Zone 207, Master Map
-04°00'
Normal View
Zone Master, Normal View, 10 deg FOV
Eridanus
θ1
θ2 Trapezium
ι
-06°00'
β Cursa
τ
υ
c
β
-08°00'
e
ψ
Rigel
λ
-10°00'
κ Saiph
Orion
-12°00'
Lepus
ι
ν
f
dκ
-14°00'
λ
η
ζ
06h 00m
05h 52m
05h 44m
05h 36m
05h 28m
05h 20m
05h 12m
05h 04m
04h 56m
Zone 207, Map 1
Normal Image
-05°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Beta Eri
Cursaβ
h31
NGC 1924
STF 675
-06°00'
h2247
IC 2118
Maedler 2 τ
Tau Ori
STF 667
STF 651
ψ
IC 2118
H V 101
Psi Eri
NGC 1726
-08°00'
STF 709
STF 692
Beta Ori β
Rigel
Holden 75
λ
STF 649
Bpm 76 Olivier 202
STF 636
-09°00'
STF 701
h2268
NGC 1779
Gallo 375
Gallo 383
Gallo 180
05h 30m
-07°00'
Hipparcos 693
05h 25m
05h 20m
05h 15m
05h 10m
05h 05m
05h 00m
Zone 207, Map 1
Mirror Image
β
h31
-05°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Beta Eri
Cursa
NGC 1924
STF 675
-06°00'
h2247
IC 2118
Hipparcos 693
Maedler 2
STF 667
STF 651
IC 2118
Psi Eri
H V 101
STF 709
NGC 1726
-08°00'
ψ
Tau Ori
-07°00'
τ
STF 692
β
Rigel
Beta Ori
STF 649
NGC 1779
Gallo 375
λ
-09°00'
STF 636
STF 701
Olivier 202
Bpm 76
Gallo 383
Gallo 180
05h 00m
05h 05m
05h 10m
05h 15m
05h 20m
05h 25m
05h 30m
Zone 207, Map 2
Normal Image
-10°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Gallo 180
Stone 10
Orion
-11°00'
STF 688
Lepus
STF 710
Iota Lep
NGC 1784
-12°00'
ι
ν
κ
-13°00'
IC 418
Kappa Lep
λ
Erid
R Lep
Gallo 385
Hind’s Crimson Star
South 473
05h 30m
05h 25m
05h 20m
05h 15m
05h 10m
05h 05m
05h 00m
-14°00'
STF 631
Zone 207, Map 2
Mirror Image
-10°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
Gallo 180
Stone 10
Orion
-11°00'
STF 688
Lepus
STF 710
Iota Lep
ι
-12°00'
NGC 1784
ν
-13°00'
IC 418
Kappa Lepκ
λ
-14°00'
STF 631
Eridanus
Gallo 385
Hind's Crimson Star
R Lep
South 473
05h 00m
05h 05m
05h 10m
05h 15m
05h 20m
05h 25m
05h 30m
Zone 207, Map 3
Normal Image
-05°00'
See Map 3a for this area
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
42 Ori
NGC 1976
Theta 1 OriSI 17θ1θ2
Trapezium
-06°00'
Theta 2 Ori Iota Ori
STF 747
ι
STF 745
South 490
NGC 1980
STF 754
STF 735
NGC 1999
-07°00'
A 494
STF 823
h2271
-08°00'
υ
Bur 95
-09°00'
STF 798
A 499
Kappa Ori
Saiphκ
STF 804 rej
Gallo 391
06h 00m
05h 55m
05h 50m
05h 45m
05h 40m
05h 35m
05h 30m
Zone 207, Map 3
Mirror Image
See Map 3a for this area
-05°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
SI 17 42 Ori
Theta 2 Ori
NGC 1982
NGC 1976
Trapeziumθ1θ2
South 490
-06°00'
NGC 1980 Iota Ori
ι
STF 745
STF 747
STF 732 rej
STF 754
Engelmann 21
STF 735
A 494
-07°00'
NGC 1999
υ
Bur 95
STF 823
-08°00'
h2271
-09°00'
STF 798
A 499
κ
Kappa Ori
Saiph
STF 804 rej
Gallo 391
05h 30m
05h 35m
05h 40m
05h 45m
05h 50m
05h 55m
06h 00m
Zone 207, Map 3a
Normal Image
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
-05°00'
NGC 1977
NGC 1982
Trapezium
θ1
θ2
Theta 1 Ori
NGC 1976
South 490
Theta 2 Ori
SI 17
STF 754
STF 747
NGC 1980
Iota Ori
-06°00'
ι
STF 745
STF 732 rej
Engelmann 21
STF 735
-07°00'
NGC 1999
Zone 207, Map 3a
Mirror Image
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
-05°00'
NGC 1977
NGC 1982
Trapezium
Theta 1 Ori
θ1
θ2
NGC 1980
Iota Ori
STF 745
South 490
Theta 2 Ori
SI 17
ι
STF 747
STF 754
-06°00'
NGC 1976
STF 732 rej
Engelmann 21
STF 735
-07°00'
NGC 1999
Zone 207, Map 4
Normal Image
-10°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
STF 804 rej
Gallo 391
Orion
-11°00'
Monoceros
Gallo 393
-12°00'
Bos 2594
Hipparcos 783
-13°00'
Barton 2645
STF 801 rej
Bur 405
η
-14°00'
Bur 1399
Weisse 9
Eta Lep
Bur 94
ζ
Engelmann 23
06h 00m
05h 55m
05h 50m
Holden 77
05h 45m
Gallo 387
05h 40m
05h 35m
05h 30m
Zone 207, Map 4
Mirror Image
-10°00'
Sky charts generated by TheSky Software; used by permission of Software Bisque Inc.
STF 804 rej
Gallo 391
-11°00'
Orion
Monoceros
Gallo 393
-12°00'
STF 829
-13°00'
Hipparcos 783 Barton 2645
STF 801 rej
Bur 405
-14°00'
Bur 1399
Weisse 9
Eta Lep η
Bur 94
ζ
Holden 77
Gallo 387
05h 30m
05h 35m
05h 40m
05h 45m
Engelmann 23
05h 50m
05h 55m
06h 00m
Zone 207
3 Reference Stars, 1 Red Dwarf, 56 Double Stars,
1 Planetary Nebula, 5 Bright Nebulae, 4 Galaxies
A
A 494 ................................................... 35
A 499 ................................................... 33
Hipparcos 693 ...................................... 16
Hipparcos 783 ...................................... 47
Holden 75............................................... 5
B
I
Barton 2645 ......................................... 46
Beta Eri ................................................ 11
Beta Ori................................................ 13
Bpm 76 .................................................. 6
Bur 1399 .............................................. 45
Bur 405 ................................................ 45
Bur 94 .................................................. 46
Bur 95 .................................................. 38
IC 2118 ................................................ 17
IC 418 .................................................. 24
Iota Lep ................................................ 22
Iota Ori ................................................. 37
K
Kappa Lep............................................ 22
Kappa Ori............................................. 27
E
Engelmann 21 ...................................... 31
Eta Lep................................................. 42
M
G
N
Gallo 180 ............................................... 4
Gallo 375 ............................................. 11
Gallo 383 ............................................. 17
Gallo 385 ............................................. 21
Gallo 391 ............................................. 44
Gallo 393 ............................................. 43
NGC 1726 ............................................ 18
NGC 1779 ............................................ 18
NGC 1784 ............................................ 26
NGC 1924 ............................................ 19
NGC 1976 ............................................ 39
NGC 1980 ............................................ 42
NGC 1982 ............................................ 40
NGC 1999 ............................................ 41
Maedler 2 ............................................... 8
H
H V 101 ............................................... 10
h2247 ................................................... 16
h2268 ..................................................... 9
h2271 ................................................... 36
h31 ....................................................... 10
O
Olivier 202 ............................................. 6
P
Psi Eri..................................................... 3
-1-
Zone 207
R
STF 732 rej .......................................... 33
STF 735................................................ 34
STF 745................................................ 31
STF 747................................................ 29
STF 754................................................ 30
STF 798................................................ 32
STF 801 rej .......................................... 43
STF 804 rej .......................................... 35
STF 823................................................ 36
Stone 10 ............................................... 23
R Lep ................................................... 25
S
SI 17..................................................... 37
South 490............................................. 34
STF 631 ............................................... 20
STF 636 ............................................... 13
STF 649 ................................................. 3
STF 651 ................................................. 5
STF 667 ............................................... 12
STF 675 ................................................. 4
STF 688 ............................................... 19
STF 692 ................................................. 7
STF 701 ................................................. 8
STF 709 ................................................. 9
STF 710 ............................................... 21
T
Tau Ori ................................................. 15
Theta 1 Ori ........................................... 28
Theta 2 Ori ........................................... 30
W
Weisse 9 ............................................... 44
-2-
Zone 207
Zone 207, Map 1
Reference Star
Psi Eri (65 Eri; HD 32249; SAO 131700)
Position: 0501-0711
Mag : 4.80
Assumed distance: 960 light years
Spectrum : B3 V
Color : bW
Assumed luminosity (suns): 890
Double Stars
Easy
STF 649
Rating: 2 E
ADS 3722; HD 33224; SAO 131806
Position: 0508-0840
A
B
C
Magnitude
5.78
8.80
Separation
—
21.1 85.7
PA
—
70 3
Year
—
1986
1913
Spectra
B8 V
K0 III/IV
Colors
pY
R
No
Notes:
AB 1831: 21.6 @ 81. 24 measurements. The stars have different proper motions.
