vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
I
PAGE
xvii
xi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Background of the Research
3
1.3
Problem Statement
5
1.4
Purpose of Study
6
1.5
Research Question
6
1.6
Research Objectives
7
1.7
Research Hypothesis
7
1.8
Scope of the Research
9
1.9
Limitation of Study
10
1.10
Importance of the Study
11
1.11
Conceptual Definition
12
1.11.1 KSI
12
1.11.2 Predictors of KSI
12
viii
1.11.3 The Individual and
Psychological Factors
II
15
1.11.4 The Organizational Factors
17
1.11.5 The Technological Factor
21
1.12
Operational Definition
22
1.13
Summary
23
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
24
2.2
The Notion of Knowledge
24
2.3
KM
26
2.4
Knowledge Sharing
29
2.5
The Model of Knowledge Sharing
31
2.5.1
KM Process
32
2.5.2
Spiral of Organizational
Knowledge Creation
2.6
2.5.3
Knowledge Creation Modes
36
2.5.3
Four Elements for KS
37
The Theories of Behaviour
38
2.6.1
The Theory of Reasoned Action
38
2.6.2
The Theory of Planned
Behavior
2.6.3
Technology Acceptance Model
2.6.4
Model of Focused Change of
Behaviour
2.7
34
The Relationship between KSI
Predictors and KSI
2.7.1 The Relationship between
Attitude and KSI
2.7.2 The Relationship between
Subjective Norm and KSI
39
43
44
45
46
46
ix
2.7.3 The Relationship between PBC
and KSI
2.8
Factors Influencing KSI
2.9
The Individual and Psychological
Factors
2..9.1 Anticipated Reciprocal
Relationship
2.9.2
48
49
50
51
2.9.3 Knowledge Self-efficacy
53
2.9.4 Trust
54
The Organizational Factors
56
2.10.1 Fairness
56
2.10.2 Affiliation
58
2.10.3 Task Interdependence
59
The Technology Factors
60
2.11.1 Controllability of ICT
62
2.12
Previous Studies
63
2.13
Conclusions
66
2.10
2.11
III
Anticipated Extrinsic Rewards
47
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
67
3.2
Research Design
67
3.3
Research Framework
68
3.4
Sampling
68
3.5
Data Collection
71
3.6
Research Instrument
72
3.7
Reliability and Validity
75
3.8
Method of Data Analysis
82
3.8.1
Descriptive Analysis
82
3.8.2
Inferential Analysis
83
3.9
Summary
88
x
IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Introduction
90
4.2
Respondent Background
90
4.3
Normality Test
93
4.3.1
Normality Test on Correlation
Relationship
4.3.2
Normality Test on Dominant
Predictors
4.4
4.5
95
99
Analysis on the Level of KSI
107
4.4.1
Level of KSI
111
4.4.2
Level of Attitude toward KS
112
4.4.3
Level of SN about KS
113
4.4.4
Level of PBC towards KS
114
4.4.5
Level of ARR
115
4.4.6
Level of AER
116
4.4.7
Level of KSE
117
4.4.8
Level of Trust
118
4.4.9
Level of Fairness
119
4.4.10 Level of Affiliation
120
4.4.11 Level of Task Interdependence
121
4.4.12 Level of Controllability of ICT
122
Analysis on Correlation Relationship
123
4.5.1
Relationship between KSI
Predictors and KSI
4.5.2
123
Relationship between Individual
and Psychological Factors and
125
Attitude
4.5.3
Relationship between
Organizational Factors and SN
4.5.4
Relationship between
Technological Factor and PBC
4.6
Analysis on Dominant Predictors
4.6.1
Dominant Predictors of KSI
127
128
129
129
xi
4.7
4.6.2 Dominant Predictors of Attitude
131
4.6.3
Dominant Predictors of SN
133
4.6.4
Dominant Predictors of PBC
134
Mediation Analysis
135
4.7.1
Mediation Analysis of Attitude
138
4.7.2
Mediation Analysis of SN
141
4.7.3
Mediation Analysis of
Technological Factor
4.8
V
Conclusion
143
146
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1
Introduction
152
5.2
Discussions
152
5.3
Contributions
156
5.3.1
Theoretical Contribution
156
5.3.2
Practical Contribution
157
5.3.3
Methodological Contribution
158
5.4
Limitations and Future Research
Directions
5.5
Conclusions
REFERENCES
159
160
161
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NO .
