URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT FOR PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS IN SELANGOR AND NEGERI SEMBILAN
MOHD YAZID BIN ABDULLAH
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people, researchers, and
academicians, and practitioners. They have contributed towards my understanding and
thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main thesis
supervisor, Professor Dr. Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid for encouragement, guidance, critics
and friendship. I am also very thankful to Associate Professor Dr. Mohamad Ibrahim
Mohammad and Associate Professor Zainudin Mohamed Shamsudin for their guidance,
advices and motivation. Without their continued support and interest, this thesis would
not have been the same as presented here.
I am also indebted to Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Selangor and Negeri
Sembilan especially to Tuan Haji Ahmad Husaini Sulaiman and Mr. Lee Lock Chong
the State Directors; Mr. Abu Bakar Mohd Yusoff, Deputy Director JPS Selangor; Puan
Wan Hasitinaziah bt Mohd Hasan, Assistant Director JPS Negeri Sembilan and their
staff for assistance in supplying information to make this study possible. I would also
express my sincere appreciation to all project engineers participating in the conducted
survey.
My fellow postgraduate students should also be recognized for their support. My
sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have provided
assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately,
it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. I am also very grateful to all my
family members for their continuous support and encouragement.
iii
Especially dedicated to
my beloved mother Puan Halimah Abdullah;
my sons and daughters; Ahmad Khumayni, Anith Sofiyyah, Aiman Mardhiyyah,
Amnah Amirah, Afwan Nadzirah and Ahmad Akram Mukhlis to strive for excellence;
and
to my dear wife, Che Maziah bt Abdulah for her perserveance and support.
vi
ABSTRACT
Rapid urbanizations and its consequent increase in impervious surfaces and
changes in land use generally resulted in problem of flooding and heavy pollution of
urban water system and other receiving waters. Urban drainage practice and control
philosophy has been based on solving localized floods by transferring excessive flows
into the drainage systems downstream. The consequence of removing the stormwater
from the land surface so quickly is to increase volumes and peak discharge, overloading
the drainage system. This causes severe flooding to downstream areas and a threat to the
ecosystem and environment. Since 2001, Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia (MASMA) was introduced by Drainage Irrigation Department of Malaysia
and approved by the Cabinet for the application to replace the earlier manual for storm
water management in urban areas. The focus of this study is on the implementation of
MASMA in property development projects. The objective of this study is to investigate
and identify the problems encountered in its implementation. The study also identifies
its effects on project cost and time and benefit of MASMA compliance to property
development projects. The methodology adopted involving literature search, interviews
with authorities, consultants, developers, contractors and property owners and
questionnaire survey to the project engineers. Frequency Analysis and Relative Index
analyses were used to analyze the data. The study is limited to on going and completed
property development projects of 10 Ha and above in the states of Selangor and Negeri
Sembilan only. In conclusion, the problems encountered at MASMA implementation to
property development projects have been identified. It includes the identification of cost
and time implications on MASMA compliance to the project. Various benefits of
MASMA compliance to the developers and property owners have also been identified.
Several recommendations are proposed to enhance MASMA application.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
vi-vii
viii –xiv
LIST OF TABLES
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Background of the study
2
1.3
Problem Statement
4
1.4
Aim and Objectives of the Study
5
1.5
Scope of the Study
6
1.6
Importance of the Study
7
1.7
Research Methodology
7
1.8
Organisation of the Thesis
10
ix
II
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
12
2.1
Introduction
12
2.2
Definition of terms
12
2.2.1
Urban Stormwater Management
12
2.2.2
Urban Area
12
2.2.3
Best Management Practices (BMPs) in
13
stormwater management
2.3
Current Development Issues and Previous
14
Drainage Practice
2.4
2.3.1
Development Consequences and Needs
14
2.3.2
Local stormwater- related problems
15
2.3.3
Previous Drainage Practices
16
New Direction in Urban Stormwater
17
management
2.4.1
The Need for a New Approach to Urban
17
stormwater management
2.4.2
Stormwater Management in the
19
Developed Countries
2.4.3
Strategic approach in stormwater
19
management
2.4.4
Sustainability in urban stormwater
20
management
2.4.5
Need for Integrated Management
21
Approach
2.4.6
Urban Water System
21
2.5
Objectives of Stormwater Management
23
2.6
Stormwater Management Principles
24
2.7
Urbanisation and Urban Areas
24
2.7.1
25
Urban areas populations
x
2.8
Best Management Practices in Urban stormwater
25
management
2.9
2.8.1 Runoff Quantity Management
26
2.8.2 Runoff Quality Management
26
Problems in Best Management Practices
27
Application
III
2.10 Urban Stormwater as a Resource
28
2.11 Summary
29
MASMA APPLICATION IN PROPERTY
30
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
Purpose, Scope, Application and Organisation of
31
MASMA
3.3
3.2.1
Aim and Objectives
31
3.2.2
Scope and Application of MASMA
31
3.2.3
Organisation and Format
31
Relevancy of MASMA Applications to Users
32
and Activities
3.3.1
Relevancy of MASMA to the Authorities
32
and Users
3.3.2 Relevancy of MASMA to Different
32
Activities
3.4
MASMA Planning and Design concepts
33
3.5
Urban Drainage Practice in Malaysia before
33
2001
3.6
MASMA Application related to Land
34
Development
3.6.1
Submission and approval of land
subdivision and layout plans
34
xi
3.6.2
Application for approval of drainage and
35
earthwork plans
3.6.3
Application for approval of building and
36
infrastructural plans
3.6.4
Approval of certificate of fitness for
36
occupation
3.7
Roles, problems, issues and challenges in
36
property development industry
3.7.1
The importance of property development
36
3.7.2
FIABCI criteria for Malaysia Property
37
Awards
3.7.3
Factors house buyer taking into
37
consideration in choosing of property
3.7.4
Developers expectation to the
38
government
3.7.5
Property development project in Selangor
39
and Negeri Sembilan
3.8
Problems, implication and benefits of MASMA
40
application
3.8.1
Problems of MASMA applications in
40
Property Development Projects
3.8.2
Cost implications of MASMA
41
compliance
3.8.3
Time implications of MASMA
42
compliance
3.8.4
3.9
Benefits of MASMA compliance
Summary
42
43
xii
IV
V
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
45
4.1
Introduction
45
4.2
Research Methodology
45
4.3
Identification of Related Problems and Issues
47
4.4
Questionnaire Study
47
4.4.1
Design of the Questionnaire
47
4.4.2
Pilot Study
49
4.4.3
Cover Letter
49
4.4.4
Sampling for Survey
49
4.5
Data Collection
50
4.6
Data Processing
50
4.7
Questionnaire Measure
50
4.8
Summary
52
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
53
5.1
Introduction
53
5.2
Data Collection and Response
53
5.3
Analysis of the results
54
5.4
Project Background
54
5.4.1
Land Area of the Projects
54
5.4.2
Project Duration, Starting Year and
54
Implementation Status
55
Stormwater Management Components of
57
5.4.3
the Projects
5.5
Problems in MASMA Implementation
58
5.5.1
58
Problems of MASMA Implementation at
Planning Stage
5.5.2
Problems of MASMA Implementation at
Design Stage
58
xiii
5.5.3
Problems of MASMA Implementation at
59
Construction Stage
5.5.4
Problems of MASMA Implementation
59
after completion
5.6
Cost implication of MASMA compliance
60
5.7
Time implication of MASMA compliance
60
5.7.1
61
Delay of project plan approvals and
issuance of Certificate of Fitness for
Occupation.
