vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABREVATIONS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives
5
1.4
Scope of Study and Limitations
5
1.5
Significance of Study
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
Effects of Improper Trip Rate Estimation
8
2.3
Development of Trip Generation Manual
9
2.4
Type of Land Use
10
viii
2.5
Current Traffic Condition
14
2.5.1 Origin-Destination Survey
14
Forecasting Travel Demand
15
2.6.1 Sequential Steps of Travel Forecasting
16
2.6.2 Trip Generation
18
2.6.3 Types of Trips
18
2.6.4 Determination of Mean Trip Rates
21
2.7
Traffic Growth Factor
24
2.8
Transport Improvement
24
2.6
3
26
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
26
3.2
Collection of Data
29
3.3
Study Boundary
29
3.4
Current and Proposed Land Use Developments
31
3.5
Type, Location and Characteristics of Proposed New
36
Commercial Development
3.6
Number and Locations of Existing Commercial
39
Developments with Similar Characteristics
3.7
3.8
Questionnaire Surveys
41
3.7.1 Customers Survey
41
3.7.2 Shop Owners Survey
43
Vehicle Counts
43
3.8.1 Vehicles
Count
at
Existing Commercial
44
3.8.2 Vehicles Count at Critical Intersection near the
46
Developments
Proposed Tesco
3.9
3.11
Mean Trip Rate Estimation Procedures
48
3.9.1 Trip Rate Analysis Procedures
48
3.9.2 Cross-Classification Analysis Procedures
50
3.9.3 Regression Analysis Procedures
51
3.10
52
Projected Traffic Volume
Appropriate Road Improvement
54
ix
4
55
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Introduction
55
4.2
Trip Rate Analysis
56
4.2.1 Giant U Mall
56
4.2.2 Jusco Taman Universiti
56
4.2.3 Carrefour Sutera Utama
57
4.2.4 Mean Trip Rate Using Trip Rate Analysis
57
Cross-Classification Analysis
58
4.3.1 Giant U Mall
58
4.3.2 Jusco Taman Universiti
70
4.3.3 Carrefour Sutera Utama
82
4.3.4 Mean Trip Rate Using Cross-Classification
98
4.3
Analysis
4.4
4.5
Regression Analysis
99
4.4.1 Mean Trip Rate Using Regression Analysis
105
Comparison of Entry Mean Trip Rate Using Trip Rate
106
Analysis, Cross-Classification Analysis, Regression
Analysis and Trip Generation Manual
4.6
Traffic Impact Assessment
4.6.1 Base
Year
Traffic
107
Volume
at
Critical
107
4.6.2 Projected Traffic Volume at Opening Year
110
Intersection
2015
4.6.3 Projected Traffic Volume in Horizon Year
112
2025
4.7
5
Transport Improvement
CONCLUSIONS
5.1
Conclusions
114
115
115
REFERENCES
119
APPENDIX A-C
121
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Effects of improper estimation of trip rates (Minhans, A.
8
et. al., 2012)
2.2
Typical trip production table (Garber and Hoel, 2009)
22
2.3
Typical trip attractions table (Garber and Hoel, 2009)
23
3.1
Districts within each zone together with population size
31
3.2
Percentage of each type of land use in Skudai Town as
33
obtained from MPJBT
3.3
General characteristics of the proposed TH, GUM, JTU
40
and CSU
3.4
PCU factors as taken from Malaysian Trip Generation
49
Manual 2010 by HPU
4.1
Trip Rate Analysis results (GUM)
56
4.2
Trip Rate Analysis results (JTU)
56
4.3
Trip Rate Analysis results (CSU)
57
4.4
Weekday AM peak, weekday PM peak, weekend AM
58
peak and weekend PM peak mean trip rate PCU trips
per hour per 100m2 GFA and standard deviation
4.5
Weekday AM peak survey data (GUM)
59
4.6
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
59
employees
4.7
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
60
versus GFA and number of employees
4.8
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
60
xi
4.9
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
60
GFA category and number of employees
4.10
Weekday PM peak survey data (GUM)
62
4.11
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
62
employees
4.12
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
63
versus GFA and number of employees
4.13
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
63
4.14
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
63
GFA category and number of employees
4.15
Weekend AM peak survey data (GUM)
65
4.16
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
65
employees
4.17
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
66
versus GFA and number of employees
4.18
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
66
4.19
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
66
GFA category and number of employees
4.20
Weekend PM peak survey data (GUM)
68
4.21
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
68
employees
4.22
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
69
versus GFA and number of employees
4.23
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
69
4.24
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
69
GFA category and number of employees
4.25
Weekday AM peak survey data (JTU)
71
4.26
No. of shops in each GFA category versus employees
71
4.27
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
72
versus GFA and number of employees
4.28
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
72
4.29
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
72
GFA category and number of employees
xii
4.30
Weekday PM peak survey data (JTU)
74
4.31
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
74
employees
4.32
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
75
versus GFA and number of employees
4.33
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
75
4.34
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
75
GFA category and number of employees
4.35
Weekend AM peak survey data (JTU)
77
4.36
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
77
employees
4.37
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
78
versus GFA and number of employees
4.38
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
78
4.39
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
78
GFA category and number of employees
4.40
Weekend PM peak survey data (JTU)
80
4.41
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
