In general, states in the northern Europe became
Protestant while those in the South remain Catholic
and in both cases royal authority increased at the
expense of religious authority.
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Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Concordat of Bologna
Huguenots
Catherine de Medici
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Edit of Nantes
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The kings had control over the church with the Pragmatic
Sanction of Bourges and the Concordat of Bologna.
Because kings appointed their own Bishops, they had no
great need to break from Rome
Protestantism appealed to the nobles who sought relief from
centralization and the middle classes sought reduced taxes
and control of the economic decisions in their towns.
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Both saw Protestantism as a way to resist the monarchy.
The war between Protestants and Catholics ended when the
politique Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Protestant
forces,
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Established the Bourbon dynasty
converted to Catholicism in order to win acceptance by still Catholic
Paris,
and issued the Edict of Nantes, which gave Protestant freedom of
worship and rights in their towns
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Cardinal Granville
William of Orange, aka William the Silent
Compromise of 1564
Duke of Alba
Council of Blood
Sea Beggars
Pacification of Ghent
Don John
Perpetual Edict
Union of Arras
Union of Utrecht
Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
Twelve Year Truce
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Many Dutch became Calvinist
The 17 provinces of the Low Countries resented being
ruled by Spain.
When Spain attempted to eradicate Calvinist worship,
violence erupted.
Resentment over Spanish taxes added fuel to the
religious issue.
Civil War ended with the division of the Low
countries into two groups; ten provinces accepted
Spanish rule, the other seven signed the Union of
Utrecht and declared their independence from Spain,
which they won in 1609.
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We know the story of Henry the VIII who
established the Tudor Dynasty
Mary Tudor’s attempt to restore Catholicism was
compromised by her marriage to Philip II of Spain,
which sparked nationalistic as well as religious
resentment.
Elizabeth I acted as a politique to settle religious
matters, restore stability, and encourage national
economic development.
England defended the protestant cause as part of
its great competition with Habsburg Spain,
helping the Dutch to become independent from
Spain
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Loosely ruled by the emperor who was in most
cases a Habsburg
Many local rulers sought independence and
Protestantism gave them a way.
Luther was dependent on the local princes for
protection.
Protestantism allowed princes to establish national
churches over which they were the ultimate
authority
Charles V fought to hold the empire together but
failed
The Peace of Augsburg settling the religious wars
of the 16th century, allowed each prince to choose
either Catholicism or Lutheranism for his state.