probable double burial
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (2)
- both extended
- Skeleton C closer to the inner wall
- Skeleton D right next to Skeleton C
2. Copper earspools (4)
- one in either hand of Skeleton C
- one at left hand of Skeleton D
- one at right pelvis of Skeleton D
3. Shell beads (“several”)
- at intervals along the right arm of Skeleton D
- at the right hand (“considerable number”)
4. Large shell vessel (1)
- near head of Skeleton D
5. Bear canines (4)
- with Skeleton D
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial E
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:84
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed
- head to southeast per map
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial F
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:84
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed
- head to east per map
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Skeleton G
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:84
Feature Description:
- Pavement of flat stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head northeast
2. Copper earspools (2)
- one at each hand
3. Copper blade (1)
- [celt]
- at right shoulder
4. Shell beads (“many”)
- at neck and shoulder
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial H
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:84
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed
- head to north per map
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 12, Burial I
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:84
Feature Description:
- Four feet south of inner stone wall
- A bed of coarse gravel four inches thick
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
2. Mica plate (1)
- rested at neck and shoulder
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Mound 15 Cache
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:87
Figure 43
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Calcite gorgets (25) – (figure 43c)
- reel shaped
2. Thin, finely chipped blades (7)
3. Leaf-shaped blade (1)
4. Pieces of worked antler
- possibly handles for blades
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Altar 1
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:8
Plate 2
Feature Description:
- 36 by 25 inches and made of clay
- Four inches deep
- Rounded corners which project outward
- Under embankment of great enclosure
Contents:
1. Small mammal perforated canines
- burned and mixed with ash
2. Bone and copper beads
- burned and mixed with ash
3. Copper covered buttons
- burned and mixed with ash
4. Copper earspool fragments
- burned and mixed with ash
5. Shark fossil teeth
- perforated
- burned and mixed with ash
6. Flint knife blade
- burned and mixed with ash
7. Mica pieces
- burned and mixed with ash
8. Carved bone fragments (Plate 2)
- [wand/baton & carvebone]
- some human
- burned and mixed with ash
- at least one carved femur
- at least one carved ulna
- rib showing a bird’s head
- incised lines filled with red pigment
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Altar 5
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Willoughby 1922:9
Feature Description:
- Under embankment
Contents:
1. Burned bone
- [presumably animal]
2. Fossil shark tooth (1)
- perforated
3. Shell beads (17)
4. Pearl beads (4)
5. Broken point (1)
6. Bone and antler implement fragments
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Trench D Skeleton
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:12-13
Feature Description:
- Disturbed by cultivation
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- only a few fragments of skull
2. Flint knives (9)
- found lying together
- seven leaf shaped
- two had side notches
- five were in a row pointing north
- four were above these with points to the south
- unknown position
3. Flaked knife (1)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- unknown position
4. Cut gray wolf mandible (1)
- unknown position
5. Beaver tooth chisel (1)
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 01A
Burial
Putnam 1886: Burial 01A & Burial 01B
Willoughby 1922:15-16
Feature Description:
- Grave outlined with upright limestones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended on back
