Delft Centre for Materials
Touching the future today
Newsletter
March 2007
issue 9
L A B O R AT O R Y P R O F I L E
FROM ALUMINIUM ALLOYING
TO V E R M E E R
In this issue
FROM ALUMINIUM ALLOYING
TO VERMEER
1
PREDICTING THE TRAJECTORY OF CRACKS
2
DECISION STRATEGIES IN
DESIGN
4
SBIR WORKSHOP SELF HEALING MATERIALS
5
IMPROVING POLYELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL
MEMBRANES
6
MECHANICAL SPECTROSCOPY
7
ALERTS / AGENDA
8
Deadline contributions
for next issue:
20th of April 2007
Delft University of Technology
The work carried out by the
Structure and Change in Materials research group, one of the
22 groups in the Delft Centre
for Materials (DCMat), is extremely diverse, explains Prof.
Barend Thijsse. The group’s
work ranges from step-by-step
improvement of alloys to researching suits of armour from
the Middle Ages.
By Peter Baeten
On a scale between less than one
picometre and approximately 0.1
micrometre, the group Structure
and Change in Materials works on
the research and improvement of
the structure of mostly metals,
alloys and semiconductors (no
polymers). The group researches
the materials under realistic
‘dirty’ conditions. This means,
for example, even researching
materials that are not in equilibrium (hence the term ‘Change’ in
the group’s name).
Prof. Barend Thijsse, leader of
the group: 'Computer simulations
make up a large part of the work.
These allow us to design new
materials, as it were. For example, in improving aluminium alloys we can substitute a certain
element virtually with another
element. This means that the
work we do actually precedes the
experimental research.'
Therefore, one of the important
research areas is the ‘design’ of
materials, for example of alloys.
This is an example of the work
carried out in the Virtual Materials Laboratory, one of the four
sections within the Structure and
Change in Materials group. The
other three are Solid State Trans-
Jan Vermeer, Young Woman at a Virginal, ca. 1670, oil on canvas, private
collection.
formations, Materials in Art and
Archaeology, and the X-ray Laboratory.
The categorisation of these sections is a clear indication of just
how diverse the research carried
out by Barend Thijsse’s group is.
This is also reflected in the research portfolio and the application area of the diverse research
lines: they range from research
into material defects to solid
state transformations, thin films,
hydrogen filters and the stability
of semiconductors, to name but a
few.
Important experimental research methods for Barend
Thijsse’s group are X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, carried out at the X-ray
Laboratory. With these facilities, Structure and Change in
Materials also fulfils an important function for other researchers from inside and outside TU Delft.
In terms of public profile, however, the most striking in Barend Thijsse’s group is the group
led by Joris Dik, Materials in
Art and Archaeology. Subjects
continued on page 2
Delft Centre for Materials
WAARDE PROMOVENDUS
PREDICTING THE TRAJECTORY
One of the challenges in the
development of finite element
models for the prediction of
crack growth is the creation
and propagation of cracks in a
truly mesh-independent way.
The partition of unity method
provides an elegant solution.
By Joris Remmers
The failure behaviour of materials can be studied using numerical techniques based on the
finite element method. From a
historical point of view, a distinction can be made between
two techniques: smeared approaches and the discrete fracture models. In the smeared
approach, failure in a material is
modelled by decreasing the
stiffness of the continuum elements according to a damage
law to dissipate the correct
amount of energy. Instead of
creating a true crack in the
model, the effects of the failure
OF CRACKS
process are smeared out over a
specific width.
The smeared approach fails to
hold when the process zone, the
area in the vicinity of the crack
tip in which the material is undergoing irreversible deformations, is relatively small. The
alternative in this case is a discrete failure approach, such as
the cohesive surface formulation.
Instead of smearing, the fracture
processes are lumped into a single plane in front of the crack,
the cohesive surface. The failure
characteristics of the material
are determined by an independent constitutive relation that
describes the separation of the
cohesive surface. The positions
of traction free cohesive surfaces
in the model mark the presence
of a crack in the material.
Conventionally, cohesive surfaces
can be inserted in the finite element mesh as interface elements, which are placed be-
Figure 2: Simulation of dynamic
shear failure using the partition of
unity approach. Left: trajectory
of the crack at low impact velocities; Right: trajectory at high
velocities.
Figure 1:Cohesive surface model
for the simulation of fast crack
growth. In this model, cohesive
surfaces are inserted as interfaces at all inter-element
boundaries (Xu and Needleman,
Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids 42, 1994).
tween two continuum elements. Unfortunately, this
approach is problematic when
the trajectory of the crack is
not known beforehand. A possible solution is to add interfaces between all elements,
as demonstrated in Figure 1.
