Mata kuliah : A0012 – Manajemen Umum
Tahun
: 2010
Session 1
MANAGING
Learning Outcomes
• After studying Managing, you will know:
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the major challenges of managing in the new era
the drivers of competitive advantage for your company
the functions of management and how they are evolving in today’s business environment
the nature of management at different organizational levels
2
Outline Materi
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Setting The Stage
Managing In The New Era
Managing For Competitive Advantage
The Functions Of Management
Management Levels And Skills
3
Managing In The New Era
• The Internet
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changes the way management must think and act
chief Web officer will be one of the most important jobs
great companies will capitalize most fully on the Web’s potential
distinction between Internet and non-Internet companies is fading
4
Managing In The New Era (cont.)
• Globalization
– isolationism is a thing of the past
– multinational enterprises have sales offices all over the world
– corporations use their transnational status to operate beyond the
control of national governments
– even small firms that do not operate on a global scale must
make strategic decisions based on international considerations
5
Managing In The New Era (cont.)
• Knowledge management
– set of practices aimed at discovering and harnessing
an organization’s intellectual resources
• unlock people’s expertise, skills, wisdom, and
relationships
– intellectual capital is the collective brainpower of the
organization
• Collaboration across “boundaries”
– capitalize on the ideas of people outside the
traditional company “boundaries”
6
Managing For Competitive Advantage
Cost
Competitiveness
Innovation
Competitive
Advantage
Quality
7
Speed
• Cost competitiveness
– costs are kept low enough so that you can realize
profits and price your products at levels that are
attractive to consumers
– key is efficiency - accomplishing goals by using
resources wisely and minimizing waste
• Quality
– excellence of a product, including its attractiveness,
lack of defects, reliability, and long-term durability
– importance of quality has increased dramatically
– must identify specific elements of quality to correct
problems, target needs, and deliver world-class value
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• Speed
– often separates winners from losers in world
competition
– speed became a vital requirement in the 1990s
• requirement has increased exponentially
• Innovation
– the introduction of new goods and services
– important to adapt to changes in consumer demands
and to new sources of competition
• Best managers and companies delivering all
four
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The Functions Of Management
• Management
– process of working with people and resources to accomplish
organizational goals
• effective - achieve organizational goals
• efficient - achieve goals with minimum waste of
resources
– there are timeless principles of management
• still important for making managers and companies
great
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The Functions Of Management
Leading
Controlling
Organizing
Planning
1-11
• Planning
– specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the
appropriate actions taken to achieve those goals
– delivering strategic value - planning function for the new era
• a dynamic process in which the organization uses the brains of
its members and of stakeholders to identify opportunities to
maintain and increase competitive advantage
• process intended to create more value for the customer
• Organizing
– assembling and coordinating the human, financial, physical,
informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals
– the future requires building flexible organizations
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• Leading
– stimulating people to be high performers
– managers must be good at mobilizing people to contribute their
ideas
• Controlling
– monitors progress and implements necessary changes
– makes sure that goals are met
– new technology makes it possible to achieve more effective
controls
• Managers must devote attention to all four
management functions
13
Management Levels
Top-level
managers
Middle
managers
Frontline managers
14
Management Levels And Skills
• Management level
– Top-level managers
• senior executives responsible for overall
management of an organization
• focus on long-term issues
• emphasize the survival, growth, and effectiveness
of the firm
• concerned with the interaction between the
organization and its external environment
15
Management Levels And Skills (cont.)
• Management level (cont.)
– Middle-level managers (tactical managers)
• located between top-level and frontline managers
in the organizational hierarchy
• responsible for translating strategic goals and
plans into more specific objectives and activities
• traditional role was that of an administrative
controller who bridged the gap between higher and
lower levels
• evolving role is that of a developmental coach to
the people who report
to them
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• Management level (cont.)
– Frontline managers (operational managers)
• lower-level managers who supervise the operational activities
of the organization
• directly involved with nonmanagement employees
• increasingly being called on to be innovative and
entrepreneurial
– Working leaders with broad responsibilities
• in leading small companies, managers have strategic,
tactical, and operational responsibilities
• have a knowledge of all business functions, are accountable
for results, and focus on internal and external customers
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• Management skills
– skill - specific ability that results from knowledge, information,
and aptitude
– technical skill - ability to perform a specialized task that
involves a certain method or process
• managers at higher levels rely less on technical skills
– conceptual and decision skills - ability to identify problems,
resolve problems for the benefit of the organization
• necessary when considering the overall objectives and
strategy of the organization and the interactions among its
different parts
• assume greater importance as manager acquires more
responsibility
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• Management skills (cont.)
– interpersonal and communication skills - ability to work well
with people
• increasingly important in today’s organizations
– greater reliance on teams, information sharing, and coaching
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