vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF EXHIBITIONS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1. A
1.1 Background of the Study
1
1.2 Problem Statement
3
1.3 Purpose of the Study
5
1.4 Objectives of the Study
5
viii
2
1.5 Research Questions
6
1.6 Significance of the Study
6
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
7
1.8 Chapter Organizing
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.
2.1 Introduction
9
2.2 Employee Motivation and Organization
10
2.3 Motivation
11
2.4 Historical Review of Motivation Theories
12
2.4.1
Instinct Theories of Motivation
14
2.4.2
Reinforcement or Incentive Theories of
14
Motivation
2.4.3
Human Relation Theories of Motivation
16
2.4.4
Content Theories of Motivation
17
2.4.5
Process Theories of Motivation
22
2.5 Need Satisfaction and Individual Differences
29
2.6 Influential Factors in the Formation of Human
30
Needs and Behavior
2.6.1
Micro and Macro Environmental Factors
30
2.6.2
Cultural Factor
31
2.6.3
Values
32
2.6.4
Religious Factor
33
2.7 Conclusion
35
ix
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
36
3.
4
3.1 Introduction
36
3.2 Approach of the Study
36
3.3 Nature of the Sources of Information
37
3.4 Sources of Information
38
3.5 Method and Procedure of Collecting Information
39
3.5.1
Method
39
3.5.2
Procedure
39
3.6 Conceptual Framework of the Study
48
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
49
4.
4.1 Introduction
49
4.2 Findings
50
4.3 Human Nature from Western Perspective
52
4.3.1
Freudianism School
52
4.3.2
Behaviorism School
54
4.3.3
Humanism School
55
4.4 Human Needs As Mirrored in Western Literature
57
4.5 Human Nature from Islamic Perspective
61
4.5.1
Meaning of Islam
61
4.5.2
Man’s Vertical and Horizontal
62
Relationship
4.5.3
4.5.4
Different Forms of Worship in Islam
64
4.5.3.1
Ritualistic Worship
64
4.5.3.2
Righteous Deed
65
Dual Nature of Man
4.6 Islamic Identification of Human Needs
66
68
x
4.6.1
Physiological and Material Needs
68
4.6.2
Psychological Needs
69
4.6.3
Spiritual Needs
71
4.7 Comparison of Human Nature and Needs
4.7.1
Levels of Development Based on Human
72
72
Nature and Needs
4.7.2
Motivation Based on Different Human
77
Nature and Needs
4.7.2.1
Motive of Knowledge
78
4.7.2.2
Motive of Authority and
80
Free-will
4.7.2.3
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
81
Reinforcements
4.7.3
Role of Work in Fulfilling Needs of
83
Employees
5
CONCLUSION
89
5.
5.1 Overview of the Study
89
5.2 Implications for Managers
91
REFERENCES
93 - 105
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Detailed View of the Collected Information
40
4.1
Findings
50
4.2
General Classification of Needs in Western
60
Literature
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Mapping of Motivation Theories
13
2.2
Maslow’s Original Hierarchy of Needs in 1943
18
2.3
Maslow’s Modified Hierarchy of Needs
19
2.4
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory in 1964
23
2.5
Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory
24
2.6
Adam’s Equity Ratio 1963
25
2.7
Bandura’s Triadic Interrelation of Personal factors,
28
Behavior, and environment
3.1
Conceptual Framework of the Study
48
4.1
Horizontal Relationship of Man in Secular
62
Worldview
4.2
Vertical and Horizontal Relationship in Islamic
63
Worldview
4.3
Four Levels of Human Development in Islam
72
4.4
Levels of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcements in
81
Islamic Worldview
xiii
LIST OF EXHIBITIONS
EXHIBIT NO.
3.1
TITLE
List of Journals
PAGE
38