In this simulation, crack
growth in arbitrary directions
has been captured, but the
approach is still meshdependent. First, the trajectory is constrained to a selected number of angles,
which prevents small deviations to be captured. In addition, since the cohesive zones
have a non-zero compliance
continued on page 4
L A B O R AT O R Y P R O F I L E ( C O N T I N U E D )
at the interface of art, archaeology and technology are regularly the focus points of the
group’s work. An example of this
is Sylvia Leever, a student at TU
Delft, who came up with the
idea of researching old suits of
armour to find out if they were
really ‘bullet proof’ (for which
she won the Young Wild Ideas
Award of the Delft Centre for
Materials). Leever researched
the materials properties of 17th
Century armour breastplates.
Her research proposal was
rather unconventional in the
sense that she carried out destructive research on two
breastplates specially purchased
for the experiment (while many
of such armour pieces can be
found in museum). With the aid
of rifle tests at TNO-PML, Leever
was able to obtain a clear indication of the properties of these
harnesses, and she came up with
a model that will avoid destructive tests on such pieces of
‘cultural’ heritage in future.
Another notable research project to come out of Joris Dik’s
group concerned a controversial
painting by Vermeer entitled
Young Woman Standing at Virginal. The materials science
researchers ascertained that the
woman’s coat had probably
been reworked. TU Delft was
able to use this to pursue an
important technical argument
that supports the earlier findings of art historians (that the
painting is quite definitely a
Vermeer).
With the help of modern electron microscopy from the
Kavli Institute of Nanoscience
at TU Delft, the researchers
were able to determine that
the yellow top layer of paint
on the coat does not match
the layer beneath. The white
lead in the upper layer has a
completely different struccontinued on next page
Page 2
Newsletter
ture. The grain size of the paint
particles is larger and much
more irregular than those in the
layer of paint beneath. Moreover, small particles of aluminosilicate were discovered at
the interface of the two layers,
which were missing elsewhere
in the layer of paint. The most
probable explanation for this is
dust pollution of the bottom
layer of paint before the top
layer was added. The weaker
stylistic finish of the yellow
coat can, therefore, be seen as
a reworking, which is one of the
important art historical arguments for attributing the canvas
to Vermeer.
But Dik’s research is not merely
of public relations value only.
Last year for example, an archaeological research project
carried out with Leiden University resulted in the publication
of an article in Nature. Materials science research at TU Delft
into 3,200 year old glazed ceramics from the Middle East
showed that an innovative embellishing technology had been
developed there but was then
later lost.
Researchers examined ceramic
pieces from 1200 BC that had
been found in a ruined temple
in what is now Jordan. They
analysed the composition of a
bowl made of faience (a type of
Two identical nanowires: the copper nanowire (upper) and silicon nanowire (lower) have different fracture behaviour upon horizontal movement of the upper plateau. Computer simulations help to analyse the
brittle fracture (lower, silicon) and ductile fracture (upper, copper) into
fine detail. This research is important for future generation chips.
glazed ceramic) and discovered
small particles of the mineral
chromite in the glazed coating.
The discovery threw new light
on the technology history of the
Middle East. Chromite had never
before been found in glazes
from the Middle East before
Roman times. It would appear
that this remarkable technology
sank into oblivion after the
Late Bronze Age and has remained there until today.
Another striking element of
Barend Thijsse’s field of research is the forthcoming
launch of the sports materials
specialisation in the Materials
Engineering Master’s programme, where Barend
Thijsse’s group will play a
prominent role. And not only in
the area of education. According to Barend Thijsse, apart
from offering courses, there
will also be serious scientific
research carried out in the
field of sports materials.
“A prominent source of
research questions for
Janssen’s field is the
automotive industry,
one of the biggest
users of coating
systems and surface
treatments”
In addition to these activities,
Barend Thijsse ardently supports the DCMat overarching
theme, self-healing materials.
'The subject is a little bit of a
hype, but why not let it be a
hype? The fact is, you have to
create a lot of ideas in order to
create good ones.'
Cross section of the paint of the ’yellow coat’ at Vermeers ’Young woman
at a virginal’. The upper left figure is an optical image. Proceeding clockwise mappings of the elemental distribution of the same cross section for
various elements are shown. The upper and lower layers of the paint differ
significantly in composition and structure. Moreover, the interface between the two paint layers is contaminated by large grains of feldspar (Al,
Si). This suggests the upper paint layer was not by Vermeer, but an addition of later times.