- head to west
2. Large shell vessel
- on left side of head
3. Shell beads (?)
- located at neck
4. Copper earspools (2)
- one in each hand
5. Bead (1)
- near left tibia
6. Copper pin (1)
- beside left lower leg
7. Flint flake (1)
- beside left lower leg
8. Shell pieces (2)
- beside left lower leg
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 01B
Burial
Putnam 1886: Burial 01A & Burial 01B
Willoughby 1922:15-16
Feature Description:
- Grave outlined with upright limestones
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
- one foot diameter
- near the right hand of the inhumation
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 02
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:16
Plate 4
Feature Description:
- Outlined with 11 flat stones
- 22 inches long by 11 inches wide by 10 inches deep [Plate 4d]
- Covered with two large flat stones and several small ones
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
2. Shell beads (2)
- unknown position
3. Shell ornament (1)
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 04
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:16
Feature Description:
- Small
- Surrounded by stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to east
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 05
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:16-17
Figure 44
Feature Description:
- 6.5 feet long by 33 inches wide by 20 inches deep
- Outlined with upright limestones
- Floored with four large flat stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to east
- extended
2. Copper earspools (6)
- one in each hand
- four at left shoulder
3. Bone point (1)
- at left shoulder with earspools
4. Conical stone object (1)
- at foot of grave near southern corner
5. Bear teeth (2)
- inlaid with pearls
- at foot of grave near southern corner
6. Piece of galena
- at foot of grave near southwest corner
7. Flint flaked knives (“several”)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- under large paving stone at foot of grave
8. Small copper blade (figure 44b)
- [celt]
-under large paving stone at foot of grave
9. Earspool disks (2)
- copper
- under 2nd floor stone
10. Copper objects (2 beads, 1 band)
- one bead under 2nd paving stone
- one bead under 3rd paving stone
- copper band (panpipe) under 3rd paving stone
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 06A
Burial
Putnam 1886: Burial 06A & Burial 06B
Willoughby 1922:17
Feature Description:
- Walled with stones
- Covered with stones
- Part of double burial, small grave for two individuals
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to west
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 06B
Burial
Putnam 1886: Burial 06A & Burial 06B
Willoughby 1922:17
Feature Description:
- Walled with stones
- Covered with stones
- Part of double burial
- Small grave
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 07
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:17
Plate 4
Feature Description:
- Surrounded by 11 stones set on edge (Plate 4c)
- 30 inches by 16 inches
- Bottom covered by seven small stones
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
2. Tobacco pipe (1)
- disintegrated
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 09
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:17
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to west
2. Mica bits
- near right side
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 10
Burial
Burials 10A & 10B
Willoughby 1922:18
Feature Description:
- 30 stones and a considerable amount of gravel covered this grave
- Skeleton was buried 16 inches below the surface
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- skull occupied the southwest corner, resting on left side
2. Cremated human remains (1)
- in a small circle of stones south of the leg bones
3. Cannel coal axe blade (1)
- small
- handle was probably held in the individual’s right hand
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 12
Burial
Burials 12A & 12B
Willoughby 1922:18
Figure 8
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (2)
- skeleton on south was extended, head to the east: Skeleton A
- bones of Skeleton B were in a pile, probably secondary burial
2. Shell ornament (1)
- beside the bones of Skeleton B
3. Cannel coal axe blade (1) (figure 8a)
- mixed with bones of Skeleton B
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 15
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:18
Feature Description:
- End walls carefully constructed
- Sides were made by simply placing a row of stones in the clay
- No floor paving
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- placed on natural gravel floor
- head to the west
3. Shell beads (2)
- at neck
4. Copper band (1)
- panpipe
- over sternum
5. Copper earspools (2)
- one in each hand
6. Flaked knives (9)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- near left shoulder
- others unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 16
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:18
Feature Description:
- Circular grave four feet in diameter
- Outlined with 21 stones
- Paved floor of stone
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 17
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:18
Feature Description:
- Body buried in clay
- Small stones covered top
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 18
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- three foot deep grave in gravel
- Topped by eight inch gravel layer
- Surrounded by small stones set on edge
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to the southeast
2. Large shell vessel (1)
- near right shoulder
3. Perforated bear teeth (2)
- at neck
4. Hammered copper plate (1)
- at neck
5. Copper earspools (3)
- one in either hand
- beside neck
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 19
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Surrounded and covered with stones
- Gravel pile over grave
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 20
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Small circular grave outlined with upright stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- flexed position
- lying on left side facing north
2. Small copper blade (1)
- [celt]
- unknown position
3. Turkey bone (1)
- unknown position
4. Flaked knife (1)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- unknown position
5. Axe blade (1)
- [presumably stone]
- unknown position
6. Small concretions of “curious” form (4)
- two are cup-shaped
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 21
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Small grave two feet by three feet
- Outlined and covered by stones
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
2. Geometric copper ornament (1)
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 22
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Disturbed by plow
- Stone capped