5.7.2
The factors contributing to delay of
61
approvals
5.8
Benefits of MASMA compliance to the
61
developers and property owners
5.8.1
Benefits of MASMA compliance to the
61
developers
5.8.2
Benefits of MASMA compliance to
62
property owners
5.9
VI
Summary
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
63
64
6.1
Introduction
64
6.2
Problems in MASMA Implementation
64
6.2.1
66
Problems in MASMA implementation at
the Planning Stage
6.2.2
Problems in MASMA implementation at
67
design stage
6.2.3
Problems in MASMA implementation at
79
the Construction Stage
6.2.4
Problems in MASMA Implementation
70
after Completion
6.3
Cost implication of MASMA compliance
71
xiv
6.4
Time implication of MASMA compliance
73
6.5
The Benefits of MASMA implementation to the
74
developers
6.6
The Benefits of MASMA implementation to the
76
property owners
6.7
VII
Summary
77
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
79
7.1
Introduction
79
7.2
Conclusion
79
7.3
Problem encountered during the Study
82
7.4
Recommendation
84
REFERENCES
85 – 88
APPENDICES A - G
89 – 121
xv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
The Content of Questionnaire
47
6.1
Ranking of Top Twelve Problems in MASMA
65
Implementation (with RI value of 0.5 and
above)
6.2
Ranking of Top 3 Problems in MASMA
68
Implementation at Design Stage
6.3
Ranking of Top 3 Problems in MASMA
69
Implementation at Construction Stage
6.4
Ranking Of Relative Index Value for Cost
72
Implication of MASMA Compliance
6.5
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Delay in
73
Plan Approvals
6.6
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Factors
74
Contribution to Delay in Plan Approvals
6.7
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Benefits of
75
MASMA Compliance To Property Owners
6.8
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Benefits of
MASMA Compliance To Property Owners
77
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
1.1
Flow Chart of the Study
9
2.1
Urban Water System
23
4.1
Schematic Events in the Study
46
4.2
Five (5) ordinal measures of agreement by
51
Likert’s Scale
5.1(a)
Project Duration
55
5.1(b)
Project Starting Year
56
5.1(c)
Project Development Stage
56
5.1(d)
Stormwater Management Component
57
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Typical Stormwater Management Measures
89
B
Relevance of MASMA to Different Authorities
90
C
Relevance of MASMA to Different Activities
91
D
Cover Letter and Questionnaire
E
Frequency Analysis Result for Project Background
F
Frequency Analysis Result for Problems, Cost,
92-100
101
102-118
Time and Benefit in MASMA Implementation
G
Relative Index Value for Problems, Cost, Time
and Benefit in MASMA Implementation
119-123
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
The size of urban areas has increased to accommodate the increase in urban
population and activities that power the economic engine for country’s development.
These developments has brought about several positive results such economic
improvement and alleviation of poverty. Inadequate controlled development has had
significant adverse impact on the environment, such as flash flooding, erosion, mudflow
and sedimentation, slope failure, water pollution and ecological damage, increased
floatable and debris flow and depleting water resources.
These negative impacts are in most cases brought about by inadequate handling
of stormwater management during planning, development and maintenance resulting in
much hardship to the urban community in the form of traffic jams, property damage,
inconveniences, and loss of income, productivity and sometimes live.
To address the problems, Drainage and Irrigation Department of Malaysia
introduced a new manual, Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia or
MASMA to replace the earlier guideline Urban Drainage Design and Standard and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia published in 1975.
2
The new manual, MASMA utilised the concept of urban stormwater
management control at source while the earlier drainage manual based on rapid disposal.
MASMA introduces a comprehensive, broad and flexible approaches, strategies and
guidelines for the current and future urban storm water management which covers
management of quantity and quality for environmental enhancement and sustainable
development. MASMA was approved by the Cabinet for application in storm water
management throughout Malaysia from first of January 2001.
1.2
Background of the study
Urbanization results in the growth of impervious areas and a diversification of
urban land use practices with respect to the hydrologic and environmental terms. The
construction of buildings, access road, highways, paved areas, footpaths, etc., increases
the impermeability of the catchments and consequent changes in surface types reduce
the quantity of water seeping into subsoil. The changes in land use usually involve the
loss of vegetation cover with consequent water use due to evaporation. Very often
marginal land, including reclaimed land in river flood plains, may be developed and this
will generally reduce depression storage in the catchments. All above factors lead to an
overall increase in impermeability and therefore in the quantity of rainwater that will run
off the land into the drainage system. Development will decrease the response time to
rainfall for many reasons.
Smisson, 1979 concluded that the effect of a reduction in catchments response
time is to increase the maximum rate of flow discharging to the drainage system or
alternatively increase frequency of significant floods.