Apart from Barend Thijsse, the
group Structure and Change in
Materials comprises three
associate professors, approximately fourteen post-docs and
PhD students, and three technician support staff.
Contact Information:
Prof. Barend Thijsse:
b.j.thijsse@tudelft.nl
DCMat
Page 3
WAARDE
prior to cracking, the overall
stiffness of the material is
slightly smaller than expected, which may influence
the results.
“We developed finite
element models for the
prediction of crack
growth and
propagation in a truly
mesh-independent
way.”
The alternative is to incorporate the cohesive zones as
discontinuities in the continuum elements by employing
the partition of unity property
of finite element shape functions. The magnitude of this
discontinuity is set by an additional set of degrees of freedom, which are added to the
existing nodes of the finite
element mesh. The discontinuities can be added and extended in the finite element
mesh during a simulation,
which allows for the simulation of crack propagation in
arbitrary directions, irrespective of the structure of the
finite element mesh. In addition, since a cohesive zone is
only extended when needed,
the use of a dummy stiffness
prior to cracking is avoided
and the number of additional
degrees of freedom remains
small.
PROMOVENDUS
(CONTINUED)
In this thesis,
the partition
of unity approach has
been used to
investigate a
number of
fracture problems on different levels of
observation.
The method
has been implemented in
a solid-like
shell element
to analyse
delamination
buckling on a
structural
level. In an
alternative
Figure 3: Crack branching at the interface of a bimodel, the
material specimen under tensile load.
method is
used to study
been extended to analyse the
the fast crack propagation in
nucleation growth and coalessolids due to an impact load.
cence of multiple cracks, as
It can be seen in Figure 2 that
demonstrated in Figure 3.
the direction of the crack
depends on the impact velocMore information
ity, which is in agreement
Joris Remmers
with experimental observaJ.J.C.Remmers@TUDelft.nl
tions. Finally, the method has
MATERIALS HIGHLIGHT
DECISION STRATEGIES IN DESIGN
In the third week of January
2007 prof. Ashby from Cambridge taught at the Faculty
of Architecture and concluded his visit as key-note
speaker at the seminar Decision Strategies in Design.
these various aspects bring in
their alternative design suggestions in the stage of the
amalgamation of the ideas:
the stage where the ultimate
design decisions have to be
taken.
By Fred Veer &
Alexander Schmets
The aspect of knowledge and
how to use it in the design
process was treated by Henri
Christiaans of the Faculty of
Industrial Design Engineering.
He shed his light on the category of knowledge that is
required by the designer, and
to which extent decision
tools, like CES, provide the
designer with this knowledge.
Closely related were the
presentations of Wim Poelman of the Faculty of Architecture, who dedicated his
presentation to the diffusion
of technical knowledge in
industrial design and of Rob
Nijsse, who gave numerous
Design is often considered as
merely a creative process.
However, at many stages in
the design process decisions
are taken, either intuitive or
as a result of carefully considering various technical,
aesthetic or psychological
aspects. The ever increasing
complexity of products as
well as the environment in
which these products are
being used/applied asks for a
concurrent and multidisciplinary approach of the design
process, where experts on
Page 4
examples from his experience as
a structural designer, while Ilse
van Kesteren focused on how
materials are selected by designers, and the effect of this selection on the interaction with the
user.
It is clear that for making proper
decisions, a classification of the
important properties, faceted
classification, plays an important
role. Researchers from the unicontinued on page 5
Newsletter
versity of Bath presented a
software system that helps
browsing through faceted
schemes.
The software is based on his
own standard work ‘Materials
Selection in Mechanical Design’, now in it’s third edition.
Finally, the key note speaker
Mike Ashby presented another
design tool. This software,
CES, provides the user withtools to help making design
decisions quickly by providing
information varying from Ecodesign to production costs.
The faculty of architecture
has introduced the Cambridge
Engineering Selector software
from Granta Design this academic year. To introduce the
staff of the faculty of Architecture to the CES tool a series of courses was arranged
on the 16th to 18th of januari
where 58 staf members, varying form PhD students to full
professors, were taught by
Prof. Ashby personally how to
use the software. The course
was a great success and should
contribute significantly to the
successful use of the CES software, facilitating the use of
materials science knowledge
in the design curriculum.
This software provides
the user with tools to
help making design
decisions quickly by
providing information
varying from Ecodesign to production
costs.