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 24
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Roughly seven feet long and four feet wide
- Bottom paved with 49 flat river stones, 6-12 inch diameter stones
- Skeleton in eastern half of graves
- 200 river stones covered the body, 6-19 inch diameter stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- skull lay against northern bank
2. Flint knives (2)
- [other flint biface point/knives]
3. Potsherds (“a few”)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 25
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:19
Feature Description:
- Outlined with flat limestones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
- head to the west
2. Flint flakes (“several”)
- on right scapula [therefore, in chest cavity]
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 27
Burial
Burials 27A & 27B
Willoughby 1922:20
Feature Description:
- Stone covered space, 12 feet by 6 feet
- 2 pits discovered under stone cover
- Pit 1, four feet wide by four feet deep
- Pit 1 contained dark earth; a few animal remains and burned stone
- Pit 2 filled with stones
- Pit 2 north of center was a cist a’ 18 inches long and 12 inches high
- Pit 2 contained burial
- Cist b’ in same pit also contained human skeletal remains
- Whole pit was blocked at two ends by upright stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (2)
- cist a’ contains human bone fragments
- cist b’ contains cremated human skeletal remains
2. Copper earspools (2.5)
- half earspool next to temporal bone of cist a’ burial
- two earspools found with remains in cist b’ burial
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 28
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:20
Feature Description:
- Three feet deep by six feet by four feet
- Stone covered
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to southwest
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 29
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:21
Feature Description:
- Sides and ends lined with upright stones
- Cover of four large stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- face downward
- legs flexed on thighs
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Putnam 1886: Burial 32
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:21
Feature Description:
- An oval stone covered area, four feet long by three feet wide
- The grave underneath is shaped like a parallelogram
- 30 inches long by 24 inches wide by six inches deep
- Outlined with flat limestones
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
- covered by sand and ashes
2. Long bone implement (1)
- unknown position
3. Bone awls and needles (“several”)
- unknown position
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 01a
Burial
Burials 1a-A, 1a-B, 1a-C
Willoughby 1922:21
Feature Description:
- A multiple burial under a cap of limestones
- 1st burial roughly one foot below the surface
- 2nd and 3rd individuals two feet below
- Earth below 1st burial had been burned
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (3)
- Skeleton 1 cremated remains possibly done in place one foot below surface forming
a bed of bone 12 inches diameter and one inch thick
- Skeleton 2 extended with head to southwest
- Skeleton 3 scattered over the lower half of the first skeleton
2. Large busycon shell vessel (1)
- left side of Skeleton 2’s skull
3. Flaked knives (“several”)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- near left shoulder
4. Copper band (1)
- [panpipe]
- three inches long by two inches wide
- sides bent over
- upper chest area of Skeleton 2
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 02a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:22
Feature Description:
- Capped by burned earth missed with ashes
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to southwest
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 03a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:22
Feature Description:
- Covered by a layer of limestones
- 15 inch deep grave
- Small, circular alter-like structure of burned clay, 21 inches across
- 12 inch diameter by four inch deep basin
- Contained mixed soil and charcoal
- four feet below surface
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to south
2. Large shell vessel (1)
- near left side of pelvis
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 04a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:22
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to the south
2. Fragmentary pottery vessel
- near top of skull
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 05a
Burial
Burials 5a-A, 5a-B, 5a-C, 5a-D
Willoughby 1922:22
Feature Description:
- Grave nine feet north to south, four feet eight inches wide at center and three feet
wide at ends
- Outlined with flat stones set upright
- Large limestone slab at either end
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (4)
- western skeleton: B05a-A
- eastern skeleton lying partly on left side: B05a-B
- between skeletons near right shoulder of B05a-A: B05a-C
- cremated remains located between lower limbs of 2 skeletons: B05a-D
2. Copper fragments
- B05a-A
- associated with skull
3. Copper earspools (2)
- B05a-B
- in each hand
4. Busycon shell vessels (2)
- B05a-A, B05a-B
- at feet of each skeleton
5. Shell vessel fragments
- with B05a-C
6. Small copper pieces (“several”)
- with B05a-C
7. Galena pieces (2)
- with B05a-D
8. Mica piece (1)
- thick
- with B05a-D
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 06a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:22
Feature Description:
- Disturbed, part of grave washed away by water
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 07a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:23
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head north
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 08a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:23
Feature Description:
- Large limestones at head and foot of grave
- Stone floor
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to south-southwest
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 09a-A
Burial
Burials 09a-A & 09a-B
Willoughby 1922:23
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- lying flexed on left side
- head to east
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1889: Burial 09a-B
Burial
Burials 09a-A & 09a-B
Willoughby 1922:23
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains
- beneath feet of grave 9A burial
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Willoughby 1922:23a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:23
Feature Description:
- Covered by two large stone slabs
- three feet long by 1.5 feet wide
- Right next to Burial 08a
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Willoughby 1922:24a
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:24
Feature Description: No information given.
