vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
LIST OF APPENDIX
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Study Objectives
1.4 Scope of Study
1.5 Location of Study
1.6 Significance of Study
CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
2.2 Water Pollution
2.2.1 Stormwater pollutants
2.3 First Flush
2.4 Event Mean Concentration (EMC)
2.5 Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs)
2.5.1 Design Criteria and Mechanism of GPTs system
2.5.1.1 Rubbish Trap
2.5.1.2 Filtration
2.5.1.2.1 Biofiltration Swale and Vegetated
Filter Strip
PAGE
v
vi
vii
x
xii
xvi
xvii
xviii
1
2
3
3
5
7
8
9
10
12
13
19
19
20
22
22
viii
2.6
2.5.1.2.2 Media Filtration
2.5.1.3 Oil Separators
2.5.2 The effectiveness of GPTs as water pollution treatment
devices
2.5.2.1 Gross Pollutants Traps
2.5.2.2 Filtration
2.5.2.3 Oil and Grease Traps
2.5.2.4 GPTs system at L50 Block, UTM Skudai
Critical Appraisal
23
23
25
25
30
38
40
44
CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Flow Chart of the Study Methodology
3.3 Experimental Site
3.3.1 Catchment Area
3.4 Experimental System
3.4.1 Rubbish Trap
3.4.2 Oil and Grease Trap
3.4.3 Biofilters
3.4.3.1 Modification of Biofilter
3.4.3.2 Filtration Materials
3.5 Data Collection
3.5.1 Rubbish and Sediment Data
3.5.2 Storm Events
3.5.3 Rainfall and Flow Measurement
3.5.3.1 Calibration
3.5.4 Water Sampling
3.5.4.1 Water Quality Sampling
3.5.4.2 Analytical Method
3.5.4.2.1 First Flush Sample
3.5.4.2.2 Water Quality Measurement
3.5.4.3 Data Analysis
3.6 Design Criteria Of GPTs
3.6.1 Rubbish Trap
3.7 Maintenance
45
46
47
49
50
50
51
52
55
55
56
56
57
58
59
61
61
62
62
62
63
64
65
66
CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Performance of GPTs System during Dry Weather
4.3 Rubbish and Sediment Collection
4.3.1 Amount of Rubbish and Sediment
4.3.1.1 Block L50 Rubbish Trap
68
69
69
69
69
ix
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.3.1.1.1 Daily Collection
4.3.1.1.2 Three-day Period Collection
4.3.1.2 Block L52 Rubbish Trap
4.3.2 Rainfall Analysis
4.3.3 Classification of Rubbish
4.3.3.1 Daily Collection
4.3.3.2 Three-day Period Collection
Water Quality Results
4.4.1 Block L50 GPTs system
4.4.1.1 Water Quality Evaluation
4.3.1.1.1 GPTs Evaluation Results
4.3.1.1.2 Rubbish Trap Evaluation Results
4.3.1.1.3 Biofilter Evaluation Results
4.4.2 Block L52 Rubbish Trap
Water Quantity Control
First Flush Analysis
4.6.1 Pollutograph Evaluation
4.6.1.1 Event 04/08/2008
4.6.1.2 Event 07/08/2008
4.6.1.3 Event 12/08/2008
4.6.1.4 Event 04/09/2008
4.6.2 Occurrence of First Flush
Event Mean Concentration (EMC)
Evaluation of Design Criteria
69
72
74
76
78
79
79
81
81
87
87
90
94
97
99
100
101
103
104
105
108
108
109
CHAPTER 5
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
112
114
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
115
121
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
General urban runoff EMCs of US EPA, NURP, MOE (Ontario),
USGS and NPDES and MASMA
15
2.2
Typical EMCs values of residential land use from various storm
water runoff quality studies
17
2.3
Typical EMCs values of commercial land use from various storm
water runoff quality studies
18
2.4
Overall Classification of Gross Pollutant Traps
20
2.5
Recommended Treatment Trains
30
2.6
Different types of materials used for modification
40
2.7
Mechanism of development used in oil & grease trap
41
3.1
Different materials used for modifications
55
3.2
Roles of the Filtration Media
56
3.3
Characteristics of monitored storm events at Block L50
57
3.4
Characteristics of monitored events at Block L52
58
3.5
Calibration results for IWK flow meters
60
3.6
Calibration results for TPI flow meter
61
3.7
Analytical Methods for Water Quality Measurement
63
3.8
Description of Water Quality Evaluation
64
4.1
Data Collection Procedure for rubbish trap at Block L50 and
70
xi
rubbish trap at Block L52
4.2
Daily rubbish and sediment data collection at Block L50 Rubbish
Trap
71
4.3
Three-day period rubbish and sediment data collection at Block
L50 Rubbish Trap
73
4.4
Three-day period rubbish and sediment data collection at Block
L52 Rubbish Trap
75
4.5
Description of rubbish types
79
4.6
Water Quality Events
82
4.7
Water Quality Results for 21/03/2008
84
4.8
Water Quality Results for 04/08/2008
84
4.9
Water Quality Results for 07/08/2008
85
4.10
Water Quality Results for 12/08/2008
86
4.11
Water Quality Results for Overall GPTs System
87
4.12
Percentages of Removal for GPTs
90
4.13
Evaluation Results for Rubbish Trap
91
4.14
Percentages of Removal for Rubbish Trap
93
4.15
Evaluation Results for Biofilter
94
4.16
Percentages of Removal for Biofilter
94
4.17
Water Quality Results for Block L52 Rubbish Trap
98
4.18
Water Quantity Results of GPTs system
99
4.19
Occurrence of First Flush
108
4.20
Event Mean Concentration (EMC) values
109
4.21
Typical Event Mean Concentration (EMC) values in mg/L
109
4.22
Design Criteria Results
110
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Location of study area
5
1.2
Location of study area at UTM Skudai