AC 1 measurement.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Webb saw them as W and B, while J. Herschel recorded W and R!
Moderately rich field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 1.09 inches; B = 46.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 25.0 miles; AC = 102 miles.
Distance (LY): 760
Total luminosity (Suns): 234
-3-
Zone 207
STF 675
Bur 1334 (B); ADS 3849; HD 34281; SAO 131923
Rating: 3 E
Position: 0516-0536
A
B
C
Magnitude
9.30
13.20
9.60
Separation
—
1.6 -!!
9.5 +
PA
—
345 +!!
8+
Year
—
1929
1965
Spectra
G0
Colors
Y
No
O
Notes:
AB 1897: 28.9 @ 199. 3 measurements.
AC 1830: 9.3 @ 5. 13 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Faint.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 18.2 inches.
Separation: AB = 845 feet; AC = 1.00 mile.
Distance (LY): 68
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.12
Gallo 180
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4016
Position: 0525-0957
A
B
Magnitude
8.86
9.03
Separation PA
—
—
5.2 254 +
Notes:
1891: 5.4 @ 250. 11 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Very nice, but faint.
-4-
Year
—
1992
Spectra
A0
Colors
W
rO
Zone 207
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 6.44 inches.
Separation: AB = 8.68 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,070
Total luminosity (Suns): 47
Holden 75
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4058
Position: 0528-0843
A
B
Magnitude
9.58
10.35
Separation PA
—
—
6.3 =
89 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1888: 6.3 @ 90. 7 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Distance (LY): 299
Total luminosity (Suns): 1.54
STF 651
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3740; HD 33449; SAO 131836
Position: 0510-0705
A
B
Magnitude
8.49
10.40
Separation PA
—
—
41.4 +! 30 -!
Notes:
1829: 10.8 @ 102. 42 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
-5-
Year
—
1991
Spectra
G0
Colors
W
O
Zone 207
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 17.4 inches.
Separation: AB = 9.69 miles.
Distance (LY): 150
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.8
Olivier 202
A 483 (B); ADS 3741
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0510-0906
A
B
C
Magnitude
9.48
10.20
10.02
Separation
—
3.8 +
623 +
PA
—
58 154 -
Year
—
2000
1917
Spectra
B8
Colors
W
No
W
Notes:
AB 1903: 3.6 @ 59. 14 measurements.
AC 1905: 62.1 @ 155. 3 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 4.80 inches.
Separation: AB = 17.8 miles; AC = 2,917 miles.
Distance (LY): 3,000
Total luminosity (Suns): 170
Bpm 76
Rating: 4 E
HD 33725; SAO 131861
Position: 0512-0907
A
B
Magnitude
8.04
9.73
Separation PA
—
—
91.3 -! 251 +!
Notes:
1890: 131.5 @ 227. 8 measurements.
-6-
Year
—
1988
Spectra
K1 V
Colors
Y
W
Zone 207
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 2.25 inches.
Separation: AB = 13.8 miles.
Distance (LY): 97
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.542
STF 692
Bur 190 (AB); ADS 3927; HD 34892; SAO 132006
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0520-0802
A
B
C
Magnitude
8.24
8.39
8.72
Separation
—
0.6 34.9 =
PA
—
333 5+
Year
—
1991
1991
Spectra
F2 V?
Colors
W
No
B
Notes:
AB 1876: 0.7 @ 355. 25 measurements.
AC 1831: 34.9 @ 4. 21 measurements. The stars share common proper motion.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Webb saw them as yW and W. He said of this pair, "a fine, wide object."
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 11.7 inches.
Separation: AB = 1,584 feet; AC = 17.4 miles.
Distance (LY): 319
Total luminosity (Suns): 11
-7-
Zone 207
Maedler 2
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3939
Position: 0521-0652
A
B
C
Magnitude
10.28
10.46
12.00
Separation
—
3.2 +
33.7 -
PA
—
160 =
139 +
Year
—
1991
1893
Spectra
Colors
W
W
?
Notes:
AB 1843: 3.0 @ 160. 8 measurements.
AC 1877: 34.6 @ 138. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x!
STF 701
Rating: 4 E
ADS 3978; HD 35281; SAO 132053
Position: 0523-0825
A
B
Magnitude
5.99
8.12
Separation PA
—
—
6.1 +
140 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
B8 III
Colors
W
B
Notes:
1830: 5.9 @ 146. 34 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Webb saw them as W and W. Others report (W, Y) or (W, pO).
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 1.11 inches.
Separation: AB = 4.69 miles.
Distance (LY): 493
Total luminosity (Suns): 92
-8-
Zone 207
STF 709
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4010; HD 35486; SAO 132078
Position: 0525-0742
A
B
Magnitude
9.88
10.26
Separation PA
—
—
11.7 +
319 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
G5
Colors
Y
W
Notes:
1830: 10.1 @ 318. 9 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x; It lies between a 9m star (ENE) and a 7.5m star (WSW).
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 21.5 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.04 miles.
Distance (LY): 57
Total luminosity (Suns): 0.05
h2268
Piazzi 109; ADS 4071; HD 36059; SAO 132154
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0529-0823
A
B
Magnitude
6.75
10.52
Separation PA
—
—
26.0 301 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
G5 III
Notes:
1879: 26.0 @ 300. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Other observers note yO and B?, Y and W, or Y and bW.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 52.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 30.4 miles.
Distance (LY): 750
Total luminosity (Suns): 93
-9-
Colors
W
R
Zone 207
H V 101
Rating: 4 E
HD 36151; SAO 132172
Position: 0529-0716
A
B
Magnitude
6.71
9.70
Separation PA
—
—
48.7 116 -
Year
—
1906
Spectra
B5 V
Colors
bW
?
Notes:
1893: 49.0 @ 117. 4 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 11.4 inches.
Separation: AB = 92 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,210
Total luminosity (Suns): 215
h31
Rating: 5 E
HD 32528; SAO 131730
Position: 0504-0509
A
B
Magnitude
9.00
11.37
Separation PA
—
—
13.9 +
73 -
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1893: 13.3 @ 75. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. In a sparse field, so it is a lonely pair.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.00 inches.
Separation: AB = 32.5 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,500
Total luminosity (Suns): 50
- 10 -
Spectra
A0 V
Colors
W
?
Zone 207
Gallo 375
Rating: 5 E
HD 32687
Position: 0505-0925
A
B
Magnitude
11.44
11.90
Separation PA
—
—
11.1
248
Year
—
1904
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1 measurement.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Beta Eri
67 Eri; Cursa; Bpm 74; HD 33111; SAO 131794
Rating: 5 E
Position: 0508-0505
A
B
Magnitude
2.78
12.50
Separation PA
—
—
116.9 +
142 -
Year
—
1907
Spectra
A3 III
Colors
W
?
Notes:
1879: 116.7 @ 144. 2 measurements.
This star is a member of the Sirius Group and rotates at 179 kps. It is also an infra-red
source.
From James Kaler's Star Notes:
"Cursa" is from an Arabic phrase meaning "the foremost footstool of the Central
One," the ancient Arabic name for our Orion. Cursa shines with a soft white light from a
surface with a temperature of 8,360 Kelvin and is a giant star of class A about three times
the solar diameter. Containing two to 2.5 times the mass of the Sun, Cursa is near or even
at its termination as a "main sequence" hydrogen-fusing star. Having just reached its
giant status, the star will next rapidly expand and cool at its surface to become a much
larger orange giant before it brightens and begins the fusion of its core helium.