In some river basins, development pressures on the water environment are now at
alarming level. It is widely recognized that land use changes from rural to urban or
industrial areas cause local runoff impacts on receiving water flow, quality and ecology.
3
As a result rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and estuarine and coastal water have become
sensitive to increased rates and volumes of runoff and pollutant discharges. These
discharges have posed major issues to many urban and residential centers, particularly in
western states of the Peninsular.
Apart from erosion and sedimentation problems associated with development, it
has become increasingly apparent that storm water runoff contributes to receiving waters
a significant part of total loads of such pollutants as nutrients, heavy metals, oil and
grease, bacteria etc.
Andoh, 1994, identified that the consequence of removing the stormwater from
the land surface so quickly is to increase volumes and peak rates of flow discharged,
overloading the natural drainage system. This causes severe damage not only to
downstream areas but to the environment as a whole. In addition, the amounts of storm
water to deal with are such that drainage scheme have become unaffordable for the
community. There is therefore the need for a new approach. Source control is one of the
proposed alternatives
The application of Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
(MASMA) is regarded as important milestone to achieve an environmental friendly and
sustainable development. The concept of stormwater management control at source is
relatively new to the country and a paradigm shift would be required to turn around
traditional concept of drainage engineering practices based on rapid disposal towards the
new concept. As recognized in MASMA itself, the manual has its limitation in that
being newly introduced it may be lacking in many aspects representing the peculiarities
of the stormwater process and practice in the country.
As mentioned in MASMA also it is imperative to understand that this manual is
just a guideline and its applicability depends on many factors such as adoption and the
extent of the manual by Local Governments, necessary adjustment to suit administrative
4
requirements of each Local Government and reform and changes in institutional and
legal matters pertaining to stormwater that may take place in the country.
1.3
Problem Statement
The implementation of MASMA poses enormous challenges to many parties
especially in the land and property development sector.
The implementation of
MASMA requiring the developers to comply with new stormwater management
guideline that is not familiar to them. The new concept will need new approaches and
orientations to planning, design, construction and maintenance of stormwater
infrastructures and facilities.
Jefferies et. al,1999 recognised that at the time of the first system implemented in
the United Kingdom, knowledge of the detail implementation of the relevant practice
was limited and a number of systems have been constructed which are clearly not
successful. He concluded that the poor performance might arise from a number of
reasons including lack of availability of sufficient land for the system installed,
particular administration factors in the region, bad design and construction and
inadequate maintenance.
Selangor Drainage and Irrigation Department Director, Lee Lock Chong, 2006
stated that some local authorities have been not given enough consideration to drainage
when approving development projects and the consequence of this is manifested in the
frequent floods in some areas (The Sun, Monday 10th July 2006).
The developers have their own reservation with regard to MASMA application in
their development projects. They need to complete within the tight budget and time
constraints to meet their commitment to the consumer and try to maximize land
5
utilization to increase their profit. Application of MASMA may hinder their targets if
those factors affecting their planning.
1.4
Aims and Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to identify and establish the problems of MASMA
implementation to the property development projects. The study will also identify
implication of MASMA compliance on the project costs and time and benefits of its
compliance to the developers and property owners.
As to achieve the aims of the study, the following objectives have been
identified:
i. To identify and establish problems in MASMA implementation in
property development projects;
ii. To identify the cost implication of MASMA compliance to
property development projects;
iii. To identify time implication of MASMA compliance to property
development projects; and
iv.
To identify the benefits of the MASMA compliance to the
developers and property owners of projects
The problems in MASMA implementation can be investigated through the
experience of the construction players involved in its implementation by conducting
survey using questionnaire. Some questions related to MASMA implementation at
various project development stages will be asked to the project engineers identify the
problems in MASMA implementation as experienced in their respective projects. The
questionnaire covers the problems at four project development stages; planning stage,
design stage, construction stage and utilisation stage.
6
Cost implication of MASMA compliance can be investigated through the
experience of the project engineer in estimating the project cost or actual cost in the
project implementation as compared to the cost if the previous manual is used. The costs
have been classified into four project component costs; consultancy cost, construction
cost, erosion and sediment control structure cost and maintenance cost.
Time implication of MASMA compliance is mainly related to the time taken by
the authorities to issue plans approvals and Certificate of Fitness for Occupancy. The
time implication can be identified through the delay of the approvals of plans and CFO
and its causes experienced by the project engineers in their respective project.
And the fourth goal, the benefits of MASMA compliance to the developer and
property owners is identified through the project engineers’ experience through their
close relationship with the developers of projects and the property owners.
1.5
Scope of the Study
The scope of the study encompasses completed and on-going projects property
development projects in the states of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. The respondents
are the project engineers for the selected project in both states. The projects engineers
are chosen as the respondent basically because of they are direct or indirectly involve in
application of MASMA the whole stage of project development.
As to achieve the objective of the study with the various limitations and
constraints of the researcher will confined to the following scopes:
i. The study will focus
on MASMA implementation in property
development projects;
ii. The land size of the projects are 10 hectare and above;
7
iii. Projects are in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan; and
iv. The surveys in form of questionnaire will be conducted to project
engineers of the projects who handle the matters related to MASMA
implementation.
1.6
Importance of the Study
MASMA introduces a comprehensive, broad and flexible approaches, strategies
and guidelines for the current and future urban storm water management.
The manual
is an important milestone and a new direction for storm water management in urban
areas in Malaysia. Considering the broadness it covered and due to the complexity and
the nature of construction industry in Malaysia, MASMA application posts an enormous
challenge to regulators, planners, designers, developers and contractors who are
involved in stormwater management.
After five years of its implementation, the study on the problems and related
implication of MASMA application to the construction industry is very useful. Property
development projects are the most affected sector as the result of MASMA application
for stormwater management. In the light of that, the study looks into the problems and
implication of MASMA application in property development projects. The problems in
MASMA application cover the whole project stages from planning to the maintenance
stage. The implications of MASMA application cover the project cost and time, and the
benefits to the developers and property owners (the buyer). The outcome of the study is
formulated through experience and the feedback from the industry players involved in
the implementation of MASMA is very useful for the future
application.
enhancement of its
8
1.7
Research Methodology
To achieve the aim and the objectives of the study, an appropriate approach and
research methodology will be adhered to. Chapter 4 of the thesis is specially dedicated to
explain and discuss the methodology adopted in the study. This part is only directed to
show briefly the flow diagram of the thesis commencement.
