Modul 4
The Brief History Of
Australia
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Pre Colonization
Discovery and Exploration
British Colonization
Convict Settlement
Social and Economic Development
(1820 – 1850)
VI. Gold Rush (1850)
VII. Transportation and Communication
Development (1860 – 1880)
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
The Depression (1890 – 1893)
Federation (1901)
World War I
World War II
The Post War Years
Australia I 1970’s
Australia I 1980’s
Australia I 1990’s
I.
Pre Colonization
1 40.000 years ago Homo Sapiens
from South East Asia to
Australia 
lake Murgo
1 Nomadic
1 No pottery civilization
1 Harmony to the nature
1 Hunting wild animals
1 Gathering edible seafood and
plants
1 Clan / tribe kin skip system
II.
Discovery and Exploration
1 The Dutch
 First European landing, march
1606, led by Willem Janz
 Abel Tasman in 1642
discovered New Zealand and
Tasmania
 Willem de Vlaming  Swan
River
 Australia was called New
Holland
 Hopes for wealth
1 The English
 First English ship “Ityal” in
1622
 William Dampier “Cygnet” in
1688 – book on Botany
Bay

Captain Cook “Endevaour”
August 1768 discovered
Botany Bay
III.
British Colonization
1 Making Australia as British Penal
Colony
 Formally decided by King
George III in 1787
 Transportation to Botany Bay


Severe punishment 7,
14, or life years

Hard labor

Death sentence
Crime  stealing
handkerchief or a loaf of
bread to murdering
1 First fleet to the Transportation
 Led by Arthur Philip in
“Supply”
 1475 passengers consisted
of

211 marines

548 male convicts

188 female convicts
 Voyage  May 1787 to 26
Jan 1788 (± 8 months)
1 Reasons for Penal Colony in
Australia
 Britain’s prisons were
overflowing
 American independence
prevented further
transportation
 The British elite people
wanted to eliminate criminals
in London
IV.
Convict Settlement (1788 – 1840)
1 Threat of starvation
1 Convicts had to survive
 Clearing the land
 Building roads
 Living in the barracks with
scant food and clothing
 Legs were ironed
1 Emancipations
Three levels of emancipation
 A ticket of leave

Hard work

Good conduct

Work for themselves

Regular contact with
authorities

Conditional pardon

Convicts were granted for
their liberty

They did not leave the colony
 Absolute pardon

Giving absolute pardon to ex
– convicts

Total freedom

A small land grant
V.
Social and Economic Development
(1820 – 1850)
Exploring the natural resources of the
“new land”. The discoveries among
others were.
objects
Person
Date
Grassland Lightgau
Blaxland, Lawson
Wentworth
1813
Roads to Bathrust
Grazing Lands
George Evans &
William Cox &
Convicts
1814
Macquarie
Castlereagh Rivers
Hasting
John Oxley
-
Overland of Life Stock
John Edward Eyre
-
Murray River
Home & Howell
1824
North Territory
John Mac Dougall
Stuart
1860
VI.
The Gold Rush (1850’s)
1 Causes
The discoveries of gold
 Barthurst, New South Wales,
by Edward Hargraves, Feb
12, 1851
 Ballarat, Victoria by Thomas
Hiscock
 Queensland
1 Effects
 Prospering the country and
nation
 Rapid immigration and
transformation
 Polluting the mining areas /
diggings

Uncivilized

Unstable

Footloose men in tents

Conflicts and frictions
between

Miners >< diggers
(Chinese)

Miners >< troops and
police (Eureka
Strike)
 Founding public libraries and
museums
 Racism toward the Chinese
immigrants
VII. Transportation and Communication
Development (1870 – 1890)
1 Types of transport
 Land transport  train 1854
 River travel  paddle steamer
sail, ships, steamships
1 Types of Communications
 Telegraph
1 Effects
 Uniting the country
 Smoothing international and
national as well as local
trading
 Spreading news and people
 Connecting and linking the
places and people
VIII. The Depression (1890 – 1893)
1 Causes
 Financial crash in Argentina
that caused London’s
financial institutions
crashed
 Australia’s economy effected
as her private sectors
and
governmental expansion
activities were financed
largely through loans
from
London

Banks failed in Victoria, New
South Wales,
Queensland
1 Effects
 Country’s produce  less
than 50% than the
previous
price
 Banks rate rose
 Land values plummeted
 High rate unemployment
 Social unstable  strikes
IX.
Federation (1901)
Nationalist > < Conservatives
Disliking
Preferring
dependence on
centralized
Britain
government /
power
Gaining self 
support and
authority for each
regions
Losing their /
voters and tax
incomes
1 The commonwealth of Australia  1
Jan’ 1901
1 Having the rights to conduct
federal elections
1 Implementing white Australia
policy:
 Strict regulations on the
European + Asian immigrants

Discriminating the Aborigins,
Asians and natives of
Africa
1 Many party system  avoiding an
outright
1 Introducing compulsory military
training majority (1911)
X.
World War I.
1 Britain >< Germany (1914).
1 Australia supported the Britain by
forming ANZAC (The Australian
and New Zealand Corps).
1 Gallipoli :
Main duty in WWI of the ANZAC
was to take control of Dardanelles,
Allied Shipping.
1 8000 Australians were killed
20,000 were wounded.
XI.
World War II.
1 Britain >< German (Hitler)
 Europe.
 Asia.
1 Japanese soldiers attacked Pearl
Harbor  A treat to Australian
people.
1 Melbourne  Allied Forces in the
South-West Pacific led by General
Douglas Mac Arthur. March 17,
1942.
1 American – Australian force
defeated Japanese soldiers in Port
Moresby, New Guinea and the
battle of the Coral Sea. In 1943.
XII. The Post – War Years.
1 1950’s
 Baby boom.
 Plenty of jobs.
 Welfare Improvement 
Increasing Social security.
 Rising standard of living.
 Strong economic growth.
 Demand for primary products.
 Introducing civil airlines.
 Protecting Australian dollars
& public credit.
1 1950’s.
Fearing of the growth of
Communism.
 Banning Communist Party in
Aust.
 Supporting American to
defeat the communism by
involving Australian
soldiers in
Korean & Vietnam
Wars.
1 1970’s.
 Feminism movement.

Legalized abortion.

Equal opportunity.

Easier divorce.
 Indigenous rights.
 Migrant identity.
 Gay Rights.
 Environmentalism.
1 1980’s – 1990’s.
 Monarch >< Republic.
 Friction with Indonesia  East
Timor.
 Strengthen the economic.

Tourism.

Services (Education).
 Recognition of the rights of
the Aborigines.

Native Act.  Mabo.