Cursa is commonly considered to be a part of the "Ursa Major Moving Group," a set
of stars spattered all over the sky (that includes Sirius) whose core is the "Ursa Major
Cluster," which consists of the five middle stars of the Big Dipper. The Group is thought
to be about 300 million years old, actually too young for Cursa's apparent status,
- 11 -
Zone 207
suggesting that Cursa really does not belong. The star's most notable claim is its inclusion
in a set of very rare stars that seem to exhibit huge flashes. In 1985 it was observed to
brighten by a phenomenal three magnitudes (a factor of 15) for a period of over two
hours. About two dozen stars, including Enif and Mu Cephei, are suspected of producing
such flashes. Reasoning from the Sun and its flares, the flashes may be produced by
magnetic activity, but no one knows, as they are so very difficult to study. As a result
they are among the great mysteries of stellar astronomy.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.00 inches.
Separation: AB = 16.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 89
Total luminosity (Suns): 45
Moderate
STF 667
Rating: 3 M
ADS 3825; HD 34121; SAO 131910
Position: 0515-0704
A
B
Magnitude
6.90
8.26
Separation PA
—
—
4.3 +
315 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
K2 III?
Notes:
1830: 4.2 @ 313. 23 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 280x. A 9m star lies 3 min E. Webb saw them as Y! and W.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 33 inches.
Separation: AB = 5.50 miles.
Distance (LY): 820
Total luminosity (Suns): 110
- 12 -
Colors
Y
pO
Zone 207
STF 636
Rating: 4 M
ADS 3640; HD 32468; SAO 131720
Position: 0503-0840
A
B
Magnitude
6.86
8.20
Separation PA
—
—
3.6 103 +
Year
—
1998
Spectra
A0 V
Colors
W
O
Notes:
1830: 3.7 @ 100. 37 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 280x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 6.00 inches.
Separation: AB = 2.77 miles.
Distance (LY): 493
Total luminosity (Suns): 38
Beta Ori
Rating: 4 M
19 Ori; STF 668; Bur 555; Rigel, "left leg of the giant"; ADS 3823; HD 34085; SAO
131907
Astronomical League Program: Double Star Club
Position: 0515-0812
A
B
Magnitude
0.00
6.80
Separation PA
—
—
9.1 203 +
Year
—
1999
Spectra
B8 Ia
B5 V+
Colors
bW
W
Notes:
1831: 9.3 @ 197. 84 measurements.
The primary is 65 times bigger than the Sun, and 25 times its mass. (If it were in the
Sun’s place, it would almost fill Mercury’s orbit!) Its surface temperature is around
10,000o K (twice the Sun’s temperature, and thrice its constellation comrade,
Betelgeuse). Each square unit of area of Rigel radiates 15 times as much energy as an
equal area on our Sun, and about 100 times as much as ruddy Betelgeuse. It is also an
infra-red source.
- 13 -
Zone 207
Rigel also differs from the Sun in its internal physics. Its core is an incredible 100
million Kelvins (over 6 times the Sun’s core temperature), powering the triple-alpha
process (wherein three helium nuclei are fused into one carbon nucleus), a power plant
much more efficient than our Sun’s proton-proton cycle.
Stars like Rigel are rare— less than 1 in 1,000 is of his ilk.
It will last on the Main Sequence only 20 million years.
Rigel B has a surface temperature of 12,000o K. It is only 0.0004 times the Sun's
density. It is at least 2,500 AU away from Rigel A, is about 2.5 times as massive as the
Sun, about twice its diameter, and 100 times as luminous. Rigel B is also a spectroscopic
binary (discovered in 1937).
Rigel C is a star 1.9 times as massive as the Sun, 50% larger, 50 times brighter, and of
spectral class B9V.
In 1908, John Plaskett said he detected specral line widening in Rigel A, suggesting
that A was also a spectroscopic binary, but no one has ever been able to duplicate his
spectral analysis, and so most astronomers believe he was wrong in his conclusions,
measurements, or both. It is now believed that Rigel A’s spectral lines broaden due to
pulsations of its violently ripped atmosphere, along a 21.9 day period. Rigel also exhibits
evidence of a shell around it, a shell that pulsates too. (Whereas many young, hot stars
develop shells, Rigel seems to be unusual in that its shell pulsates.)
It is part of the Orion OB1 Association, the name being given to its "flock" being
Taurus-Orion R1, a sub-group that may number in the thousands of stars and several
reflection nebulae. This membership includes a vast, diffuse nebula of space debris and
star stuff called IC 2118 (the “Witch’s Head Nebula”), which is illuminated by Rigel
even though it is 2.5o away in the sky!
The progenitor of Supernova 1987A, Sanduleak -69o202, was Rigel’s "twin brother"
in the Magellanic Cloud. Since 1987A forced astronomers to re-think the theory of
supernova development, it now puts Rigel high on the list as being a prime supernova
candidate... sometime in the next few million years.
Rigel has had its diameter measured by interferometer, with values given between
0.00243" and 0.00255".
From James Kaler's Star Notes:
Its name comes from the same root as Betelgeuse's, originally "rijl Al-jauza," meaning
the "foot" of al-jauza, the Arabs "Central One."
It is a "blue supergiant," a fairly hot star with a surface temperature (11,000 Kelvin)
about double that of our Sun. Its warmer temperature gives it a bluish-white light that
contrasts beautifully with Betelgeuse. If the hot star's invisible ultraviolet radiation is
considered, the luminosity climbs to 66,000 solar, the radiation pouring from a star 70
times the solar size. Rigel is accompanied by a fairly bright, seventh magnitude
companion nine seconds of arc away. Normally such a star is easily found in a small
telescope, but Rigel's brilliance nearly overwhelms it.
The companion, at least 50 times farther from Rigel than Pluto is from the Sun, is
itself double, the components much fainter and much less massive class B main sequence
- 14 -
Zone 207
stars that are fusing hydrogen into helium. With an original mass around 17 times that of
the Sun, Rigel is in the process of dying, and is most likely fusing internal helium into
carbon and oxygen. The star seems fated to explode, though it might just make it under
the wire as a rare heavy oxygen-neon white dwarf. Rigel is a part of a large association
whose stars are related by birth. The group includes the stars of Orion's Belt, the Orion
Nebula of Orion's sword and its illuminating stars, and many of the other hot blue-white
stars in the constellation.
Observations:
C8 at 83x. Webb saw them as yW and ?; John Herschel said rW for B, as did
Kitchener; but Dembowski and Espin both saw bW in B.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 16.25 feet; C = 11.4 inches.
Separation: AB = 10.9 miles.
Distance (LY): 770
Total luminosity (Suns): 40,000
Tau Ori
Rating: 4 M
20 Ori; h2259; AC = Bur 188; ADS 3877; HD 34503; SAO 131952; H V 25
Position: 0518-0651
A
B
C
Magnitude
3.60
10.97
10.90
Separation
—
34.8 +
36.1 +
PA
—
250 +
61 =
Year
—
1921
1920
Spectra
B5 III
Colors
pY
?
Y
Notes:
AB 1868: 31.3 @ 248. 10 measurements. The primary is a spectroscopic binary.
AC 1868: 36.0 @ 61. 12 measurements.
Burnham found a dim companion to B in 1876,. 12.00m at 3.8 @ 49.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. William Schart (Killeen, TX; 6" Dob): W and ? (speaking of A and C).
Moderate field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 12.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 29.9 miles; AC = 31.0 miles.
Distance (LY): 550
Total luminosity (Suns): 881.495
- 15 -
Zone 207
h2247
Rating: 5 M
HD 32394; SAO 131716
Position: 0503-0542
A
B
C
Magnitude
8.90
13.95
11.69
Separation
—
20.8
33.3 +
PA
—
57
17 -
Year
—
1901
1990
Spectra
A5
Colors
W
?
?
Notes:
AB 1 measurement.
AC 1893: 33.1 @ 19. 6 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 8.58 inches.
Separation: AB = 27.26 miles; AC = 43.7 miles.
Distance (LY): 840
Total luminosity (Suns): 17
Hipparcos 693
Rating: 5 M
SAO 131902
Position: 0514-0639
A
B
Magnitude
9.68
12.03
Separation PA
—
—
6.6 352 -
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1906: 7.2 @ 354. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x. Nice field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 14.3 inches.
Separation: AB = 5.45 miles.
Distance (LY): 530
Total luminosity (Suns): 3.29
- 16 -
Spectra
F5
Colors
W
?
Zone 207
Gallo 383
Position: 0526-0938
A
B
Magnitude
9.43
10.85
Rating: 5 M
Separation PA
—
—
25.5
316
Year
—
1904
Spectra
Colors
W
?
Notes:
1 measurement.
May be optical because Tycho gives different distances (153 and 26 light years).
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Deep Sky Objects
Moderate
IC 2118
Other Names: The Witch’s Head
Rating: 5 M
Position: 0507-0713
Type: Gn
Class: R
Dimensions: 180' x 40'
Notes:
This nebula is lit by distant Rigel!!! It is really a huge nebula, measuring about 3o NS by 1o E-W; only a small local portion is visible in an 8" scope. It is actually easier to
spot in large binoculars or small rich field telescopes. It has a distinct bluish tint.