The study will provide description on urban stormwater management practices in
Malaysia and globally in the pasts and present. The focus of this study is to identify
problems and issues encountered in its implementation. This will be obtained through
literature review of journal papers, books, reports and web sites browsing. To understand
the local problems further the interviews and discussion was carried out with several
people involved with the stormwater management in Malaysia. They include engineers
and planners from government agencies and consultancy companies, developers,
contractors, and academicians.
Besides that, the study will also be conducted through surveys in the form of
questionnaire to the project engineers who in the implementation of MASMA in their
respective projects in the past five years. The surveys are conducted to identify the
problems and implications in the perspective of the project engineers through their own
experience in MASMA implementation and their interaction with other related parties
such as contractor, developers, other consultants and government agencies. Theoretical
framework using determined dependent and independent variables are important to
design relevant questions to be asked in the process of carrying out the survey.
Figure 1.1 shows the flow chart of the study.
9
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS
Identify the issue of the study
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review from journal purpose,
conference preceding, books and website to
understand and formulated the objectives of the
OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
To identify the cost of
implication of MASMA
compliance to housing
To identify and establish problems
in MASMA implementation
To identify time implication of
MASMA compliance to property
development projects
To identify the benefits of the MASMA
implementation of the developers and
property owners of projects
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
-Identify population and sample
-Design of the questionnaire
-Pilot Study
COLLECTING DATA
-Distributing questionnaire
-Collecting questionnaire
ANALYSIS/PROCESSING DATA
-Using Statistical Analysis Method
REPORTING RESULTS
-Describing data distribution
-Measuring item interaction
-Reporting the information
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart of the Study
10
1.8
Organisation of the Thesis
Chapter I discusses the background and problem statement of the study, follows
by the aims and the objectives, scope and important of the study. The methodology of
the study is then discussed briefly to show the direction of the study towards achieving
the objectives. It then summarizes the contents of this project report.
Chapter II highlights the development and issues related to stormwater
management in Malaysia and globally. It covers the discussion on stormwater
management issues and drainage practices, new direction in urban stormwater
management, stormwater management principles, urbanisation and urban areas. Best
Management Practices in urban stormwater management, urban stormwater as a
resource and problems in Best Management Practices application in developed
countries.
Chapter III discusses on Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
(MASMA), its purpose, goal and objectives, scope and application, and its organization
and format. The relevancy of MASMA application to the authorities and users to
different activities is also discussed. It also briefly explains the previous drainage
practice and the application of MASMA related to land development. Roles, problems,
issues and challenges in property development industry related to MASMA application
are also elaborated. It ends with the discussion on problems of MASMA application,
cost and time implication of MASMA compliance and benefits of MASMA compliance
to developers and property owners.
Chapter IV outlines the detail of methodology adopted in the study. The study is
conducted using interviews and questionnaire survey. This chapter explains the type of
data used, method of sampling, description of sample and population, technique of data
collection, processing and analysis and questionnaire design.
11
Chapter V details out the finding of the study concerning the problems in
MASMA application in property development projects as experience by the developers
and project engineers in their projects. To determine the ranking of the significant of the
problems, cost and time implications and benefits gained by developers and property
owners, the costs increase, the relative index of the responses was computed and ranked
to compare their ratings and relative importance. The results derived from Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) are appended in the Appendices as Appendix E, F,
and G.
Chapter VI elaborates and discusses at length the findings of the study from the
questionnaire survey conducted. The problems of MASMA implementation at the
planning, design, construction and after construction is identified, established and
elaborated. The implication of the problems at one stage that causes the problems to
other stages is also discussed then followed by discussion on the cost and time
implications of MASMA compliance. The factors that contribute to the delay also
highlighted.
The benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers and property
owners is discussed towards the end of the chapter.
Chapter VII, the final chapter concluded the aim and the objectives of the study,
problems encountered during the course of the study and the recommendation for the
improvement in MASMA implementation and suggestion for the future research works.
CHAPTER II
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
2.1
Introduction
This chapter highlights the development and issues related to stormwater
management in Malaysia and globally. It covers the discussion on stormwater
management issues and drainage practices, new direction in urban stormwater
management, stormwater management principles, urbanisation and urban areas. Best
Management Practices in urban stormwater management, urban stormwater as a
resource and problems in Best Management Practices application in developed
countries.
2.2
Definition of terms
2.2.1 Urban Stormwater Management
Urban stormwater management, simply stated is everything done within
catchments to remedy existing stormwater problems to prevent the occurrence of new
problems (Welsh, 1989).
13
It involves the development and implementation of structural and non-structural
measures to reconcile the conveyance and storage of stormwater systems within the
space and related needs of an expanding human population.
It also involved the
development and implementation of a range of measures of Best Management Practices
(BMPs) to improve the quality of stormwater runoff prior to its discharge to receiving
water.
From a stream ecosystem perspective, the role of stormwater management is to
significantly improve in-stream hydrology, water quality and ecology.
2.2.2 Urban Area
According to Department of Statistics, urban area in Malaysia is defined as a
gazetted area together with adjoining built-up areas having a population of 10,000 and
above, at least sixty percent (60%) of these populations engage in non agricultural
activities and at least thirty percent (30%) of the housing units are equipped with modern
toilet facilities.
2.2.3
Best Management Practices (BMPs) in stormwater management
Braune and Wood, 1999, defined Best Management Practices in stormwater
management as a multi-disciplinary approach in applying appropriate technology to
preserve the natural environment, enhance living standards and improve the quality of
life. The use and selection of specific BMPs depends on site conditions and objectives
such as water quality control, flood remediation, ground water protection etc. In many
cases there are multiple goals and needs necessitating the application of various BMPs to
obtain an integrated “treatment train”. In this way cost-effective measures can be
implemented to minimize the impact of urbanization on both water quality and quantity
in an urban environment.