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
No Artifacts
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 05b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:23
Figure 11
Feature Description:
- Less than one foot deep
- Stones may have originally covered the grave and been removed by the plow
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended on the back
2. Sandstone pipe (1) (figure 11b)
- near right shoulder
3. Small stone pile
- near left elbow
4. Flaked knife (1)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- near right foot
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 06b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:23-24
Feature Description:
- Pavement of flat stones line bottom
- Sides outlined with flat stones set upright
- Walls well made
- A pit occurred beneath flooring stones at foot of grave
- Three feet diameter and 10 feet deep
- Filled with burned clay and charcoal missed with few animal bones and flaked
stones
- Stone piles of five or six stones found at various depths
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
2. Galena pieces (3)
- one piece in right hand
- two pieces in left hand
3. Worked bear mandible (1)
- right hand
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 07b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:24
Feature Description:
- 12 inches below surface
- Outlined on sides with flat stones set upright, but floor was not paved
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
- head to southeast
2. Perforated bear canines (14)
- lying in a pile near left tibia
3. Worked antler (1)
- decayed
- with bear canines near left tibia
- probably knife handle
4. Flint knife (1)
- [other flint biface points/knives]
- probably goes with antler handle
- near left tibia, with bear canines
5. Small rudely chipped knife (1)
- [other flint biface points/knives]
- position unknown [but probably with flint knife, above]
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 08b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:24
Feature Description:
- Two feet nine inches below surface
- Outside the grave outlined with upright stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
2. Large busycon shell food vessel with large unio shell spoon (1 of each)
- near skull
3. Unworked Unio valve and Unio shell spoon (1 of each)
- near large busycon shell
- beside body
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure Saville 1890: Burial 09b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:24
Feature Description:
- Grave Covered by a layer of stones
- Three feet six inches deep
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
2. Pottery vessel (1)
- crushed
- three inches from right side of skull
3. Unio shell spoon (1)
- inside pottery vessel
4. Busycon shell vessel (1)
- lying against the pot
5. Sheet of mica (1)
- against the busycon shell
6. Copper earspools (4)
- two in each hand
7. Small shell beads (19)
- left side between arms and ribs
8. Bone awls (6)
- pointing to left shoulder
9. Chalcedony flaked knife (1)
- [fancy prismatic blade, gem]
- resting on bone awls, beside left shoulder
10. Copper pin (1)
- resting on bone awls
- between chest and left arm
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 10b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:24
Feature Description:
- Small
Contents:
1. Cremated human remains (1)
2. Copper pin or awl (1)
- [coded as pin under misc. copper object]
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 11b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:25
Feature Description:
- 21 inches beneath modern surface
- Grave was neither outlined nor covered with stones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
- head to west
2. Mica (“small quantity”)
- near left femur
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Saville 1890: Burial 12b
Burial
None
Willoughby 1922:25
Feature Description:
- Most westerly grave of the “b” group
- Skeleton lay under a few limestones
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- some of the bones disarranged
2. Busycon shell vessel (1)
- near skull
3. Antler needle (1)
- 16 inches long and 3/8ths inch diameter
- near skull