VALORISING MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE
SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH (SBIR)
WORKSHOP
One of the many differences
between the USA and the
Netherlands is the speed with
which new knowledge is transferred from the university to
industry, where the application of this knowledge adds
value. Such a difference is of
course the result of a lot of
factors but, according to the
Dutch Ministry of Economical
Affairs, an important factor
could be the American Small
Business Innovation Research
programme (SBIR). We are
very delighted that the departmental SBIR working
group of the ministry has selected the area of Self Healing
Materials as one of the areas
were a future SBIR programme
MATERIAL
could become a success.
Therefore, a special workshop on
SBIR in relation to the area of
self healing materials is being
organized on 17 April, 09.0014.00, at the Ministry of Economical Affairs (Ministerie van
Economische Zaken, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, Den Haag).
The programme will start of with
a presentation on the Dutch SBIR
initiative. Next two renowned
guest speakers will share their
views. Prof. Les Lee from the
Airforce Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) will present the
new business development in the
USA, where he is responsible
for the funding of various
research programmes in self
healing materials, and Prof.
Klaas van Breugel (TU
Delft) will discuss the
possibilities for commercializing self healing concrete.
You are cordially invited
to attend this workshop.
For up-to-date information
concerning the pilots and
SBIR visit www.sbir.nl. For
more information on this
workshop contact:
Patrick van Veenendaal
(P.vanVeenendaal@senternovem.nl),
SenterNovem, or
Gerrit Linssen
(G.J.M.Linssen@minez.nl),
Min. van Economische Zaken
FRIEND
FRANK NUIJENS, PRESS OFFICER OF TU DELFT
The ‘WTC-team’ (Science and
Technology Communication) is
part of the department of
Corporate Communication at
TU Delft. Our department has
three science information
officers who consult the Delft
Research Centres (DRC’s) on
their external communication
and act as their press officers.
The science information officer for the Delft Centre for
Materials is Frank Nuijens.
What’s our role?
We are the communication
consultants for the DRC’s,
institutes and themes. Furthermore, we are the “press
officers” for the DRC’s towards international, national,
regional and specialized meDCMat Newsletter
dia. We can also put you in
touch with our communication
consultant of the Valorization
Centre if you have valorisation
questions, or our public affairs
officer who maintains and
elaborates TU Delft connections in The Hague and Brussels.
We are the ambassadors of the
research within the DRC’s for
the corporate communication
of TU Delft. We try to incorporate this research into TU communication activities, like
student recruitment, staff
recruitment, internal communication, public affairs, valorization etc.
We are the science communication officers for all the re-
search within TU Delft.
What can I do for you?
I am your communication consultant, working mainly with
the DRC management on strategic plans and the execution
of them. I am also your science
information officer and ambassador. Please keep in mind
that my role as information
officer and ambassador can
only be successful if I am
aware of your research activities.
This approach works both
ways: I will stay in touch with
you to stay updated on research, to connect you to journalists who approach us with
questions about your research
subject and by informing you
about communication initiatives at TU Delft which we can
use to promote DRC research.
On the other hand I need you
to keep me updated on new
developments. That way I can
find the best way to communicate your information to the
target audience. So please get
in touch!
How can you reach me?
Frank Nuijens
Prometheusplein 1, Delft (TU
Delft Library)
T: 015 - 278 4259
F: 015 - 278 1855
M: 06 - 140 151 18
E: F.W.Nuijens@tudelft.nl
W: http://www.drc.tudelft.nl
Page 5
MASTERING MATERIALS
IMPROVING
The 2006 Shell Bachelor
Prize has been won by Leen
van der Ham of the
DelftChemTech section
Nanostructured Materials,
TU Delft. Van der Ham received the prize (2,500 euros) during the finals on
February 13, for his Bachelor’s thesis on the possibilities of converting hydrogen
to electricity. Shell Nederland and the technical universities of Delft, Eindhoven
and Twente award the prize
annually to motivate young
talent to focus on sustainable development. DCMat
congratulates Leen and his
supervisors with this very
honourable achievement.