14
2.3
Current Development Issues and Previous Drainage Practice
2.3.1 Development Consequences and Needs
Urbanization results in the growth of impervious areas and a diversification of
urban land use practices with respect to the hydrologic and environmental terms.
Smisson, 1979 concluded that the construction of buildings, access road, highways,
paved areas, footpaths, etc., increases the imperviousness of the catchments and
consequent changes in surface types reduce the quantity of water seeping into subsoil.
The changes in land use usually involve the loss of vegetation cover with consequent
water use due to evaporation. Very often marginal land, including reclaimed land in
river flood plains, may be developed and this will generally reduce depression storage in
the catchments. All above factors lead to an overall increase in imperviousness and
therefore in the quantity of rainwater that will run off the land into the drainage system.
Development will decrease the response time to rainfall for many reasons. The effect of
a reduction in catchments response time is to increase the maximum rate of flow
discharging to the drainage system or alternatively increase frequency of significant
floods.
Allison, 2006, described that in the present housing boom, the heavy machinery
strip the land of trees and top soil and compact the ground. Roads, parking lots,
commercial buildings, and residential housing cover the landscape with impervious
surfaces. Precipitation runs off the landscape, erosive gullies formed. Trash and
chemical pollutants washed into storm drains and impaired the streams resulting only the
most tolerant species persist.
In some river basins in Malaysia, development pressures on the water
environment are now at alarming level. It is widely recognized that land use changes
15
from rural to urban or industrial areas cause local runoff impacts on receiving water
flow, quality and ecology.
Apart from erosion and sedimentation problems associated with development, it
has become increasingly apparent that storm water runoff contributes to receiving waters
a significant part of total loads of such pollutants as nutrients, heavy metals, oil and
grease, bacteria etc. As a result rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and estuarine and coastal
water have become sensitive to increased rates and volumes of runoff and pollutant
discharges. These discharges have posed major issues in many urban and residential
centres, particularly in western states of the Peninsular. The problems have become even
more aggravated by frequent intense rainfall, the physiological nature of the basins and
the pattern of urbanization with relatively poor urban services.
2.3.2 Local stormwater- related problems
Some of the stormwater-associated problems being encountered in Malaysia are
construction activities and mud flows, flash flooding, water pollution, ecological damage
and urban slope failures. Other related problems are related to traffic disruptions and
accidents, surcharges and overflows from wastewater facilities, garbage and floating
litters and sedimentation of rivers and lakes.
Major zones that are prone to these problems include urbanised and urbanising
centres in Klang Valley, Putrajaya/Cyberjaya region, Upper Kinta Valley, Penang,
Linggi Basin, and other new socio-economic growth areas in West Coast of the
Peninsular. Inland localities normally experience short flash floods while coastal towns
face larger, longer duration flood due to expanded basin runoff contribution, flattened
flood plain and tidal influences.
Wan Mokhtar, 1998, find that many urban rivers, lakes, and ponds are rendered
unfit for use, either in-stream or off-stream, as they are flooded and overloaded with non
point source pollutants in wet periods and their water bodies experience more
16
concentrated point source due to reduce base flow contribution in dry periods. An
interpretative of river water quality has revealed that more than 69% of Malaysia in-land
waters are failing due to pollution contribution from the non-point source or storm
generated activities, particularly in urban areas.
2.3.3 Previous Drainage Practices
Past experience indicated that rapid disposal, localized, reactive and mono
functional drainage concepts had been widely practiced in Malaysia. Rational Method
was adopted for sizing most drainage structures. While standard design procedures have
been available since early 1970s, the peak discharge estimation method has been freely
used, even for large and complex hydraulic structures in large catchments and tidal
areas. Practices in Malaysia has thus far relied on very much on slight adaptation or even
direct use of temperate region-based urban rainfall and runoff design procedures and
computer models.
Research on characteristics of urbanized and urbanized urban areas is relatively
scarce within Malaysia and continue to be frustrated by the lack of data, in term of
quantity, quality and length of record from which meaningful design information may be
deduced sufficiently and reliably. Urban drainage practice has been largely based on the
1975 DID Urban Drainage Design Manual
The approaches to the design procedures, in terms of methods and techniques
employed, have not been reviewed and upgraded although advances in urban drainage
and stormwater management technology are continuing and circumstances changing as
evidenced by the increased frequency of flash flood and water quality problems
occurring in many urbanizing areas in Malaysia towns and cities.
In relation to the contents of this manual, some recognized weaknesses are
associated with institutional and legal issues, strategic and master planning concepts,
discharge estimation, minor and major drainage facilities, computer simulation, and
17
quantity and quality controls. These were either inadequately covered or not included in
the manual.
2.4
New Direction in Urban Stormwater management
2.4.1
The Need for a New Approach to stormwater management
Conventional storm drainage management based on rapid disposal concept has
long been on practice in many countries including Malaysia.
Urban drainage practice and control philosophy has, until recently, been based on
solving localized floods either by transferring excessive flows in drainage systems
downstream by upgrading sewer pipes or relieving localized problems by constructing
storm overflows. The consequence of removing the stormwater from the land surface so
quickly is to increase volumes and peak rates of flow discharged, overloading the natural
drainage system. This causes severe damage not only to downstream areas but to the
environment as a whole. In addition, the amounts of storm water to deal with are such
that drainage scheme have become unaffordable for the community. There is therefore
the need for a new approach.
Andoh, 1994, suggested that an approach of urban drainage by mimicking
nature’s way, inspired by the concept of natural distributed system. This alternative
strategy looks at ways stormwater flow into through urban centres can be reduced or
attenuated before they arrive at the problem areas. The further upstream a control
measure, the closer it is to nature’s way of a spatially distributed control system.
A number of case studies described by Andoh (1995), Claridge (1995) and
Anduh and Lamb(1995) suggested that the alternative strategy of source control is more
cost- effective as compared to the traditional solution that have typically involved relief
sewers and large storage tanks. A systematic study was carried out to evaluate the scope
for generalizing the assertion that: Nature utilizes its wide range of natural feature to
18
store, attenuate drainage system is composed of an accumulation of small volume of
system storage which, all together provide an efficient natural distribute and absorb into
soil, run off before its release into the receiving water course. Its drainage system is
composed of an accumulation of small volumes of system storage which, all together,
provide an efficient natural distributed control system to slow down the rate of runoff.
