Matakuliah : L0014 / PSIKOLOGI UMUM
Tahun
: 2007
GENDER & SEXUALITY
Pertemuan 19
DEFINITIONS
• Sex
The distinction between male and female based on biological characteristic
• Gender
The psychological experience of being male or female
• Gender Identity
One’s view of oneself as female or male
• Gender Role
The typical behaviors consistent with being male or female in a given culture
• Sexual Orientation
The tendency to prefer romantic and sexual partners of the same or different sex
• Androgynous
Having both typical feminine and masculine characteristic
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Gender Similarities & Gender Differences
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Gender Differences in Physical Strength and Skills
Gender Differences in Cognitive Ability and Achievement
Gender Differences in Emotion and Social Behavior
Gender Differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER IDENTITY AND ROLES
•
Psychoanalytic theory of Gender Identity
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Young children usually take on the manners and ways of their parent of the same sex
 identification
All children wish to win the approval of both parents and to avoid rejection; and
adopt their behaviors, why ?
1. Children are frightened by their powerful parents
2. To win approval and love of the other-sex parent  the child sees that the intimate
relationship between the parents gives the same-sex parent benefits that the child
doesn’t have
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Social Learning Theory of Gender Identity
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Children learn behavior appropriate to their gender through observations of adults
and older siblings
And through reinforcement and punishment of gender behaviors
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
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Heterosexual
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Romantically and sexually attracted to those of the different sex
Homosexual
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Romantically and sexually attracted to those of the same sex
Why homosexual ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Twins
Atypical levels of some sex hormones during prenatal development
Gay - Have more than one older male siblings
Hypothalamus or other brain structures
Etc.
ATYPICAL AND ABNORMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• Transvestism
– The practice of obtaining sexual pleasure by dressing the clothes of the opposite sex
• Transsexualism
– A condition which an individual feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex
• Fetishism
– The practice of obtaining sexual arousal primarily or exclusively from specific objects
• Sexual Sadism
– The practice of obtaining sexual pleasure by inflicting pain on others
• Sexual Masochism
– A condition in which receiving pain is sexually exciting
• Voyeurism
– The practice of obtaining sexual pleasure by watching members of opposite sex
undressing or engaging in sexual activities
• Exhibitionist
– The practice of obtaining sexual pleasure by exposing one’s genitals to others
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FORCED SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• Rape
– The act of forcing sexual activity on an unwilling person
• Sexual abuse of Children
– Incest : sexual relations between relatives
– Child molestation : sexual behavior with a child without force or direct threat
of force
– Pedophilia : the practice of obtaining pleasure from sexual contact with
children
• Sexual Harassment
– Unwanted sexual advances, or any other form of coercive sexual behavior by
others
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SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
– An ability to engage successfully or comfortably in normal sexual activities
– Types of dysfunction :
• Sexual desire
– Sexual aversion disorder
• Sexual arousal : female and male
– Vaginismus
– Dyspareunia
– Erectile dysfunction
• Orgasm Dysfunction
– Inhibited female orgasm
– Premature ejaculation
– Retarded ejaculation
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SEXUAL HEALTH
• Cancers of sexual anatomy
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
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Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Pubic Lice
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
AIDS