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Volk 1905: Burial 01c
Burial
Burials 1c-A, 1c-B, 1c-C
Willoughby 1922:26
Feature Description:
- Outlined with a few flat stones set upright
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (3)
- Skeleton A is extended with head to south
- Skeleton B is cremated
- Skeleton B is 1 foot from Skeleton A at a height of between the shoulder and elbow
on right side
- Skeleton C is described as other bones under one of the stones outlying the grave
2. Discoidal shell beads (“a number of”)
- at neck of Skeleton A
3. Discoidal shell bead and perforated shell bracelet
- at wrists of Skeleton A
4. Flake knives in a heap (15)
- [other flint prismatic blade]
- near left shoulder
- probably originally in a bag
5. Needles bone (2)
- near flake knives
6. Bone perforators (2)
- near flake knives
7. Perforated marginella shells (“a pile of”)
- near flake knives (near left shoulder)
8. Large bone bodkins (2)
- one was decorated
- lying with their heads together and pointing the opposite direction
- both perforated for suspension
9. Probable shell spoon (1)
- fragmentary
- near left tibia
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Volk 1905: Burial 02c
Burial
Burials 2c-A, 2c-B, 2c-C, 2c-D
Willoughby 1922:27
Feature Description:
- Circular layer of eleven stones
- A little less than five feet in diameter
- A pit existed the slab on the northwest of circle
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (4)
a. Under top slab
- crania
b. Northeast slab
- other bones
c. East slabs
- with small human crania fragment, between small stones below large slab
- other bone fragments scattered as well
d. Northwest slab
- charcoal and ashes
e. West slab
- small pit 18 inch diameter and 8 inch deep
- filled with burn and calcined human bone
f. South of west slab
-more small bone
2. Sandstone platform pipe (1)
- under west slab
3. Shell bead (1)
- under west slab
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Great Enclosure, Volk 1905: Burial 03c
Burial
Burials 3c-A, 3c-B
Willoughby 1922:28
Feature Description:
- Double grave outlined with limestones set on edge and covered with flat stones of
various sizes
- Grave divided in two by an oblong stone of symmetrical shape placed across its
center
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- fragments only
- skull and humerus of an adult
- eastern half
2. Busycon shell vessels (2)
- either side of the skull
- eastern half
3. Unio shell spoons (2)
- eastern half
4. Human skeletal fragments (“a few pieces”)
- western half
5. Human skeletal remains
- mixed with earth
- under divider slab
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Volk 1905:7-31
Burial
None
Volk 1905: July 31
Feature Description:
- Hearth to the left
- Four (4) large stones in grave:
- one found laying on the pelvis
- one flat stone between the feet
- one on the left side of the head
- one on the right side
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- head to the north with both arms to the side, legs straight
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Volk 1905:8-2
Burial
None
Volk 1905:August 2
Feature Description:
- Previously disturbed
- Located in Trench 1
- Large slabs standing at edge
- Flat pebbles as floor prep
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- only a few small fragments of human bone
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Other Relevant Sources:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Basin A
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Putnam 1886:451
Willoughby 1922:88
Feature Description:
- “Rude” crematory basin
- Two feet in diameter
- At center of mound
Contents:
1. Acorns
- burned
2. Bones
- burned
- animal
- some may be implements
3. Clay (pottery) beads (11)
- spherical
- 0.5 inches diameter
4. Shell beads (4)
- 0.5 inches long by 0.25 inches wide
5. Shell beads (5)
- Marginella
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Burnt Areas B & C
Ceremonial Deposit
Not Applicable
Putnam 1886:451-455
Figures 3 - 7
Feature Description:
Burnt Area B:
- Adjacent and to the south of Basin A
- Mass of burned stone, earth, ashes, and charcoal
- Eight to ten inches in depth
- Irregular in outline
- Extending 15 feet west, eight feet south, and ten feet east