Andoh and Declerck, 1997, concluded that the approach to urban drainage which
would mimics natures could be more viable and sustainable alternative. The further
upstream a control measure, the closer to source and hence the closer to nature’s way.
Facets of this approach have been called Source Control, Best Management Practices
etc.
Allison. et .al, 2006, identified that stormwater runoff from new or existing
development can be addressed using either centralised management systems, such as
large conveyance pipes and water treatment plants, or decentralised systems, such as
retention ponds, grassy swales, and porous pavement.
Although the centralised
approach can minimize large fluctuations in stream flows and flooding risk to urban
areas, this approach does not address the ecological requirements of maintaining
adequate base flows and natural fluctuations in storm flows that are necessary for
healthy aquatic ecosystems. Decentralised systems distribute stormwater management
practices throughout watersheds and can more effectively mimic predevelopment
hydrologic cycles throughout stream networks. While these systems require a great deal
of coordination between landowners and government authorities, especially for longterm maintenance, decentralised systems have more flexibility than large centralised
systems, allowing for adjustments and experimentation over time.
Conventionally stormwater drainage has been designed to provide the fastest
possible transport of stormwater runoff out of the catchments into receiving waters.
However new concepts are now combining infiltration, distributed storage and treatment
as well as delayed transport. In the sense of sustainable development ecological criteria
19
are taken into account in these modern drainage plans which are potentially much closer
to nature than the traditional approach.
2.4.2 Stormwater Management in the Developed Countries
The comprehensive Best Management Practices for stormwater management are
very popular topic of development for urban drainage in Germany. Beginning with first
exemplary projects (Sieker and Harms, 1988; Grotehusmann et al., 1994) and also
including investigation of influences on ground water quality (Gowler, 1987;
Grotenhusmann, 1995), stormwater Best Management Princinples are now widely used
in drainage planning (Geiger and Dreiseitl, 1995; Uhl and Harms, 1996).
The approach is also beginning to be used more extensively in other European
Countries e.g. in the UK (Bettess, 1996; Jefferies et al 1998), France (Chocat, 1997) and
Switzerland (Boller, 1998) as well as in the US (Urbonas, 1997) and Australia (Argue
and Pezzati, 1998).”
2.4.3 Strategic approach in stormwater management
The control of both quantity and quality of urban runoff is now being seen to be
also of major importance in the management of catchments and receiving waters. A
different approach to management of urban stormwater including the establishment of a
storage-oriented approach for controlling runoff quantity from development sites, the
identification of the environmental values or beneficial use of particular water bodies
which are to be protected and the establishment of objectives which will achieve
required level of flood protection and water quality enhancement.
The strategic approach should also include the establishment of water quality
management strategy, the development and implementation of monitoring and
surveillance programs to ensure that runoff quantity and water quality objectives are
20
being maintained and the implementation of research programs to gain a better
understanding of the behaviour of aquatic system in order to improve water quality
design and management techniques. Public involvement is emphasized at all stages of
this approach. This reflects the philosophy that all organization and individual who
influence of are affected by the stormwater system should have a say in its management.
This approach is based on the following set of broad and holistic principle for
effective stormwater environmental management within the catchments and it’s
receiving waters. The principles aimed at minimizing changes to the hydrological
characteristics of a catchment, including wet and dry weather flows, to achieve flow
objectives, minimizing the amount of pollution entering stormwater system and
removing an appropriate amount of any residual pollution by implementing treatment
Best Management Practices.
It also aimed at maximizing the value of indigenous
riparian, floodplain, and foreshore vegetation and also to maximizing the value of
habitats for aquatic fauna within the stormwater system. These principles are interrelated and the failure to consider any one of them may compromise the values of
stormwater system.
2.4.4 Sustainability in urban stormwater management.
Roesner, 1999, defined sustainability as applied to a resource is usually defined
as exploitation of the resources by the current generation for their improved quality of
life and standard of living, but not to the extent it compromises future generations from
achieving the same quality of life and standard of living. Developing a sustainable urban
water resource system that does in fact increase the quality of life of the city citizens
requires a paradigm shift in our thinking about urban runoff. That is we must cease
thinking about the product of rainfall –runoff and infiltration- as nuisances, and regard
them as asset.
21
2.4.5
Need for Integrated Management Approach
Major problems in Malaysia related to urban water management include the
storage of water, pollution of water body, urban flood hazards, and deterioration of
environment surrounding rivers. To date piecemeal approach has been adopted to solve
these problems. Appropriate adjustments of these piecemeal efforts are needed in order
to achieve efficient and environmentally sustainable operation of urban water cycle.
As noted by Musiake (1991), the inertia of the existing fragmented
administrative arrangement makes this adjustment difficult. Nevertheless, it must be
pursued. Some examples of integrated measures which can be adopted include
integrated land use planning to achieve multiple uses for urban land, capturing and
storage of roof runoff in order to reduce demands on the household potable water
supply, impounding of surface runoff for community non-potable water supply use and
the use of infiltration facilities to reduce direct storm runoff and increase base flows in
rivers during dry periods.
Ellis, 1995, suggested that successful integrated approaches to the management
of river corridor requirement in urban catchment demanded not only the implementation
of sound and sustainable eco-technology but also appropriate institutional cooperation
and local planning. Local Government influence and guide urban development by
identifying where and how development should occur through local land use plans and
associated policy. Such plans and policy review should include screening criteria for
institutional management practices as well as for preservation of critical habitat areas
and the integrity of drainage corridor. Each development plan should aim to enhance the
features and functions of natural drainage system in order to maximize local
environment and economic benefits.