Observations:
C8 at 65x. It shows up as a slight brightening of the background glow and is brightest
70 min ENE of 65 Eri.. If you have a broadband or narrow band filter, use it here!
- 17 -
Zone 207
Difficult
NGC 1726
Other Names: PGC 16508
Rating: 5 D
Position: 0500-0745
Type: Gal
Surface brightness: 12.7
Class: SA(s)0o:
Dimensions: 1.5' x 1'
Magnitude: 11.7
PA: 0
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Small bright nucleus that gave the appearance of a fuzzed star.
Distance (LY): 170,000,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +3,995
Total luminosity (Suns): 47,300,000,000
NGC 1779
Other Names: H III 500; PGC 16713
Astronomical League Program: Herschel II Club
Rating: 5 D
Position: 0505-0909
Type: Gal
Dimensions: 3 x 1
Class: (R')SAB(r)0/a?
PA: 110
Magnitude: 13.0
Observations:
C8 at 104x. It took tube movement and averted vision to verify an ill-defined glow
here. No condensation towards the center.
C11 at 98x. Small ellipse with a very much brighter middle.
Distance (LY): 150,000,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +3,561
Total luminosity (Suns): 11,200,000,000
- 18 -
Zone 207
NGC 1924
Other Names: H III 447; PGC 17319
Rating: 5 D
Position: 0528-0519
Type: Gal
Surface brightness: 12.7
Class: SB(r)bc
Dimensions: 1.6' x 1.2'
Magnitude: 12.5
PA: 50
Observations:
C8 at 104x. I had to use averted vision on this faint fuzzy. It has a stellar nucleus and
a small but relatively bright halo.
Radial velocity (km/sec): +2,533
Zone 207, Map 2
Double Stars
Easy
STF 688
Rating: 1 E
ADS 3909; HD 34749; H III 94
Position: 0519-1045
A
B
Magnitude
7.52
7.55
Separation PA
—
—
10.6 +
95 +?
Year
—
1991
Spectra
F0
Colors
pO!
pB!
Notes:
1832: 10.5 @ 274. 24 measurements. Quadrant reversal? The stars have different
proper motions.
- 19 -
Zone 207
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Webb saw them as yW and bW.
Rich field.
STF 688
Observed with C11
on 11/29/03; s4, t5
Magnification: 98x
STF 631
Rating: 2 E
ADS 3606; HD 32179; SAO 150076
Position: 0501-1331
A
B
Magnitude
7.22
8.58
Separation PA
—
—
5.8 +
107 +
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1831: 5.4 @ 105. 20 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 5.37 inches.
Separation: AB = 13.9 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,540
Total luminosity (Suns): 247
- 20 -
Spectra
A0 V
Colors
W
O
Zone 207
STF 710
Bur 1395 (C); h5538 (D); ADS 4017; HD 35564; SAO 150424
Rating: 2 E
Position: 0525-1119
A
B
C
D
Magnitude
8.59
8.80
13.90
13.40
Separation
—
10.8 +
10.7 +
54.9 +!
PA
—
196 +
224 +
86 -
Year
—
1991
1987
1987
Spectra
A2 Vb
Colors
O
B
No
No
Notes:
AB 1831: 10.7 @ 194. 14 measurements.
AC 1905: 10.0 @ 222. 2 measurements.
AD 1834: 40.0 @ 88. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Rich field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 5.86 inches.
Separation: AB = 23.3 miles; AC = 23.0 miles; AD = 118 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,380
Total luminosity (Suns): 135
Gallo 385
Position: 0528-1447
A
B
Magnitude
9.73
9.72
Rating: 5 E
Separation PA
—
—
19.2
85
Year
—
1903
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1 measurement.
May be optical because Hipparcos gives different distances (125 and 97 light years).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
- 21 -
Zone 207
Moderate
Iota Lep
3 Lep; STF 655; ADS 3778; HD 33802; SAO 150223
Rating: 2 M
Position: 0512-1151
A
B
Magnitude
4.45
9.92
Separation PA
—
—
12.2 337 -
Year
—
1933
Spectra
B8 V
Colors
W
B
Notes:
1829: 12.4 @ 343. 15 measurements.
The star rotates at 193 kps.
The pair displays common proper motion.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Webb saw them as G and ?
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 3.90 inches.
Separation: AB = 4.60 miles.
Distance (LY): 241
Total luminosity (Suns): 73.2
Kappa Lep
4 Lep; STF 661; ADS 3800; HD 33949; SAO 150239
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0513-1257
A
B
Magnitude
4.36
6.85
Separation PA
—
—
2.1 357 -
Notes:
1832: 3.1 @ 359. 36 measurements.
The star rotates at 124 kps.
Observations:
C8 at 206x. Some observers report Y and B.
- 22 -
Year
—
1997
Spectra
B8 V
Colors
W
W
Zone 207
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 9.50 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.80 miles.
Distance (LY): 560
Total luminosity (Suns): 467
Difficult
Stone 10
Rating: 5 D
ADS 3987; HD 35320; SAO 150397
Position: 0524-1025
A
B
Magnitude
8.18
8.45
Separation PA
—
—
1.0 121 =
Year
—
1997
Notes:
1877: 1.1 @ 121. 15 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 280x. Notched.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 5.72 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.34 miles.
Distance (LY): 860
Total luminosity (Suns): 78
- 23 -
Spectra
A0 V?
Colors
W
W
Zone 207
Deep Sky Objects
Easy
IC 418
Rating: 3 E
Other Names: PK 215-24.1; Spirograph Nebula; The Raspberry Nebula; The Red
Planetary Nebula
Position: 0528-1242
Type: Pn
Dimensions: 14" x 11"
Class: 4
Magnitude: 10.7
Notes:
Another reddish planetary may surrounds Campbell's Star (1935+3031), but it will
take nearly perfect conditions to see it with an 8" scope.
Stunningly detailed photos made by the Hubble Space Telescope have given rise to
the moniker "The Spirograph Nebula" after the child's toy of the 1970's that could
produce intricate geometeric designs using interlocking cogs and tracing wheels. Indeed,
the Hubble photo shows immensely complex structure and does indeed resemble a
Spirograph design!
Planetary nebulae are formed by the blown-off extended atmospheres of red giants of
up to 8 solar masses (larger giants evolve in a radically different way— they become
supernovae). The core that remains becomes a white dwarf whose intensely hot radiation
illuminates and excites the nebula (until the nebula dissipates). Since the nebula tends to
disipate fairly quickly, most planetaries are less than 50,000 years old.
Just prior to the atmospheric blow-off, the red giant will undergo quick mass loss
through intense stellar winds. This double-belch gives rise to interesting effects, such as
double loops (the Helix Nebula), odd shapes (the Cat Eye Nebula), oval rings (the Ring
Nebula), and others, all modeled by supercomputer and showing that most planetaries
consist of complex interactions between the fast stellar winds and the expanding envelope
in a tube-like structure.
Shell blow-off continues until the core of the red giant is down to about 0.6 solar
masses.
Some 1,500 planetaries are known in our Galaxy.
Observations:
C8 at 206x. It is very bright and starlike, with a NW/SE axis. It takes high power
well and the central star is visible (at 10.0m).
A 9.5m star lies on the NW edge.
- 24 -
Zone 207
Barbara Wilson and others note that this planetary has a distinctive reddish tint, a
feature I did not detect. But do you notice it? (Observers with 8" scopes and larger have
reported this.) Steve Coe has noted this as well.
Distance (LY): 1,300
Total luminosity (Suns): 7
R Lep
Other Names: Hind's Crimson Star
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0500-1449
Type: Red Dwarf
Notes:
It was discovered by J. R. Hind in October 1845; Schmidt found it to be variable in
1852 and 1855. It has a period of 432 days and is a carbon star with a surface
temperature of only 2,700o K.
Carbon stars are a class of ancient red giants near the ends of their evolutionary
sequences. They have strong lines of carbon molecules (CN, CH, C2, and others) in their
spectra. In cool stars, carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon monoxide. In carbon
stars, the excess of carbon permits these other compounds to form.
In the old Harvard Classification system (1918), they were assigned spectral class R
and N. The present class system (coined in the 1940's by Morgan and Keenan of Yerkes
Observatory) appoints C0 to C7 to them.
They are somewhat rare in our Galaxy (due to the fact that a star does not spend a lot
of time in the carbon phase). Some contain the unstable element technetium. Tc has a
half-life of only 210,000 years (a mere flash in the life of a star!), so the Tc must be
formed deeper in the star and dredged up to the surface in short order (for a star, at least).