“At the moment the
mass-application of
fuel cells is still
limited by the high
costs involved with the
membranes that are
used, typically a
perfluorinated
sulphonic acid polymer
known as Nafion. ”
POLY-ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL MEMBRANES
eH+
Anode
O2 in
H+
+
H+ H
H+
Membrane
Cathode
H2O out
Typical configuration of a hydrogen fed fuel cell
A fuel cell is an energy conversion device, taking hydrogen
and converting it into protons
and electricity. The efficiency
of the fuel cell is strongly dependent on the polymer electrolyte membrane and its ability to transport protons through
the cell. At the moment the
mass-application of fuel cells is
still limited by the high costs
involved with the membranes
that are used, typically a perfluorinated sulphonic acid polymer known as Nafion. Also the
properties of Nafion are not yet
optimal for some operating
conditions. A potential alternative for Nafion is a liquid crystalline polymer based on sulphonated polyaramid that has
been developed by the NSM
group. First tests have already
shown that most of the properties of this material are suitable
for use in a fuel cell, but unfortunately the mechanical properties proved to be insufficient.
The main problem was that the
membranes were too brittle,
making them break very easily
and therefore difficult to handle.
Recently, I discovered that
research on materials pays.
On February the 13th I received the Shell Bachelor
Award 2006 for my research
project on a polymer fuel cell
membrane, and was rewarded
with the prize of 2500 euros.
The Shell Bachelor Master
Award is a relatively new annual prize presented to the
best Bachelor and Masters
students who have conducted
a research project in the field
of energy and sustainability.
My Bachelor’s project, which I
completed at the NanoStructured Materials (NSM) group at
the Delft University of Technology, was about improving
the mechanical properties of a
new potential fuel cell membrane material.
*
H+
H2 in
By Leen van der Ham
H
e-
SO3H
O
N
N
*
O
H
n
During my research project, I
investigated the possibilities
for improving the mechanical
properties by adding a second
polymer to the sulphonated
polyaramid. It was expected
that adding a small amount of
a flexible cationic polymer
could result into a stronger
material. The cationic polymer
forms ionic bonds with the
anionic sulphonic group of the
rigid polyaramid. In this way it
essentially glues the material
together. However, the proton
conduction properties of the
material, which are introduced
to the material by the sulphonic groups, may also decrease because of this ionic
interaction.
After analysing several mechanical and conducting properties of membranes with varying polymer ratios, I concluded
that indeed the mechanical
properties are improved by
adding the second polymer. A
good illustration of the result is
the fact that it was possible to
fold the membranes in two
without breaking them. The
conducting properties of the
membranes were also affected
by the ionic interaction; it
resulted in a very slight but
acceptable decrease. Although
the conductivity at room temperature was found to be lower
compared to Nafion, it was
comparable at a temperature
of 90 °C because of a strong
dependence on the water content in the membrane that
The structure of a sulphonated polyaramid polymer
continued on page 7
Page 6
Newsletter
INSTRUMENT OF THE MONTH
MECHANICAL SPECTROSCOPY: USING INTERNAL
FRICTION TO CHARACTERISE MICROSTRUCTURE
Recently a new set up has
been installed at the Reactor Institute Delft: an internal friction spectrometer for
characterisation of the microstructure in metals.
By David San Martin
Mechanical Spectroscopy, also
known as internal friction, is a
spectroscopic technique in
which a mechanical oscillating
stress (applied by torsioning)
at a certain frequency is applied on a solid. The stress
applied has to be below the
elastic limit of the material.
Under this condition, the deformation will be recovered
upon release of the applied
stress. Deformation is composed of two contributions;
the elastic (linearly proportional to the applied stress
with an instantaneous response) and an anelastic contribution (much lower in magnitude and showing delayed
response, which is due to
dissipative, i.e. frictional,
losses in the material). The
anelastic response is related
to the motion of defects
(dislocations, interstitials,
vacancies … etc.) and results
in dissipation of energy. The
internal friction is a measure
of the mechanical energy
dissipated and depends on the
frequency and temperature
applied during the experiment. This energy absorbed is
directly related to the number
and kind of mobile defects
present inside the solid, as
well as to the characteristic
motion that they undergo.
Therefore, the measurement
of internal friction can be
used to obtain information
about the microstructure of
the material in a nondestructive way.
Instrument Specifications:
- Temperature range:100-1200 K
- Strain amplitude range:10-4 - 10-6
- Frequency range: 0.1–10 Hz
- Sample dimensions: (L x W x T)
58 x 4 x 1 mm3
Contact information:
David San Martin
D.SanMartin@TUDelft.nl
www.dcmat-is.tudelft.nl
Schematic representation of a typical Me-
The Mechanical Spectroscopy set-up at
chanical Spectroscopy set-up.
the Reactor Institute Delft
The measurement of
internal friction can be
used to obtain
information about the
microstructure of a
material in a nondestructive way.