22
2.4.6 Urban Water System
The natural process has been very extensively modified in urban areas (Musiake,
1991). Butler, and Parkinson, 1997 stressed that sustainable urban drainage should
maintain a good public health barrier, avoid local and distant pollution of environment,
minimize the utilization of resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) and be operable in
long term and adaptable to future requirements. These strategies are proposed that can
be carried out immediately, incrementally and effectively and these are to reduce potable
water use, to reduce and then eliminate the mixing of industrial wastewater with
domestic waste, and to reduce then eliminate the mixing of stormwater and domestic
wastewater. A number of techniques are described which may allow adoption of these
strategies, many of them small scale, source control techniques’.
Figure 2.1 gives representation of the urban water system. The flows taking place in the
system can be classified into three streams, the natural process of rainfall, infiltration,
evaporation-transpiration, and runoff, artificial paths for drainage of stormwater such as
gutters, pipes, open drains, detention basins and engineered waterways, and water supply
system , which feeds into the sewerage system. These flow paths are not fully
independent but are partly connected to each other. To fully understand the urban water
system, it is necessary to quantify each of these components and their relationship in the
cycle.
23
Figure 2.1: Urban Water System
2.5
Objectives of Stormwater Management
An idealized goal for urban water management would be the restoration of each
component of the hydrological cycle to its natural level (Musiake, 1991). Within broad
objective of achieving an optimum urban environment, the underlying objective can be
set for the responsible stormwater management are to provide safety for publics,
minimize and control nuisance flooding and to provide for the save passage of less
frequent flood events, stabilize the land form and control erosion, protect property,
enhance urban landscape, optimize the land available for urbanization and to minimize
the environmental impact of urban runoff on water quality.
These objectives will be seen as being achieved when the planning, design, and
construction of new facilities are adequate to service the requirement of new and future
24
development, there is compatibility with existing stormwater facilities, operational
methods and maintenance techniques, and stormwater facilities provide adequate
environmental, community, and asset protection consistent with acceptable planning,
design, and construction requirements and the principle of ecologically sustainable
development.
2.6
Stormwater Management Principles
New South Wales Environment Protection Agency, 1996, identified several
important management principles for achieving the stated stormwater management
objectives. The principles are accepting shared responsibility, integrated land use
planning, water sensitive urban design, multi-purpose of stormwater infrastructure,
promoting ecologically sustainable development, developing of best mix of strategies
and encouraging innovation.
2.7
Urbanisation and Urban Areas
The size of urban areas has increase to accommodate an increase in urban
population and activities that power the economic engine for country’s development.
These developments has brought about several positive results such economic
improvement and alleviation of poverty. Nevertheless, inadequate controlled
development has had significant adverse impact on the environment, such as flash
flooding, erosion, mudflow and sedimentation, slope failure, water pollution and
ecological damage, increased floatable and debris flow and depleting water resources.
25
2.7.1 Urban areas populations.
The National Physical Plan (NPP) Report 2005 developed by the Town and
Country Planning Department (TCPD) shows that urban areas in Peninsular Malaysia
presently occupies about 3.3 percent of the total land areas (432,000 hectare). The
census of 2000 indicated that about 9.3 million of the total population of 18.5 million for
Peninsular Malaysia resides within urban areas. The figure is projected by NPP to
increase to 13.2 out of 26.8 million total populations in the year 2020. The figure reflects
a rural-urban migration trend that places more emphasis on urban areas to promote better
overall quality of life for country’s population. The figure is based on Department of
Statistic definition of urban area.
2.8
Best Management Practices in Urban stormwater management
Braune and Wood, 1999, concluded that the control of stormwater runoff quality
and quantity is often considered separately, and does not address all the issues regarding
urban stormwater runoff control. This often results in costly and inappropriate control
measures. He suggested a new and improved approach already applied successfully in
the USA and Australia is Best Management Practices approach. The can be defined as a
multi-disciplinary approach in applying appropriate technology to preserve the natural
environment, enhance living standards and improve the quality of life.
The use and selection of specific Best Management Practices depends on site
conditions and objectives such as water quality control, flood remediation, ground water
protection etc. In many cases there are multiple goals and needs necessitating the
application of various Best Management Practices to obtain an integrated “treatment
train”. In this way cost-effective measures can be implemented to minimize the impact
of urbanization on both water quality and quantity in an urban environment.
26
2.8.1 Runoff Quantity Management
Stormwater in Malaysia has traditionally focus primarily on managing the impact
of flooding be adopting a conveyance-oriented approach. Stormwater runoff is viewed
as a nuisance to be disposed of as quickly and efficiently as possible. The disadvantages
of this approach are the increase in conveyance sizes; insufficient capacity of
downstream conveyance, hard lined open system can be a hazard to the public during
and after flood and transportation of urban pollutants to the downstream areas.
In addition to traditional conveyance oriented approach, a potentially effective
and preferable approach to stormwater management is the storage-oriented approach.
The function of this approach is to provide for the temporary storage of stormwater
runoff at or near its point of origin with subsequent slow release to the downstream
stormwater system or receiving water (detention) or infiltration into the surrounding soil
(retention). This approach can minimize flood damage and disruption both within and
downstream of the collection area. Runoff may also be stored for re-use as a second
class water supply for irrigation and domestic purposes. The principle elements and
techniques used in a storage-oriented system are stormwater detention facilities and
retention facilities.
2.8.2 Runoff Quality Management
Source control and treatment control of stormwater runoff from urban areas to
remove urban pollutants and enhance the quality of the discharges to receiving waters
has to be addressed. There are three techniques used for runoff quality management.
Housekeeping Best Management Practices are techniques that aim to change
human behaviors to reduce the amount of pollutants that enter stormwater system by
targeting the control and/or prevention of pollution at source. The techniques include the
introduction and improvement of community education and participation activities,
27
management activities, operation and maintenance activities such as garbage collection
and street sweeping and improve site planning and management.
Source Control BMPs are those practices that tend to keep both runoff pollutants
contained at source. These include pervious areas and buffer strip toward which runoff is
directed, infiltration controls, porous pavement, etc.
Treatment Controls BMPs are series of treatment to protect the quality of local
streams, lakes and rivers. The treatment control may be by the establishment of urban
lakes as biological treatment system, water quality control pond and wetlands,
incorporation of gross pollutant traps, and incorporation of off-stream sediment basins to
intercept runoff prior to its discharge to receiving waters.