In addition, less than 20 carbon stars also show strong evidence for lithium in their
atmospheres. (Lithium, like Tc, is another element that is short-lived in stars, and its
presence indicates that this phase does not last long.)
All carbon stars undergo mass loss through high stellar winds (enhanced by the
weaker gravitational pull on their bloated atmospheres), thus enriching the Galaxy with
carbon, some nitrogen, a little oxygen, and several s-process elements. (S-process
elements are heavy, stable nuclei synthesized when iron nuclei capture slow neutrons.
The heaviest nucleus formed by the s-process is Bismuth-209.)
Observations:
C8 at 104x. It is unimpressive at minimum (when I viewed it).
Distance (LY): 820
Luminosity (suns): 31
- 25 -
Zone 207
Moderate
NGC 1784
Other Names: PGC 16716
Rating: 5 M
Position: 0505-1152
Type: Gal
Surface brightness: 14.3
Class: SB(r)c
Dimensions: 4' x 2'
Magnitude: 12.6
PA: 105
Notes:
NGC 1784 is a fairly unremarkable barred-spiral galaxy at first glance. However,
studying even the seemingly common may reveal unique aspects that help forward our
understanding of the universe. Recently astronomer Doug Ratay studied this particular
galaxy and found some interesting things. By observing this galaxy in radio wavelengths
of light he was able to map the distribution of hydrogen gas both in and surrounding
NGC 1784. He found that the envelope of gas that surrounds this galaxy extends well
beyond (about twice the diameter) the optical image. Furthermore, he found a clump of
gas that could be a very small galaxy orbiting NGC 1784 as well as stream of gas
encircling another part of the galaxy. All of these features are very similar to our own
Milky Way as we have absorbed small galaxies in the past and currently doing the same
to the Magellanic clouds right now. Studying how NGC 1784 does this in its environment
might help us understand our own.
[Source: http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/n1784.html]
Observations:
C8 at 65x. An 11m foreground star is a real problem. The galaxy is oriented E-W
and takes high powers well, although it does not show much detail, other than a bright
nucleus.
Model (where the Sun is a baseball):
Its diameter would be 37 million miles.
Distance (LY): 100,000,000
Radial velocity (km/sec): +2,316
Luminosity (suns): 7,000,000,000
- 26 -
Zone 207
Zone 207, Map 3
Reference Star
Kappa Ori (53 Ori; Saiph; HD 38771; SAO 132542)
Position: 0548-0940
Mag : 2.06
Spectrum : B0.5 Ia
Color : bW
Assumed distance: 720 light years
Assumed luminosity (suns): 57,000
Notes:
This star is an infra-red source. It's diameter has been measured by interferometer to
be 0.00044".
It is a member of the Ori OB1 Association.
From James Kaler's Star Notes:
"Saiph" comes from a longer Arabic phrase that means the "sword of the giant," and
originally referred to Orion's famed Sword that drops below his belt and contains the
great Orion Nebula. The name was then erroneously transferred to the lower left star of
Orion's seven-star figure, and it stuck.
One of the hotter stars in the constellation, Saiph, with a temperature of 26,000 Kelvin
(hot class B), shines with a sparkling blue-white light. Though at about the same distance
as Rigel, Saiph looks fainter because its much higher temperature causes the star to
radiate much of its light in the invisible ultraviolet. From its spectrum Saiph is classed as
a "bright supergiant," implying that it is well along in its evolution, having entirely
stopped hydrogen fusion. Confusingly, however, its luminosity and temperature place it
close to the region of hydrogen-fusion stability, as if it were just in the process of
developing into a supergiant. Whether true supergiant or not, it is still large, both the
luminosity combined with temperature and a direct measure of angular diameter agreeing
on a star about 11 times the size of the Sun.
Saiph seems to be single, and though it has a few peculiarities (notably a slightly
variable spectrum), it makes a good background source of light with which we can study
the matter in interstellar space. Though its chemical composition seems otherwise
normal, Saiph has only about a tenth the solar carbon abundance. The star's great
luminosity tells of a large mass perhaps around 15-17 times that of the Sun. At such a
mass, the star will (after expanding into a red supergiant) fuse its interior elements into
iron, which will then collapse. And Saiph will explode.
- 27 -
Zone 207
Double Stars
Easy
Theta 1 Ori
Rating: 1 E
41 Ori; Trapezium; STF 748; ADS 4186; HD 37020; SAO 132314
Astronomical League Program: Double Star Club
Position: 0535-0524
A
B
C
D
E
Magnitude
4.98
6.12
5.13
6.71
11.10
Separation
—
8.7 +
12.9 21.5 =
4.3 +
PA
—
32 +
132 +
96 +
353 -
Year
—
1996
1996
1996
1995
Spectra
O7
B1 V
O
Colors
W
W
B
B
?
Notes:
Christian Huygens first saw it in 1656, and it was the first double star observed by
William Herschel (on November 11, 1776). The stars are lettered (A, B, C, etc.) not in
the normal order of brightness, but in order of right ascension. The four main stars were
the ones seen by Huygens and his followers, but F. W. Struve, in 1826, discovered a fifth
star, E, of 11m as noted above. John Herschel discovered F in 1830 (the last star listed in
the magnitude list above). Beyond an 8" scope’s reach, there is also a G star (found by
Clark in 1888 with the 36" Lick telescope) and H (found in 1888 by Barnard).
AB 1836: 8.6 @ 31. 79 measurements.
AC 1836: 13.0 @ 131. Over 100 measurements.
AD 1827: 21.5 @ 95. Over 100 measurements.
AE 1832: 3.9 @ 354. 29 measurements.
Other components and measures:
BF (11.5m) 1877: 19.9 @ 155. 1878: 20.0 @ 154. 2 measurements.
The Hubble Space Telescope has revealed that the space surrounding the Trapezium
is actually a dense and brand-new star cluster. (The Trapezium itself is only about
23,000 years old.) Most of its stars are just too faint for earth-based telescopes, and a
high percentage are variables (still approaching the Main Sequence).
The A star is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 65.43233 days. It is also an
infra-red source and an Algol system (V1016 Ori).
The B star is also a spectroscopic binary (6.4705 day period, BM Ori), as is D.
- 28 -
Zone 207
C was once thought to be a spectroscopic binary, but now it is believed that material
falling into it is responsible for the "fake" binary spectrum. It is also an infra-red source.
(Listed as V361 Ori.)
The entire system is part of the Ori OB1 Association.
Observations:
C8 at 83x. Extremely rich field.
STF 747
Rating: 1 E
ADS 4182; HD 36960; SAO 132301
Astronomical League Program: Double Star Club
Position: 0535-0600
A
B
Magnitude
4.78
5.67
Separation PA
—
—
35.8 224 =
Year
—
1994
Spectra
B0 V
B1 Vv
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1831: 36.2 @ 224. 31 measurements.
Hipparcos/Tycho data show different
distances for these stars; they may be
optical. However, the stars exhibit a small
common proper motion.
The star is a member of the Ori OB1
Association
Observations:
C8 at 83x. A nice double lies about 10
min NE. Luis Arguelles (Spain, using a
Televue Ranger) saw both as B. Webb
saw them as yW and W. Very, very rich
field.
STF 747
Observed with C11
on 11/29/03; s4, t4
Magnification: 98x
Distance (LY): 1,860
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size
of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 1.00 inche; B = 1.08
inches.
Separation: AB = 104 miles.
Total luminosity (Suns): 4,800
- 29 -
Zone 207
Theta 2 Ori
43 Ori; SI 16; ADS 4188; HD 37041; SAO 132321
Astronomical League Program: Double Star Club
Rating: 2 E
Position: 0535-0525
A
B
C
Magnitude
5.03
6.19
9.10
Separation
—
52.9 +
129.4 +
PA
—
93 +
98 =
Year
—
1995
1995
Spectra
O9 Ve
B1 V
Colors
W
W
W
Notes:
AB 1836: 52.8 @ 92. 29 measurements. Star A is a spectroscopic binary with a
period of 20.96722 days and an infra-red source.. It weighs in at 20 solar masses, with
the companion at just over 14, making it one of the most massive binaries known. It is
thought that perhaps this star is the X-ray source 3U0527-05 and that the star may be a
collapsed one. The stars show similar proper motions.
AC 1869: 128.8 @ 98. 11 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. The entire area is awesome and worth literally hours of viewing!
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 24.0 inches; B = 14.0 inches.
