vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Research Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
3
1.3 Research Objectives
5
1.4 Research Hypotheses
6
1.5 Importance of Research
7
1.6 Scope of Study
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1 Introduction
9
2.2 Overview of Historical Development of UniversityIndustry Relationship
2.3 University-Industry Collaboration Theories
9
11
vii
2.3.1 Triple Helix
12
2.3.2 National Innovation System (NIS)
13
2.4 Importance of University-Industry Collaboration
16
2.5 The Effects of Industry Involvement on Academic Research17
2.6 University-Industry Collaboration in Malaysia
19
2.7 Types of Knowledge Interactions between University and
Industry
2.8 Different Motivational Factors
23
26
2.8.1 Commercialization
27
2.8.2 Learning
28
2.8.3 Resource Access
29
2.9 Effect of Previous Experience in Research Collaboration
and Prior Work Experience In Industry on Success of
Research Collaboration
3
30
2.10 Previous Technology Transfer Measurement Experiences
32
2.11 Research Collaboration Success Indicators
35
2.11.1 Consultancy and Technical Services Provision
36
2.11.2 Cooperative R&D Agreement
37
2.11.3 Licensing
37
2.11.4 Contract Research
38
2.11.5 Spin-off Companies
39
2.12 Research Model
40
2.13 Research Hypotheses
41
2.14 Summary
42
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
43
3.1 Introduction
43
3.2 Research Questions
43
3.3 Research Flow
45
3.4 Research Method
46
3.5 Unit of Analysis
46
viii
4
3.6 Sampling Methods and Size
46
3.7 Data Collection
48
3.7.1 Primary Data
48
3.8 Research Instrument
49
3.8.1 Questionnaire Reliability
51
3.8.2 Questionnaire Validity
52
3.8.3 Pilot Test
53
3.9 Data Analysis Methods
54
3.9.1 Descriptive Analysis
54
3.9.2 Inferential Analysis
55
DATA ANALYSIS
57
4.1 Introduction
57
4.2 Population and Sample
58
4.3 Summary of Demographic Data
59
4.3.1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Gender 59
4.3.2 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Age
60
4.3.3 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by
Academic Qualification
62
4.3.4 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by
Working Experience
63
4.3.5 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Job
Position Level
64
4.3.6 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Prior
Experience in Research Collaboration
65
4.3.7 Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Work
Experience in Industry
66
4.4 Descriptive Statistics of Research collaboration
Mechanisms and Success Indicators
67
4.4.1 Consultancy and Technical Services Provision
68
4.4.2 Cooperative R&D Agreement
69
ix
4.4.3 Licensing
69
4.4.4 Contract Research
70
4.4.5 Spin-off Companies
71
4.5 Independent-Sample T-Test
72
4.5.1 Differences in Respondents Viewpoints toward
Importance of Success Criteria Based on Prior
Experience in Research Collaboration
73
4.5.2 Differences in Respondents Viewpoints toward
Importance of Success Criteria Based on Prior Work
Experience in Industry
4.6 One-way ANOVA Test
78
82
4.6.1 One-way ANOVA Test for Consultancy and Technical
Services Provision
82
4.6.2 One-way ANOVA Test for Cooperative R&D
Agreement
5
84
4.6.3 One-way ANOVA Test for Licensing
85
4.6.4 One-way ANOVA Test for Contract Research
86
4.6.5 One-way ANOVA Test for Spin-off Companies
87
4.7 Summary
88
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
89
5.1 Overview
89
5.2 Discussion of the Research Findings
89
5.2.1 Success Criteria of University-Industry Research
Collaboration
90
5.2.1.1 Consultancy and Technical Services Provision
Success Criteria
90
5.2.1.2 Cooperative R&D Agreement Success
Criteria
5.2.1.3 Licensing Success Criteria
91
93
x
5.2.1.4 Contract Research Success Criteria
93
5.2.1.5 Spin-off Companies Success Criteria
95
5.2.2 Discussion of the Conceptual Model
96
5.3 Recommendations for Future Research
99
5.4 Conclusions
100
REFERENCES
102
Appendices A - B
113-118
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Typology of University-Industry Links in Malaysia
21
2.2
University-Industry Links
24
2.3