MASTERING MATERIALS (CONTINUED)
IMPROVING
POLY-ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL MEMBRANES
assists with proton transport.
Altogether, this new material
seems to be a good alternative
for Nafion. According to the
jury of the Shell Award, my
research project was considered to have the best potential.
For more details about the
development of new polymeric materials for fuel cell
membranes, contact
Dr. Hayley Every
(h.a.every@tudelft.nl),
DCMat Newsletter
Dr. Eduardo Mendes
(e.mendes@tudelft.nl) ,
Prof. Stephen Picken
(s.j.picken@tudelft.nl),
or visit the NSM website
(www.dct.tudelft.nl/nsm).
Contact information:
Leen van der Ham
Chemical Engineering student
l.v.vanderham@student.tudelft.nl
Picture of a mechanically improved
membrane
Page 7
Delft Centre for Materials
Visiting Adress
Delft Centre for Materials
P.O. 5058
2600 GB Delft
Kluyverweg 1
2629 HS Delft
Editorial Team
Peter Baeten
Eduardo Mendes
Frank Nuijens
Wim Poelman
Joris Remmers
Mario de Rooij
Alexander Schmets
Geeta van der Zaken
Contributions
Leen van der Ham
David San Martin
Barend Thijsse
Fred Veer
Contributions to the newsletter can be send to
info.dcmat@tudelft.nl.
Online
You can find the online
version of the newsletter in
the Newsletter section of
www.dcmat.tudelft.nl .
Disclaimer
The information in this
Newsletter has been thoroughly checked by the
editorial team. We can,
however, not prevent that
mistakes might occur.
The Delft Centre for Materials does not take responsibility for these mistakes
or any consequences there
of.
M AT E R I A L S A L E R T :
DEADLINES AND MORE
First International Conference on Self Healing Materials
Young Wild Ideas
International Lustrum Symposium,
‘SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS, Focus
on Africa’
In about two weeks time the
First International Conference
on Self Healing materials will
take place. By now, more than
170 delegates have registered.
The conference will have a
strong international character,
and covers all major materials
classes.
The opportunity to register is
still open. Please, if you don’t
want to miss it, register online
via www.selfhealingmaterials.nl
By the end of May, beginning of June, the Young
Wild Idea Committee will
gather again and select
from the newly received
young wild ideas. If you
have a good idea that has a
connection with materials,
please do not hesitate, but
submit. Details about submission and proposal format
can be found on the DCMat
website.
We invite you to submit an abstract on
technological solutions to the social,
ecological, and economic aspects of
sustainable development. The scope includes research,
educational and consultancy projects on one or more of the themes
that can be found on the symposium
website, that can be reached by
clicking the banner on the TU Delft
homepage.
AGENDA
UPCOMING
EVENTS
4 April 2007, 15:00-16:30h Reactor Institute Delft, TU Delft
Colloquium ‘Trans-disciplinary Research in the Bio- and Material Cultures at Qumran, the Site of the
Dead Sea scrolls’, by Jan Gunneweg (CAAS)
17 April 2007, 09:00h, Ministry of Economical Affairs
Workshop Small Business Innovation Research
18-20 April 2007, Noordwijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
First International Conference on Self Healing Materials
7 May 2007, 15:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘A computational framework for uncertainty quantification in fibre-reinforced composites.’, thesis
defence by D.B. Chung
8 May 2007, 10:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘3D Analysis of Fracture Processes in Concrete ’, thesis defence by G. Lilliu
9-10 May 2007, Eindhoven
Vakbeurs Materials Engineering. Special theme: materials selection.
4 June 2007, 15:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘Modeling of Combined Physical-Mechanical Moisture Induced Damage of Asphaltic Mixes ’, thesis
defence by N. Kringos
5 June 2007, 15:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘Reeling of Tight Fit Pipe ’, thesis defence by E.S. Focke
5 June 2007, 10:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘Permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures ’, thesis defence by P.M. Muraya
11 June 2007, 10:00h, Aula TU Delft
‘Pulse Cathodic Protection ’, thesis defence by D.A. Koleva
3-8 June 2007, Faculty of Civil Engineering, TU Delft
Concrete Microscopy: a yearly course on the characterisation of the microstructure of cement based
materials for MSC and PhD students as well as professionals from industry
2-5 July 2007, City Hall, Delft
Workshop “Instabilities across the scales”
23-28 July 2007, Eifel Mountains, Germany
The Second IDEA League Summer School on ‘Multiscale Modelling in Materials Science and Engineering’
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