Separation: AB = 157 miles; AC = 384 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,900
Total luminosity (Suns): 3,695
STF 754
Rating: 2 E
ADS 4212; HD 37209; SAO 132359
Position: 0537-0604
A
B
Magnitude
5.71
8.94
Separation PA
—
—
5.4 +
289 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
B1 V
Colors
bW
B
Notes:
1830: 5.2 @ 288. 8 measurements. Star A is a spectroscopic binary and a member of
the Ori OB1 Association.
- 30 -
Zone 207
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 1.08 inches.
Separation: AB = 16.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,920
Total luminosity (Suns): 1,680
Engelmann 21
Rating: 3 E
HD 36550
Position: 0532-0624
A
B
Magnitude
6.85
9.39
Separation PA
—
—
44.8 +
252 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A0
A0
Colors
W
bW
Notes:
AB 1863: 44.6 @ 251. 10 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. Nice!
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 5.66 inches; B = 6.63 inches.
Separation: AB = 73.4 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,050
Total luminosity (Suns): 215
STF 745
Rating: 3 E
HD 36918; SAO 132289
Position: 0535-0601
A
B
C
Magnitude
8.36
9.40
10.90
Separation
—
28.7 96.9 +
PA
—
347 =
304 =
- 31 -
Year
—
1983
1983
Spectra
A
A
Colors
W
W
No
Zone 207
Notes:
AB 1831: 28.9 @ 347. 13 measurements. Hipparcos/Tycho data show different
distances for these stars; they may be optical.
AC 1894: 95.5 @ 304. 5 measurements. Different proper motions.
Observations:
C8 at 104x; Extremely rich and bright field! Is it an open cluster? [No; just a rich,
dense asterism.] It is overpowered by a 6m pair 5 min to the E.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 7.74 inches; B = 8.20 inches.
Separation: AB = 12.5 miles; AC = 42.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 279
Total luminosity (Suns): 3.8
STF 798
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4402; HD 38824; SAO 132549
Position: 0548-0823
A
B
Magnitude
7.30
10.02
Separation PA
—
—
20.8 +
182 +
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1830: 20.7 @ 181. 7 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 4.80 inches.
Separation: AB = 29.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 900
Total luminosity (Suns): 86
- 32 -
Spectra
B9
Colors
W
dB
Zone 207
A 499
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4413; HD 38881; SAO 132558
Position: 0549-0856
A
B
Magnitude
8.18
10.77
Separation PA
—
—
13.7 214 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
G0
Colors
Y
B
Notes:
1903: 27.7 @ 178. 11 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 32.4 inches.
Separation: AB = 19.9 miles.
Distance (LY): 930
Total luminosity (Suns): 27
STF 732 rej
Rating: 4 E
HD 36366; SAO 132203
Position: 0531-0612
A
B
Magnitude
8.17
12.09
Separation PA
—
—
45.7 +
254 +
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1903: 44.7 @ 252. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 5.08 inches.
Separation: AB = 52.8 miles.
- 33 -
Spectra
B9
Colors
W
B
Zone 207
Distance (LY): 740
Total luminosity (Suns): 32
STF 735
Rating: 4 E
SAO 132243
Position: 0533-0631
A
B
C
BC
Magnitude
8.87
9.49
11.30
Separation PA
—
—
21.7 +! 351 146.3 =
284 =
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A
B9 V
Colors
W
W
No
1922
Notes:
AB 1831: 30.9 @ 355. 28 measurements. The stars have different proper motions.
BC 1913: 146.3 @ 284. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. A 7.5m/8.0m pair is 10 min W. Very rich field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 7.97 inches; B = 5.47 inches.
Separation: AB = 10.1 miles; BC = 68.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 299
Total luminosity (Suns): 3.3
South 490
V361 Ori; HD 37062; SAO 132329
Rating: 4 E
Position: 0536-0525
A
B
Magnitude
8.46
8.90
Separation PA
—
—
78.1 =
215 =
Year
—
1990
Spectra
B4 V
Notes:
1825: 78.1 @ 215. 7 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x. It is overpowered, of course, by M42 and the Trapeziium.
- 34 -
Colors
W
W
Zone 207
A 494
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4299; HD 38089; SAO 132477
Position: 0543-0648
A
B
Magnitude
5.97
10.30
Separation PA
—
—
101.6 +
231 -
Year
—
1971
Spectra
F5 V
Colors
W
?
Notes:
1893: 98.3 @ 233. 5 measurements. Star A is a spectroscopic binary with an orbital
period of 20.10 years (Couteau, 1958).
AB may be optical because Hipparcos gives different distances (164 and 93 light
years).
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
STF 804 rej
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4418; SAO 132565
Position: 0549-0943
A
B
C
BC
Magnitude
9.65
10.58
14.50
Separation PA
—
—
26.4 98 =
3.5 -
226 +
Year
—
1991
1916
Notes:
AB 1893: 26.5 @ 98. 8 measurements.
BC 1903: 3.6 @ 222. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x; is scorched by a 4th mag torch 22 min W.
- 35 -
Spectra
A2
Colors
bW
W
No
Zone 207
STF 823
Rating: 4 E
ADS 4547; HD 40336; SAO 132693
Position: 0558-0740
A
B
Magnitude
8.94
9.69
Separation PA
—
—
7.7 +
345 +
Year
—
1991
Spectra
K0 IV?
Colors
O
O
Notes:
1831: 7.5 @ 339. 15 measurements. Hipparcos/Tycho data show different distances
for these stars; they may be optical.
Observations:
C8 at 104x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 37.4 inches.
Separation: AB = 4.61 miles.
Distance (LY): 384
Total luminosity (Suns): 5
h2271
Rating: 5 E
SAO 132224
Position: 0532-0749
A
B
Magnitude
9.94
11.56
Separation PA
—
—
19.0 258 +
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1893: 19.1 @ 257. 5 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x; extremely faint.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 12.7 inches.
Separation: AB = 32.0 miles.
- 36 -
Spectra
F5 IV
Colors
W
?
Zone 207
Distance (LY): 1,080
Total luminosity (Suns): 12
SI 17
Theta 1 / Theta 2 Ori; ADS 4188; HD 37041; SAO 132321
Rating: 5 E
Position: 0535-0525
A
B
Magnitude
4.98
5.00
Separation PA
—
—
134.6 314 +
Year
—
1995
Spectra
Colors
W
W
Notes:
1836: 135 @ 314. 10 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x. The B star is the third star of the Trapezium.
Distance (LY): 1,900
Total luminosity (Suns): 5,700
Moderate
Iota Ori
Rating: 2 M
44 Ori; Nair al Saif, "the bright one of the sword"; STF 752; ADS 4193; HD 37043;
SAO 132323
Astronomical League Program: Double Star Club
Position: 0535-0555
A
B
C
Magnitude
2.75
6.36
11.00
Separation
—
10.9 48.8 -
PA
—
142 103 =
Year
—
1987
1986
Spectra
O9 III
B7
Colors
W
B
pR
Notes:
AB 1822: 11.8 @ 143. 50 measurements. The AB pair is at least 6,500 AU apart.
AC 1824: 49.5 @ 103. 4 measurements.
Star A is a spectroscopic binary with a 29.1351 day highly-eccentric orbit. The A star
is weak in helium by a factor of 10 relative to other stars. It also rotates at a fairly hefty
- 37 -
Zone 207
130 km/sec at the equator and is an infra-red source. It is ejecting mass to its companion
at the velocity of 1,600 km/sec.
Iota is a member of the Orion OB1 Association.
Observations:
C8 at 83x. Some observers report colors of bW and Y. Webb saw yW and B. He
said they were a "very fine pair."
It lies in NGC 1980, a very rich open cluster.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 17.1 inches; B = 9.00 inches.
Separation: AB = 22.6 miles; AC = 101 miles.
Distance (LY): 1,330
Total luminosity (Suns): 11,050
Bur 95
h32; ADS 4462; HD 39376; SAO 132599
Rating: 4 M
Position: 0552-0719
A
B
C
Magnitude
7.89
11.90
11.51
Separation
—
14.5 +
148.5 +!!
PA
—
297 152 +!
Year
—
1987
1991
Spectra
B9
Colors
W
?
B
Notes:
AB 1878: 13.7 @ 298. 10 measurements.
AC 1893: 87.2 @ 93. 5 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. The 5.4m 55 Ori (B2 IV and 1,300 light years away) is 12 min S and is a
major problem. Move it out of the view first.
This star lies between two 9m stars.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 4.99 inches.
Separation: AB = 20.8 miles; AC = 213 miles.