- Seven inches above mound floor
- On thin layer of sandy clay placed over surface of mound floor
Burnt Area C:
- Adjacent and to the northeast of Deposit D
- Adjacent and to the east of Burial E
- Burned space 10 feet wide by 15 feet long
- On thin layer of sandy clay placed over surface of mound floor
Contents:
1. Pottery fragments (“over 600”)
- varying in size from 1 to 5 inches in length
- many plain, some cordmarked or incised
- both bowls and pots
2. Animal bones (“between 2000 and 3000”)
- broken and split
- mostly deer and bear
- some other species of mammal
- a few birds
3. Mica fragments
- small pieces
- some are fragments of ornaments
4. River shells (“many”)
- nearly 100 were river clams
5. Needle (1)
- bone
- five inches long, 1/8 inch in diameter (figure 3)
6. Ornamented awl (1) – (figure 4)
- probably from metatarsal of a deer
- handle has fine, cross-cut lines decorating it
- size is 4 1/8 inches
7. Non-ornameneted awls (11)
- between two and 3 ½ inches long
8. Bone chisels or spatulas (5)
- fragmentary
9. Deer antler points (3)
10. Hollowed deer antler (1)
- probably a handle
11. Gray flint cores (4)
- small
12. Flakes (111)
- chert, jasper, and chalcedony
- various colors and sizes
13. Flake knives (77) – (figure 5)
- chert, jasper, chalcedony
- 1.5 to 2.5 inches long
14. Flint points (6)
- five are large and well made
- one is 2 ¼ inches long with a simple shank and is rudely chipped
15. Fine chipped arrowhead (1) – (figure 6)
- serrated edges
- gray flint
- one is Lowe Flared Base projectile point/knife
16. Piece of slate (1) – (figure 7)
- ¼ inch in thickness
17. Plant fossil (1)
- fragmentary
- cavities contained considerable iron oxide
Note: Putnam (1886) described these two burned areas together, so it is not possible to
assign the contents to one or the other area.
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Deposit D
Ceremonial Deposit
None
Putnam 1886:455
Feature Description:
- Five feet north of center
- Between Burnt Areas B & C
- Circle of small stones
- On mound floor
Contents:
1. Trophy Human Skull and Jaw
- hole (1/4 inch) bored in skull through occipital, 3/8 inch posterior to foramen
magnum
- third molars were just erupting (late teen)
- skull is brachycephalic
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Burial E
Burial
None
Putnam 1886:456
Figures 8 & 9
Feature Description:
- Nine feet north of center
- 18 inch above base of mound surrounded by stones
- Small stone circle
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- bundled
2. Animal bones
- some burned
- two pieces cut
3. Deer antler fragments (“a few”)
- one piece cut
4. Antler handles (10)
- five had holes in one end
- 3 to 4 inches long
- one contained bone point – (figure 8)
- one has stone point as blade – (figure 9)
- a third point is broken off but was of stone
5) White flint flakes (2)
6) Pottery fragments (3)
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Burial F
Burial
None
Putnam 1886:458
Feature Description:
- Small stone circle
- 12 feet west of center and one foot above floor
- Secondary burial likely
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
2. Copper breastplate (1)
- nine inches wide by 5 1/8 inches long
- over abdomen
3. Bear canines (6)
- four are probably from one animal
- two are pearl set
- on abdomen
- probably black bear
Site:
Provenience:
Provenience Type:
Burials in Same Grave:
Primary Source:
Relevant Figures & Plates:
Turner Earthwork
Marriott Mound 1, Burial G
Burial
None
Putnam 1886:463-464
Figure 13
Feature Description:
- Located seven feet northwest of the center of the mound
- Surrounded by stones
- Grave dug into hard clay
Contents:
1. Human skeletal remains (1)
- extended
2. Copper earspools (4)
- 4 inches from left side of head
- not apparently worn by individuals
3. Large pearl beads (12)
- with earspools
4. Bear canines (4)
- in contact with skeletal neck
5. Pearl beads (200)
- also at neck
6. Copper earspools with meteoric iron cover (2)
- in skeleton’s hands
- only one disk covered in iron
7. Pearl beads (50)
- approximately half in each hand with copper earspools
8. White flint point (1) – (figure 13)
- on chest
- 80 millimeter long by 34 millimeter wide
- Snyders projectile point/knife