vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
THESIS TITLE
i
DECLARATION SHEET
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
xvi
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Aim and Objectives of the Study
4
1.4
Scope of Research
4
1.5
Research Methodology
4
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
Constructability Definitions
6
2.2
General Overview Constructability in
7
Highway Project
2.3
2.2.1 Government Agency Observations
8
2.2.2 Design Firm Observations
11
2.2.3 Construction Firm Observations
14
Constructability in the Highway
14
Construction Project Process
2.3.1 Feasibility Design Stages
16
2.3.2 Design Stages
17
2.3.3 Construction
18
2.3.4 Operation
18
2.4
Maximum Benefit of Constructability
19
2.5
Constructability Concepts in Highway Projects
22
2.6
Design Phase Constructability Concepts
32
2.6.1 Carry Out Thorough Investigation of the Site 34
2.6.2 Design for Minimum Time Below Ground
36
2.6.3 Design for Simple Assembly
39
2.6.4 Encourage Standardisation/Repetition
40
2.6.5 Design for Preassembly or Modularisation
40
2.6.6 Analyse Accessibility of the Jobsite
41
2.6.7 Employ Any Visualisation Tools
42
to Avoid Physical Interference
2.6.8 Investigate Any Unsuspected Unrealistic
42
or Incompatible Tolerances
2.6.9 Investigate the Practical Sequence of
43
Construction
2.6.10 Plan to Avoid Damage to Work by
Subsequent Operations
43
ix
2.6.11 Consider Storage Requirement at
43
the Jobsite
2.6.12 Investigate the Impacts of Design on
44
Safety during Construction
2.6.13 Design to Avoid Return Visit by Trade
45
2.6.14 Design for the Skills and Resources
45
Available
2.6.15 Consider Suitability of Designed Materials 46
2.6.16 Provide Detail and Clear Information
45
2.6.17 Design for Early Enclosure
46
2.6.18 Consider Weather Effect in Selecting
Materials or Construction Methods
2.7
3
48
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
50
3.2
Research Process
50
3.3
Determining the Research Objectives
51
3.4
Steps in Methodology
52
3.4.1 Conceptualization
52
3.4.2 Literature Review
53
3.4.3 Questionnaire
53
3.4.4 Analysis
56
Development of Guidelines
57
3.5
4
Summary
47
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
58
4.2
Respondent’s Background
59
4.2.1 Type of Organization
59
4.2.2 Level of Education
60
x
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.2.3 Field of Specialization
61
4.2.4 Position in Organization
62
4.2.5 Numbers of Years Practiced in Designing
63
4.2.6 Numbers of Years Practiced in Working
64
Level of Importance
66
4.3.1 Frequency Analysis
66
4.3.2 Average Index Analysis
77
Level of Application
81
4.3.3 Frequency Analysis
81
4.3.4 Average Index Analysis
91
The Development of Design Phase
95
Constructability Improvement Concepts
4.6
5
Discussion
99
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
5.2
Conclusion
100
5.1.1 Objective 1
100
5.1.2 Objective 2
104
5.1.3 Objective 3
105
Recommendations
105
REFERENCES
107
APPENDIX
110
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Type of Organization
59
4.2
Level of Education
61
4.3
Field Of Specialization
62
4.4
Position in Organization
63
4.5
Number of Years Practiced in Designing in
64
Highway Projects
4.6
Number of Years Practiced in Working in
65
Highway Projects
4.7
Carry out Thorough Investigation of the Site
66
4.8
Provide Detail and Clear Design Information
67
4.9
Analyze Accessibility of the Jobsite
67
4.10
Investigate the Impacts of Design on Safety
68
during Construction
4.11
Consider Suitability of Designed Materials
69
4.12
Investigate the Practical Sequence of Construction
69
4.13
Consider Adverse Weather Effect in Selecting Materials
70
or Construction Methods
4.14
Plan to Avoid Damage to Work by Subsequent
71
Operations
4.15
Investigate Any Unsuspected Unrealistic or
71
xii
Incompatible Tolerances
4.16
Designs for the Skills and Resources Available
72
4.17
Consider Storage Requirement at the Jobsite
72
4.18
Design for Minimum Time below Ground
73
4.19
Design for Early Enclosure
73
4.20
Encourage Standardization/Repetition
74
4.21
Employ Any Visualization Tools to Avoid
74
Physical Interference
4.22
Design for Simply Assembly
75
4.23
Design to Avoid Return Visit by Trade
76
4.24
Design for Preassembly and/or Modularization
76
4.25
Average Index Value for Degree of Importance of
79
Constructability Concepts during the Design Phase
4.26
Carry Out Thorough Investigation of the Site
81
4.27
Employ Any Visualization Tools to Avoid
82
Physical Interference
4.28
Encourage Standardization/Repetition
82
4.29
Consider Storage Requirement at the Jobsite
83
4.30
Design for Minimum Time below Ground
83
4.31
Investigate the Practical Sequence of Construction
84
4.32
Design for Simply Assembly
84
4.33
Design for the Skills and Resources Available
85
4.34
Investigate the Impacts of Design on Safety during
86
Construction
4.35
Analyze Accessibility of the Jobsite
86
4.36
Design For Preassembly and/or Modularization
87
4.37
Investigate Any Unsuspected Unrealistic or
87
Incompatible Tolerances
4.38
Design to Avoid Return Visit by Trade
88
4.39
Design for Early Enclosure
88
4.40
Provide Detail and Clear Design Information
89
xiii
4.41
Plan to Avoid Damage to Work by Subsequent
89
Operations
4.42
Consider Suitability of Designed Materials
90
4.43
Consider Adverse Weather Effect in Selecting Materials
90
or Construction Methods
4.44
Average Index Value for Degree of Application of
Constructability Concepts during the Design Phase
93
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Research Methodology Chart
5
2.1
The Highway Construction Project Process
16
2.2
Project Life Cycle and Designers Level of Influence
20
2.3
Ability to Influence Final Cost Over Project Life
21
2.4
Process of launching girder for elevated structure
35
2.5
Problems faced during launching of some girders
35
2.6
Details of elevated highway
37
2.7
Problem of compaction and result after
38
project start-up
3.1
Steps in Methodology
52
3.2
Questionnaire Flow Chart
55
4.1
Percentage of type of organization
60
4.2
Percentage of level of education
61
4.3
Percentage of field of specialization
62
4.4
Percentage of Position in Organization
63
4.5
Percentage of Number of Years Practiced in
64
Designing In Highway Projects
4.6
Number of Years Practiced in Working in
65
Highway Projects
4.7
Degree of Importance of Constructability Concepts
80
xv
4.8
Degree of Application of Constructability Concepts
94
4.9
Design Phase Constructability Improvement Concepts
96
For Malaysian Highway Projects
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Questionnaire Form
PAGE
110