Distance (LY): 920
Total luminosity (Suns): 44
- 38 -
Zone 207
Deep Sky Objects
Easy
NGC 1976
Rating: 1 E
Other Names: M42
Astronomical Leage Program: Messier Club, Urban Deep Sky Club, Messier Binocular
Club
Position: 0535-0527
Type: Gn
Dimensions: 66' x 60'
Class: E+R
Magnitude: 5.0
Notes:
The first telescopic view was by Nicholas Peiresc in 1611. Flamsteed included it on
his 1729 Atlas Coelestis. Halley cataloged it in 1715, stating that Huygens had observed
it in 1684, when Huygens discovered the Trapezium.
Bevis listed in in 1750, as did De Mairan (1715), Cassini (1740), and De Cheseaux
(1746).
Messier added it to his famous catalog on March 4, 1769.
It is 45 light years in diameter and only 1 millionth as dense as a good laboratory
vacuum; yet it has enough mass to make 10,000 suns.
It was the first deep sky object ever photographed (1880, by Henry Draper, using an
11" refractor and a 51 minute exposure). Recent work by the Hubble Space Telescope
reveals several opaque blobs of matter lit from the outside. These are believed to be
proto-stars in the late stages of collapsing to become full-fledged members on the Main
Sequence. Perhaps in another hundred thousand years or so, our descendants will be able
to see several stars in addition to the famous Trapezium (see below) in the nebula. But
even before Hubble, the Lick Observatory noticed changes in these blobs over a 7 year
period.
The Nebula harbors an x-ray source, known as 2U0525-06. Some speculate that it
may be a black hole, but most astronomers discount this hypothesis. The source is
thought to be a companion of Theta 2 Ori (not to be confused with the Trapezium). Theta
2 is an 09 star with 15 to 20 times the mass of the Sun, and is known to be a
spectroscopic binary. It is an interesting conjecture that if its companion is the source of
the x-rays, this star would be a vitual twin of Cygnus X-1.
Observations:
C8 at 65x. Awesome! With a nebular filter, complex lanes and knots spring into
view. How far out can you trace the nebula’s tendrils? (I used a rich field adapter and
high contrast filter to trace it out over 1o30’.)
- 39 -
Zone 207
I know of no other region of the sky
where so much for the viewer is
packed in so small a space. Not only
do you have this awesome nebula—
you have several double stars and other
nebulae as well.
What colors do you see? (Colors
will be subtle; I notice a distinct
greenish cast to the nebula, with the
green hue coming from doubly ionized
oxygen. Some observers with 8" and
smaller scopes have reported tinges of
red and blue also.)
The core of the nebula– always
burned out in deep exposure photos– is
a good place to use high powers.
You’ll be amazed at the detail an 8"
scope will pick up here, with or
NGC 1976 (M42, The Great Orion Nebula)
without a nebular filter. (This central
Reflection/emission nebula
region, we are told, is known as the
Observed with C8 on 1/30/92
Huyghenian Region.) Just north of the
Magnification: 62x
central bright knot is a cutoff made by
a dark nebula. See it? It is known as
the "fish mouth" because it resembles the mouth of a trout or pike biting into the nebula’s
core. SW of the core lies The Hammerhead (0534-0540).
14x70 Binos. Very easy and impressive sprawling splash.
Distance (LY): 1,600
Luminosity (suns): 2,000
NGC 1982
Rating: 3 E
Other Names: M43
Astronomical Leage Program: Messier Club, Messier Binocular Club
Position: 0536-0516
Type: Gn
Dimensions: 20' x 15'
Class: E+R
Magnitude: 9.0
Notes:
De Mairan first observed it in 1733. He wrote, "Finally, I add that close to the
luminous area of Orion, one of the stars included in M. Huygens' drawing is seen to be
- 40 -
Zone 207
surrounded by a bright glow very similar to that which, I believe, may produce the
atmosphere of oru Sun, if it were dense and extensive enough to be visible in telescopes
at a similar distance." A remarkable assumption for 1733!
Messier added it to his catalog on March 4, 1769.
Observations:
C8 at 65x. It is dwarfed by M42 (from which it is separated by a dark lane). Note the
8m star inside the nebula. It is comma shaped.
14x70 Binos. Very difficult and held only with difficulty by averted vision.
Distance (LY): 1,600
Luminosity (suns): 50
Difficult
NGC 1999
Other Names: H IV 33
Astronomical League Program: Herschel 400 Club
Rating: 2 D
Position: 0537-0642
Type: Gn
Dimensions: 16' x 12'
Class: E+R
Magnitude: 10.0
Observations:
C8 at 104x. This nebula is a foggy splash
surrounding 10.3m V380 Ori. It is about the
same surface brightness as the Crab Nebula
(M1). High power shows it to be very uniform.
Note two stars to the W and SW— one is 9.5m,
the other 9.6m.
With Steve Coe's C11 at 220x (at Sentinel,
Arizona). Bright nebula behind a dark nebula
lit by a star (V380 Ori). A UHC filter brought
out the bright nebula better, but did nothing for
the dark nebula.
NGC 1999
Reflection nebula
Observed with C11 on 11/29/03
Magnification: 98x
- 41 -
Zone 207
NGC 1980
Other Names: Collinder 72, H V 31
Astronomical League Program: Herschel 400 Club
Rating: 3 D
Position: 0535-0554
Type: Gn
Dimensions: 14'
Notes:
The open cluster embedded in this nebula was recognized as such by Per Collinder in
1931.
Observations:
C8 at 65x. So faint it requires averted vision. It is symmetric and surrounds Iota Ori.
Note a string of three faint stars to the SW.
Zone 207, Map 4
Reference Star
Eta Lep (16 Lep; HD 40136; SAO 150957)
Position: 0556-1410
Mag : 3.71
Spectrum : F1 III
Color : W
Assumed distance: 49 light years
Assumed luminosity (suns): 6.22
Notes:
This star is an infra-red source.
- 42 -
Zone 207
Double Stars
Easy
STF 801 rej
Rating: 3 E
ADS 4410; HD 38904; SAO 150823
Position: 0548-1322
A
B
C
BC
Magnitude
7.40
10.80
Separation PA
—
—
26.9 327 +
0.2
96
Year
—
1905
Spectra
K0 III
Colors
Y
R
No
1951
Notes:
1902: 27.3 @ 326. 2 measurements.
BC 1 measurement. No evidence of duplicity seen by Hipparcos.
Observations:
C8 at 104x. It lies in a bright, rich field. Note two 8m stars that form a right triangle
with STF 801. These are Bur 405 (W) and Bu 406 (SW, not resolved).
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 34 inches.
Separation: AB = 39.0 miles.
Distance (LY): 930
Total luminosity (Suns): 83
Gallo 393
Position: 0549-1105
A
B
Magnitude
8.61
9.86
Rating: 4 E
Separation PA
—
—
13.7 =
101 +
Notes:
1902: 13.7 @ 100. 6 measurements.
- 43 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
Colors
O?
W
Zone 207
Observations:
C8 at 104x; moderate, faint field.
Distance (LY): 372
Total luminosity (Suns): 5
Weisse 9
Rating: 5 E
HD 37189; SAO 150600
Position: 0536-1350
A
B
C
Magnitude
8.63
11.10
10.90
Separation
—
41.9 52.6
PA
—
151 305
Year
—
1991
1902
Spectra
A0sp
Colors
W
?
No
Notes:
AB 1901: 44.3 @ 152. 6 measurements.
AC 1 measurement.
Observations:
C8 at 104x; faint, and in an empty field.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 6.36 inches.
Separation: AB = 412 miles; AC = 517 miles.
Distance (LY): 6,300
Total luminosity (Suns): 1,326
Gallo 391
Rating: 5 E
SAO 150609
Position: 0537-1003
A
B
Magnitude
8.94
10.00
Separation PA
—
—
19.9
286
Notes:
1 measurement.
- 44 -
Year
—
1912
Spectra
Colors
W
?
Zone 207
Observations:
C8 at 104x. B is not 10.0; maybe 11.0.
Empty field.
Bur 405
Rating: 5 E
ADS 4397; HD 38812; SAO 150819
Position: 0548-1331
A
B
Magnitude
8.14
10.60
Separation PA
—
—
14.0 125 =
Year
—
1902
Spectra
K2 III
Colors
W
?
Notes:
AB 1877: 14.5 @ 125. 5 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 49.5 inches.
Separation: AB = 12.2 miles.
Distance (LY): 560
Total luminosity (Suns): 11
Moderate
Bur 1399
Rating: 5 M
HD 37307; SAO 150614
Position: 0537-1340
A
B
C
Magnitude
9.05
11.69
12.00
Separation
—
25.7 +
20.5 -
PA
—
188 +
86 -
Notes:
AB 1902: 24.8 @ 187. 3 measurements.
AC 1902: 31.8 @ 126. 3 measurements.
- 45 -
Year
—
1982
1982
Spectra
A7 V
Colors
W
?
?