Types of Knowledge Interactions between University and Firms
25
3.1
Population and Planned Sample Size
47
3.2
Classification of Research Collaboration Success Indicators
50
3.3
Research Instrument 5-Point Scale
51
3.4
Research Question Statistical Summary
56
4.1
Planned and Actual Sample Population
58
4.2
Frequency Distribution of Sample's Gender
59
4.3
Frequency Distribution of Sample's Age
61
4.4
Frequency Distribution of Sample’s Academic Qualification
62
4.5
Frequency Distribution of Sample's Working Experience
63
4.6
Frequency Distribution of Sample's Position Level
64
4.7
Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Prior Experience in
Research Collaboration
4.8
Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Work Experience in
Industry
4.9
65
66
Descriptive Statistics of each Consultancy and Technical Services
Criteria
68
4.10
Descriptive Statistics of each Cooperative R&D Agreement Criteria69
4.11
Descriptive Statistics of each Licensing Criteria
70
4.12
Descriptive Statistics of each Contract Research Criteria
71
xii
4.13
Descriptive Statistics of each Spin-off Companies Criteria
72
4.14
Group Statistic for Experience in Research Collaboration
74
4.15
Independent-Sample T-Test for Prior Experience in Research
Collaboration
76
4.16
Group Statistic for Prior Work Experience in Industry
78
4.17
Independent-Sample T-Test for Prior Work Experience in Industry 81
4.18
One-way ANOVA Test for Consultancy and Technical Services
Provisions
83
4.19
One-way ANOVA Test for Cooperative R&D Agreement
84
4.20
One-way ANOVA Test for Licensing
85
4.21
One-way ANOVA Test for Contract Research
86
4.22
One-way ANOVA Test for Spin-off Companies
87
5.1
Level of importance of Consultancy and Technical Services Success
Criteria
91
5.2
Level of importance of Cooperative R&D Agreement Criteria
92
5.3
Level of Importance of Licensing Criteria
93
5.4
Level of Importance of Contract Research Criteria
94
5.5
Level of Importance of Spin-off Companies Criteria
95
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Research Model
40
3.1
Research Flow
45
4.1
The Gender of Participants and Their Corresponding
Percentage
4.2
The Age of Participants and Their Corresponding
Percentage
4.3
65
The Participants’ Work Experience in Industry and Their
Corresponding Percentage
5.1
64
The Participants’ Experience in Research Collaboration and Their
Corresponding Percentage
4.7
63
The Job Position Level of Participants and Their Corresponding
Percentage
4.6
62
The Working Experience of Participants and Their Corresponding
Percentage
4.5
61
The Academic Qualification of Participants and Their
Corresponding Percentage
4.4
60
66
Framework for Evaluation Success of Research Collaboration in
UTM
98
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACCT
Alliance for Commercialization of Canadian Technology
ATP
Advanced Technology Programme
AUTM
Association of University Technology Managers
CURDS
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies
DIUS
Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills
FBB
Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering
FChE
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
FKA
Faculty of Civil Engineering
FKE
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
FPPSM
Faculty of Management and Human Resource
FS
Faculty of Science
FSKSM
Faculty of Computer Science and Information System
HE-BCI
Higher Education- Business and Community Interaction
HEFCE
Higher Education Funding Council for England
IP
Intellectual Property
NIS
National Innovation System
OST
Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies
PRO
Public Research Organizations
R&D
Research and Development
RCUK
Research Councils United Kingdom
RMC
Research Management Centre
S&T
Science and Technology
SFC
Scottish Funding Council
SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Scientists
xv
TTO
Technology Transfer Office
U-I
University – Industry
UIRC
University Industry Research Collaboration
UTM
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire
115
B
Table for Determining Sample Size from a Given Population
118