80
employees
4.42
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
81
versus GFA and number of employees
4.43
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
81
4.44
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
81
GFA category and number of employees
4.45
Weekday AM peak survey data (CSU)
83
4.46
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
84
employees
4.47
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
84
versus GFA and number of employees
4.48
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
84
4.49
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
85
GFA category and number of employees
4.50
Weekday PM peak survey data (CSU)
87
xiii
4.51
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
88
employees
4.52
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
88
versus GFA and number of employees
4.53
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
88
4.54
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
89
GFA category and number of employees
4.55
Weekend AM peak survey data (CSU)
91
4.56
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
92
employees
4.57
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
92
versus GFA and number of employees
4.58
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
92
4.59
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
93
GFA category and number of employees
4.60
Weekend PM peak survey data (CSU)
95
4.61
No. of shops in each GFA category versus no. of
96
employees
4.62
Average number of person trips per shop per hour
96
versus GFA and number of employees
4.63
Percentage of shops in each GFA category
96
4.64
Number of person trips per hour with respect to each
97
GFA category and number of employees
4.65
Weekday AM peak, weekday PM peak, weekend AM
98
peak and weekend PM peak mean trip rate PCU trips
per hour per 100m2 GFA and standard deviation using
Cross-Classification Analysis
4.66
Dependency between GFA and number of employees to
99
number of trips
4.67
Dependency of GFA to number of trips
99
4.68
Dependency of number of employees to number of trips
100
4.69
Mean trip rate from regression Analysis for GUM
102
4.70
Mean trip rate from regression Analysis for JTU
103
xiv
4.71
Mean trip rate from regression Analysis for CSU
105
4.72
Weekday AM peak, weekday PM peak, weekend AM
106
peak and weekend PM peak mean trip rate PCU trips
per hour per 100m2 GFA and standard deviation using
Regression Analysis
4.73
Comparison of entry mean trip rate per 100 m 2 GFA
using
trip
analysis,
cross-classification
107
analysis,
regression analysis and Trip Generation Manual
4.74
Base year intersection performance
110
4.75
Number of trips generated by the proposed TH
111
4.76
Intersection performance at opening year 2015
112
4.77
Projected intersection performance in horizon year 2025
113
with the proposed TH
4.78
Projected intersection performance in horizon year 2025
with the proposed TH and proposed road improvement
114
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Type and intensity of land uses in Skudai Town (source:
12
MPJBT Johor Map 2010)
2.2
Travel forecasting process
17
2.3
Typical home based (HB) trip with respect to trip
19
production and trip attraction
2.4
Typical non-home (NHB) based trip with respect to trip
19
production and trip attraction
2.5
Trips characteristics (Minhans, A., 2008)
20
2.6
Transport improvement methods (Minhans, A., Pillai,
25
C. M., 2012)
3.1
Flowchart for the activity of the study
28
3.2
Study area boundary (not to scale)
30
3.3
Boundary of each zone within Skudai Town
30
3.4
Current and proposed all type of land use in Skudai
32
Town as obtained from MPJBT
3.5
Current and proposed commercial type of land use in
34
Skudai Town as obtained from MPJBT
3.6
Current commercial type of land use in Skudai Town as
35
obtained from MPJBT
3.7
Proposed (2020) commercial type of land use in Skudai
36
Town as obtained from MPJBT
3.8(a)
Location of new proposed TH at Taman Sri Pulai
Perdana (not to scale)
38
xvi
3.8(b)
Location of new proposed TH at Taman Sri Pulai
38
Perdana (not to scale)
3.9
Location of proposed TH, GUM, JTU and CSU (not to
40
scale)
3.10
Surveyor locations for the manual vehicle counting for
44
GUM
3.11
Surveyor locations for the manual vehicle counting for
45
JTU
3.12
Surveyor locations for the manual vehicle counting for
45
CSU
3.13
Location of critical intersection nearby the proposed TH
47
3.14
Geometry layout of the intersection
47
4.1
Weekday AM peak (GUM)
100
4.2
Weekday PM peak (GUM)
101
4.3
Weekend AM peak (GUM)
101
4.4
Weekend PM peak (GUM)
101
4.5
Weekday AM peak (JTU)
102
4.6
Weekday PM peak (JTU)
102
4.7
Weekend AM peak (JTU)
103
4.8
Weekend PM peak (JTU)
103
4.9
Weekday AM peak (CSU)
104
4.10
Weekday PM peak (CSU)
104
4.11
Weekend AM peak (CSU)
104
4.12
Weekend PM peak (CSU)
105
4.13
Base year (2012) weekday AM peak hour traffic volume
108
4.14
Base year (2012) weekday PM peak hour traffic volume
108
4.15
Base year (2012) weekend AM peak hour traffic volume
109
4.16
Base year (2012) weekend PM peak hour traffic volume
109
4.17
Projected traffic volume at opening year 2015 without
111
the proposed TH in PCU/hr for all traffic movements
4.18
Projected traffic volume in horizon year 2025 with the
proposed TH in PCU/hr for all traffic movements
113
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol
Descriptions
LOS
Level of Service
TIA
Traffic Impact Assessment
GFA
Gross Floor Area
HCM
Highway Capacity Manual
HPU
Highway Planning Unit Malaysia
ITE
Institute Transportation Engineers
O-D
Origin-Destination
IDR
Iskandar Development Region
TAZ
Traffic Analysis Zone
HB
Home Based
NHB
TH
GUM
Non-Home Based
Tesco Hypermarket
Giant U Mall
JTU
Jusco Taman Universiti
CSU
Carrefour Sutera Utama
xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
Appendix A
Customers Survey Form
121
Appendix B
Shop Owners Survey Form
125
Appendix C
Manual Vehicle Count Sheet
126