Zone 207
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Barton 2645
Position: 0554-1234
A
B
Magnitude
9.30
10.90
Rating: 5 M
Separation PA
—
—
4.5 142 +
Year
—
1993
Spectra
Colors
yW
bW
Notes:
1902: 5.0 @ 125. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 115x.
Difficult
Bur 94
Rating: 3 D
ADS 4432; HD 39070; SAO 150845
Position: 0550-1429
A
B
Magnitude
5.49
8.29
Separation PA
—
—
2.4 167 -
Year
—
1991
Notes:
1876: 2.7 @ 179. 30 measurements.
Observations:
C8 at 206x. A diffraction mask is a big help.
Scale model (in which the Sun is the size of a baseball):
Diameter: A = 43.5 inches.
Separation: AB = 1.16 miles.
Distance (LY): 310
Total luminosity (Suns): 49
- 46 -
Spectra
G8 III
Colors
yW
O
Zone 207
Hipparcos 783
Rating: 4 D
HD 39035; SAO 1508423
Position: 0550-1234
A
B
Magnitude
8.83
8.97
Separation PA
—
—
2.0 +
170 +
Notes:
1991: 1.9 @ 168. 2 measurements.
Observations:
C11 at 634x.
- 47 -
Year
—
1991
Spectra
A1 V
Colors
W
W
Zone 207
Zone 207 Mini-Catalog
Double Stars
Designation
Position
Rating
Map
STF 688
0519-1045
1E
2
Theta 1 Ori
0535-0524
1E
3
STF 747
0535-0600
1E
3
STF 631
0501-1331
2E
2
STF 649
0508-0840
2E
1
STF 710
0525-1119
2E
2
Theta 2 Ori
0535-0525
2E
3
STF 754
0537-0604
2E
3
STF 675
0516-0536
3E
1
Gallo 180
0525-0957
3E
1
Holden 75
0528-0843
3E
1
Engelmann 21
0532-0624
3E
3
STF 745
0535-0601
3E
3
STF 798
0548-0823
3E
3
STF 801 rej
0548-1322
3E
4
A 499
0549-0856
3E
3
Olivier 202
0510-0906
4E
1
Component
A
B
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
- 48 -
Mag
7.52
7.55
4.98
6.12
5.13
6.71
11.10
4.78
5.67
7.22
8.58
5.78
8.80
8.59
8.80
13.90
13.40
5.03
6.19
9.10
5.71
8.94
9.30
13.20
9.60
8.86
9.03
9.58
10.35
6.85
9.39
8.36
9.40
10.90
7.30
10.02
7.40
10.80
8.18
10.77
9.48
10.20
10.02
Separation
—
10.6 +
—
8.7 +
12.9 21.5 =
4.3 +
—
35.8 —
5.8 +
—
21.1 85.7
—
10.8 +
10.7 +
54.9 +!
—
52.9 +
129.4 +
—
5.4 +
—
1.6 -!!
9.5 +
—
5.2 —
6.3 =
—
44.8 +
—
28.7 96.9 +
—
20.8 +
—
26.9 BC 0.2
—
13.7 —
3.8 +
623 +
PA
—
95 +?
—
32 +
12.9 21.5 =
353 —
224 =
—
107 +
—
70 85.7
—
196 +
10.7 +
54.9 +!
—
93 +
129.4 +
—
289 +
—
345 +!!
9.5 +
—
254 +
—
89 —
252 +
—
347 =
96.9 +
—
182 +
—
327 +
BC 96
—
214 +
—
58 623 +
Zone 207
Designation
Position
Rating
Map
STF 651
0510-0705
4E
1
Bpm 76
0512-0907
4E
1
STF 692
0520-0802
4E
1
Maedler 2
0521-0652
4E
1
STF 701
0523-0825
4E
1
STF 709
0525-0742
4E
1
H V 101
0529-0716
4E
1
h2268
0529-0823
4E
1
STF 732 rej
0531-0612
4E
3
STF 735
0533-0631
4E
3
South 490
0536-0525
4E
3
A 494
0543-0648
4E
3
Gallo 393
0549-1105
4E
4
STF 804 rej
0549-0943
4E
3
STF 823
0558-0740
4E
3
h31
0504-0509
5E
1
Gallo 375
0505-0925
5E
1
Beta Eri
0508-0505
5E
1
Gallo 385
0528-1447
5E
2
h2271
0532-0749
5E
3
SI 17
0535-0525
5E
3
Weisse 9
0536-1350
5E
4
Gallo 391
0537-1003
5E
4
Component
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
BC
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
BC
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
- 49 -
Mag
8.49
10.40
8.04
9.73
8.24
8.39
8.72
10.28
10.46
12.00
5.99
8.12
9.88
10.26
6.71
9.70
6.75
10.52
8.17
12.09
8.87
9.49
11.30
8.46
8.90
5.97
10.30
8.61
9.86
9.65
10.58
14.50
8.94
9.69
9.00
11.37
11.44
11.90
2.78
12.50
9.73
9.72
9.94
11.56
4.98
5.00
8.63
11.10
10.90
8.94
10.00
Separation
—
41.4 +!
—
91.3 -!
—
0.6 34.9 =
—
3.2 +
33.7 —
6.1 +
—
11.7 +
—
48.7 —
26.0 —
45.7 +
—
21.7 +!
PA
—
30 -!
—
251 +!
—
333 34.9 =
—
160 =
33.7 —
140 —
319 +
—
116 —
301 +
—
254 +
—
351 -
146.3 =
—
78.1 =
—
101.6 +
—
13.7 =
—
26.4 -
284 =
—
215 =
—
231 —
101 +
—
98 =
3.5 —
7.7 +
—
13.9 +
—
11.1
—
116.9 +
—
19.2
—
19.0 —
134.6 —
41.9 52.6
—
19.9
226 +
—
345 +
—
73 —
248
—
142 —
85
—
258 +
—
314 +
—
151 52.6
—
286
Zone 207
Designation
Position
Rating
Map
Bur 405
0548-1331
5E
4
Iota Lep
0512-1151
2M
2
Iota Ori
0535-0555
2M
3
STF 667
0515-0704
3M
1
STF 636
0503-0840
4M
1
Kappa Lep
0513-1257
4M
2
Beta Ori
0515-0812
4M
1
Tau Ori
0518-0651
4M
1
Bur 95
0552-0719
4M
3
h2247
0503-0542
5M
1
Hipparcos 693
0514-0639
5M
1
Gallo 383
0526-0938
5M
1
Bur 1399
0537-1340
5M
4
Barton 2645
0554-1234
5M
4
Bur 94
0550-1429
3D
4
Hipparcos 783
0550-1234
4D
4
Stone 10
0524-1025
5D
2
Component
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
- 50 -
Mag
8.14
10.60
4.45
9.92
2.75
6.36
11.00
6.90
8.26
6.86
8.20
4.36
6.85
0.00
6.80
3.60
10.97
10.90
7.89
11.90
11.51
8.90
13.95
11.69
9.68
12.03
9.43
10.85
9.05
11.69
12.00
9.30
10.90
5.49
8.29
8.83
8.97
8.18
8.45
Separation
—
14.0 —
12.2 —
10.9 48.8 —
4.3 +
—
3.6 —
2.1 —
9.1 —
34.8 +
36.1 +
—
14.5 +
148.5 +!!
—
20.8
33.3 +
—
6.6 —
25.5
—
25.7 +
20.5 —
4.5 —
2.4 —
2.0 +
—
1.0 -
PA
—
125 =
—
337 —
142 48.8 —
315 +
—
103 +
—
357 —
203 +
—
250 +
36.1 +
—
297 148.5 +!!
—
57
33.3 +
—
352 —
316
—
188 +
20.5 —
142 +
—
167 —
170 +
—
121 =
Zone 207
Deep Space Objects
Object
NGC 1976
IC 418
NGC 1982
R Lep
NGC 1784
IC 2118
NGC 1999
NGC 1980
NGC 1726
NGC 1779
NGC 1924
Position
0535-0527
0528-1242
0536-0516
0500-1449
0505-1152
0507-0713
0537-0642
0535-0554
0500-0745
0505-0909
0528-0519
Rating
1E
3E
3E
4E
5M
5M
2D
3D
5D
5D
5D
Map
3
2
3
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
Type
Gn (E+R)
Pn (4)
Gn (E+R)
Red Dwarf
Gal (SB(r)c)
Gn (R)
Gn (E+R)
Gn
Gal (SA(s)0o:)
Gal ((R')SAB(r)0/a?)
Gal (SB(r)bc)
- 51 -
Specifications
Surface
Mag
Br
5.0
10.7
9.0
12.6
14.3
10.0
—
11.7
13.0
12.5
12.7
12.7
Pop