6
2.1
Continuous Deflective System (CDS) trap
21
2.2
Schematic of API Separator
24
2.3
Schematic of Plate Separator
24
2.4
Schematic Plan View Representation of the CDS System
26
2.5
Isometric Representation of the CDS unit
27
2.6
Summary of Efficiency data used in DSS
27
2.7
Structure of the GPTs decision-support-system (DSS) for
evaluating gross Pollutant trapping strategies
29
2.8
Schematic diagram of the experimental facility in St. A and
St. B
32
2.9
Relationship reduction ratio of fish flush runoff by soil
infiltration and total rainfall amount
33
2.10
Hardwood (HW) and western cedar (WC) media
34
2.11
Cross section of the grass-plate
35
2.12
Hydroponics botanical filter
36
2.13
Recirculating system
36
2.14
Floating system
36
xiii
2.15
Schematic diagram of an upflow packed bioreactor
38
2.16
Comparison results for Biofilter in terms of percentages of
removal of TSS, COD and BOD
41
2.17
Comparison results of oil and grease trap in terms of
percentages of removal of oil and grease and TSS
42
2.18
Graph of relationship between amounts of rubbish and rainfall
for rubbish trap at L50
43
2.19
Suspended solid (SS) at point before and after rubbish trap
44
3.1
Flow chart of the study methodology
46
3.2
Location of Study (L50 UTM Skudai)
47
3.3
Road and Drainage Layout Plan of L50 Block, UTM Skudai
48
3.4
Catchment area for the GPTs system
49
3.5
Arrangement of GPTs system and dimensions in mm
50
3.6
Rubbish Trap located prior the sump and at the beginning of
the system
51
3.7
Oil and Grease Trap
52
3.8
Biofilter system
53
3.9
Details of Biofilter system
53
3.10
Flow meter equipment at the inlet point of GPTs system(IWK)
58
3.11
Flow meter equipment at the inlet point of GPTs system(TPI)
59
3.12
Calibration of flow meter
60
3.13
Water Quality and Flow Assessment Sampling Point
62
3.14
Conditions of rubbish trap, oil and grease trap, and biofilter
during stormwater event
67
4.1
Relationship between Rubbish and Sediment Amount with
Rainfall at Block L50 Rubbish Trap (Daily Collection)
72
4.2
Relationship between Rubbish and Sediment amount with
Rainfall at Block L50 Rubbish Trap (Three-day period
collection)
74
xiv
4.3
Relationship between Rubbish and Sediment amount with
Rainfall at Block L52 Rubbish Trap (Three-day period
collection)
76
4.4
Correlation between Rubbish and Sediment amount with
Rainfall at Block L50 Rubbish Trap for Daily collection and
Three-day period collection
77
4.5
Correlation between Rubbish and Sediment amount with
Rainfall at Block L52 Rubbish Trap for three-day period
collection
78
4.6
Classification of rubbish according to types for daily collection
for total collection and maximum day collection (Block L50
rubbish trap)
80
4.7
Classification of rubbish according to types for three-day
period collection for total collection and maximum day
collection (Block L50 rubbish trap)
80
4.8
Flow hydrograph and sampling time for event on 04/08/08,
07/08/08, and 12/08/08.
82
4.9
Water Quality Results for GPTs for parameters pH, SS, BOD,
COD, AN, and DO
88
4.10
Water Quality Results for Rubbish Trap for parameters pH,
SS, BOD, COD, AN, and DO
92
4.11
Water Quality Results for biofilter for parameters pH, SS,
BOD, COD, AN, and DO
95
4.12
Water Quality Results for Block L52 during storm event and
dry weather
97
4.13
Flow Hydrograph for event 04/08/2008, 07/08/2008, and
12/08/2008
99
4.14
Flow Hydrograph for event 04/09/2008
101
4.15
Pollutograph for event 04/08/2008 for parameters BOD,
COD,SS, Cu, Zinc, and AN
102
4.16
Pollutograph for event 07/08/2008 for parameters BOD,
COD,SS, Cu, Zinc, and AN
103
4.17
Pollutograph for event 12/08/2008 for parameters BOD,
COD,SS, Cu, Zinc, and AN
104
xv
4.18
Pollutograph for event 04/09/2008 for parameters BOD, COD,
SS, Cu, Zinc, AN, TP, Pb, Nitrite, and Nitrate
106
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
m
- Meter
Q
- Flow in
Q
in
out
- Flow out
s
- Second
M
- Pollutant mass
V
- Runoff volume
t
- Time
C
- Concentration
>
- Greater than
<
- Smaller than
η
- Pollutant removal efficiency
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
AN
Ammonia Nitrogen
API
American Petroleum Institute
BMPs
Best Management Practices
BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CDS
Continuous Deflective Separation
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
CS
Collector System
DO
Dissolved Oxygen
EMC
Event Mean Concentration
GPTs
Gross Pollutant Traps
HW
Hardwood
MASMA
Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
mg/L
Milligram per liter
mm
Millimeter
TSS
Total Suspended Solid
UTM
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
WC
Western Cedar
DID
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia
ha
Hectare
xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) for existing drainage
PAGE
121
system
B
Invert Level (I.L) – GPTs System
127
C
Slope – GPTs System
128
D
Details Plan – GPTs System
129
E
CALIBRATION FOR FLOW METER
134
F
LABORATORY TEST RESULTS FOR EVENT
138
04/09/2008
G
FIRST FLUSH CALCULATION
141
H
EMC CALCULATION
169
I
DESIGN CRITERIA CALCULATION
186