1.1
TITLE
Operational Definitions of the
PAGE
22
Constructs
2.1
Knowledge Perspectives and
28
Implications for KM and KMS
3.1
The Summary of Sampling Frame
69
3.2
Population and Samples Size
71
selected
3.3
List of Items for KSI
73
3.4
List of Items for Factors
74
Influencing KSI
3.5
Survey Instrument Internal
76
Reliability
3.6
KMO and Bartlett's Test
79
3.7
Factor Loading for the Rotated
80
Factors
(Test 1: KSI and KSI Predictors)
3.8
Factor Loading for the Rotated
81
Factors (Test 2: Factors Influencing
KS)
3.9
The Categorization of Level Used
83
xiii
in this Study
3.10
Guilford‘s Rules of Thumb
84
3.11
Statistic Analysis Tools Used in the
89
Research
4.1
Profile of Respondents
91
4.2
Position and Grade
93
4.3
Measures of Central Tendency and
93
Dispersion
4.4
Tests of Normality
95
4.5
Casewise Diagnostics
101
(Dependent Variable: KSI)
4.6
Casewise Diagnostics
103
(Dependent Variable: Attitude)
4.7
Casewise Diagnostics
105
(Dependent Variable: SN)
4.8
Casewise Diagnostics
107
(Dependent Variable: PBC)
4.9
The Overall KSI Level among
110
Academicians in UTM
4.10
Level of KSI
111
4.11
Level of Attitude toward KS
112
4.12
Level of SN about KS
113
4.13
Level of PBC
114
xiv
4.14
Level of ARR
115
4.15
Level of AER
116
4.16
Level of KSE
117
4.17
Level of Trust
118
4.18
Level of Fairness
119
4.19
Level of Affiliation
120
4.20
Level of Task Interdependence
121
4.21
Level of Controllability of ICT
122
4.22
Relationship between KSI
124
Predictors and KSI
4.23
Relationship between Individual
126
and Psychological
Factors and Attitude
4.24
Relationship between
128
Organizational Factors and SN
4.25
Relationship between
128
Controllability of ICT and PBC
4.26
The Estimates of Model
130
Coefficients (Dependent Variable:
KSI)
4.27
ANOVA Table (Dependent
130
Variable: KSI)
4.28
ANOVA Table (Dependent
132
Variable: KSI)
4.29
ANOVA Table (Dependent
132
xv
Variable: Attitude)
4.30
The Estimates of Model
133
Coefficients (Dependent Variable:
SN)
4.31
ANOVA Table (Dependent
134
Variable: SN)
4.32
The Estimates of Model
134
Coefficients (Dependent Variable:
PBC)
4.33
ANOVA Table (Dependent
135
Variable: PBC)
4.34
Summary of Mediation Analyses
145
Incorporating the Model Variables
across All Constructs
4.35
Summary on Hypotheses Testing
148
4.36
Summary of Research Objectives
150
and Results across All Constructs
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
NO .
2.1
TITLE
Knowledge Management Value
PAGE
27
Chain
2.2
KM Process
32
2.3
Modes of Knowledge Conversion
34
2.4
Spiral of Organizational Knowledge
5
Creation
2.5
Knowledge Creation Modes
36
2.6
Four Elements for KS
37
2.7
Theory of Reasoned Action
39
2.8
Theory of Planned Behavior
41
2.9
Technology Acceptance Model
43
2.10
Model of Focused Change of
45
Behaviour
2.11
Theoretical Framework
66
3.1
The Total Effect of X on Y
87
3.2
The Indirect Effect of X on Y
87
through M
4.1
Scatterplot Graph of Relationship
between KSI Predictors and KSI
96
xvii
4.2
Scatterplot Graph of Relationship
97
between Individual and
Psychological Factors and Attitude
4.3
Scatterplot Graph of Relationship
98
between Organizational Factors and
SN
4.4
Scatterplot Graph of Relationship
99
between Controllability of ICT and
PBC
4.5
Normal P-P Plot of Regression
100
Standardized Residual
(Dependent Variable: KSI)
4.6
Scatterplot of Regression
101
Standardized Residual vs.
Standardized
Predicted Values (Dependent
Variable: KSI)
4.7
Normal P-P Plot of Regression
102
Standardized Residual
(Dependent Variable: Attitude)
4.8
Scatterplot of Regression
103
Standardized Residual vs.
Standardized
Predicted Values (Dependent
Variable: Attitude)
4.9
Normal P-P Plot of Regression
Standardized Residual (Dependent
Variable: SN)
104
xviii
4.10
Scatterplot of Regression
105
Standardized Residual vs.
Standardized
Predicted Values (Dependent
Variable: SN)
4.11
Normal P-P Plot of Regression
106
Standardized Residual
(Dependent Variable: PBC)
4.12
Scatterplot of Regression
107
Standardized Residual vs.
Standardized
Predicted Values (Dependent
Variable: PBC)
4.13
Decision Tree for Establishing and
137
Understanding Types of
Mediation and Non-Mediation
4.14
Results of Spearman‘s Coefficient
146
Correlation (RO2 and RO3)
4.15
Results of Multiple Regression
147
Analysis (RO4 and RO5)
4.16
Research Model (result after the
survey)
151
xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANOVA
- Analysis of Variance
B
- unstandardized coefficients
FAB
- Faculty of Built Environment
FBB
- Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering
FKA
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
FKBSK
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering and Health Science
FKE
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering
FKKKSA
- Faculty of Natural Resource and Chemical Engineering
FKM
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
FKSG
- Faculty of Geoinformation Science And Engineering
FP
- Faculty of Education
FPPSM
- Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development
FS
- Faculty of Science
FSKSM
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information System
FTI
- Faculty of Islamic Civilisation
H
- hypothesis
ICT
- information and communication technology
IS
- information systems
xx
IT
- information technology
KM
- knowledge management
KMS
- knowledge management systems
KS
- knowledge sharing
KSI
- knowledge sharing intention
PCA
- Principal Component Analysis
PBC
- perceived behavioural control
RO
- research objective
RQ
- research question
SECI
- socialization, externalization, combination and internalization
SN
- subjective norm
SPSS
- Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
TAM
- Technology Acceptance Model
TPB
- Theory of Planned Behavior
TRA
- Theory of Reasoned Action
UTM
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
xxi
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire
176
B
List of Items Generated for Each
182
Construct
C
Spearman's
rho
between Construct
Correlations
188