Typical stormwater management measures to control stormwater quantity and
quality for construction works are as shown in Appendix A.
2.9
Urban Stormwater as a Resource
As growing urban community approach the viable limits of water supplies,
opportunity associated with the use of local water sources such urban stormwater and
ground water are being recognized. Better management of the water cycle at the resident
lot needs to be achieved to reduce demand for domestic water supply.
Veldkamp, et. al, 1997 identified that utilisation of stormwater greatly affects the
reduction of drinking water consumption. If all toilets are flushed with stormwater
instead of pure drinking water, a 30% reduction is achieved.
Where urban areas are located over or adjacent to ground water aquifers, there is
potential for stormwater to be used to recharge aquifers provided the water quality is
protected. Next to utilization comes infiltration of stormwater. Infiltration is ranked
28
before discharge into surface water because infiltration better fit with pursuit of
restoration of hydrological system. Obviously this is only true for areas with a
sufficiently low ground water tables (Veldkamp, et. al, 1997).
2.10
Problems in Best Management Practices Application
Mc Kissock, et. al, 1998 identified that initial investigation, showed that cost
implication, lack of knowledge of suitable construction details and methods, together
with the responsibility of maintenance are the major impediments to successful BMP
system construction.
Jefferies, 1999 established that at the time of the first system, knowledge of the
detail implementation of the relevant practices was limited and a number of system have
been constructed which are clearly not successful. Poor performance might arise from a
number of reasons including lack of availability of sufficient land for the system
installed, particular administration factors in the region, bad design and construction and
inadequate maintenance. Jefferies, 1999 also assessed the extent to which the fears of
many developers concerning the use of BMPs have been realized. Such fears include the
propensity for children to be attracted to a pond, the extent of surface impounding during
rainfall or erosion of swales side slopes.
The matter of maintenance is a key issue encountered in Scotland. Having
convinced planners and developers that BMPs are desirable, the need to ensure that the
system once constructed, are then maintained satisfactorily have been a more
problematical issue. Maintenance is a crucial issue with the infiltration and pond system
from which solid must be periodically removed to ensure effective performance of the
treatment system (Jefferies, et al, 1999).
29
Cost effectiveness is another crucial issue in stormwater management. In
planning and implementation of stormwater management, the whole life cycle cost and
benefit of the project and various possible alternatives have to be considered.
2.11
Summary
Urbanisation results in increase of impervious areas and a diversification of
urban land use practices with respect to hydrology and environment. The changes cause
various stormwater associated problems such as flash flood, water pollution and
ecological damage. These negative impacts in most cases are brought by inadequate
handling of stormwater during planning, development and maintenance, resulting in
much hardship to urban community. To address the problems, the government
introduced the new manual, Urban Stormwater Management Manual or MASMA based
on control at source concept, incorporated comprehensive planning, design and
maintenance procedures for controlling discharge and pollution, with the objectives of
enhancing the environment for the sustainable development.
CHAPTER III
MASMA APPLICATION IN PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
3.1
Introduction
This chapter discusses on Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
(MASMA), its purpose, goal and objectives, scope and application, and its organization
and format. The relevancy of MASMA application to the authorities and users to
different activities is also discussed. It also briefly explains the previous drainage
practice and the application of MASMA related to land development. Roles, problems,
issues and challenges in property development industry related to MASMA application
are also elaborated. It ends with the discussion on problems of MASMA application,
cost and time implication of MASMA compliance and benefits of MASMA compliance
to developers and property owners.
31
3.2
Purpose, Scope, Application and Organisation of MASMA
3.2.1 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the Manual is to provide guidance to all regulators, planers and
designers who are involved in stormwater management and identifies new direction for
stormwater management in Malaysia.
The objectives of MASMA are to ensure the safety of the public, control
nuisance flooding, protect properties, stabilize the landform and control erosion,
optimise land available for urban development, and minimise the environmental impact
of urban runoff on water quality and to enhance urban landscape.
3.2.2
Scope and Application of MASMA
The Manual covers all aspects and requirement of stormwater management for
urban areas throughout Malaysia. The Manual is considered as a guideline and the
applicability depends on many factors such as its adoption and extent of its adoption by
Local Authority, necessary adjustment to suit administrative requirement of each Local
Authority, and reforms and changes in institutional and legal matters pertaining to
stormwater.
3.2.3
MASMA Organisation and Format
The Manual has forty eight (48) Chapters. It is divided into nine (9) Parts
according to different main topics that form the Manual. The first three Parts contain
background information on environmental process and stormwater management,
administration aspects and planning processes.
32
The remaining Parts contain detailed information on hydrology and hydraulics,
runoff quantity control and conveyance, source of pollutant and treatment runoff quality
control, runoff quality control during construction and special stormwater applications.
3.3
Relevancy of MASMA Applications to Users and Activities
Depending on the role of each user there are different issues and activities for
which it is necessary to gain an understanding, while there are other issues and activities
of which it would be advantageous to have an understanding.
3.3.1
Relevancy of MASMA to the Authorities and Users
MASMA is relevant to regulators, planners, designers, developers and
contractors in stormwater management and to educators who are training urban planners,
hydrologists, deign engineers, environmental scientists and landscape architects. An
indication of expected relevance of each chapter in the Manual to regulators, planners,
designers, developers, contractors, and educators is given in Appendix B.
3.3.2
Relevancy of MASMA to Different Activities
Depending on the activity being undertaken, different chapters on the Manual
will be relevant. The relevant chapters for range of activities are indicated in Appendix C
33
3.4
MASMA Planning and Design concepts
Planning and design concept of MASMA are based on eight acceptance criteria
which are mandatory requirement for planning and design of stormwater management
system for new urban development or upgrading of stormwater system in existing urban
areas. The criteria are concerning public safety, land development, design average
recurrence intervals, runoff quantity control, conveyance system, runoff quality control,
ecological criteria, and operation and maintenance.
3.5
Urban Drainage Practice in Malaysia before 2001
In Malaysia prior to 2001, urban drainage practice has been largely based on the
1975 DID Urban Drainage Design Manual. The manual covers the topics on planning,
basis of design, flood estimation, hydraulic design of open channels, structures, storm
drainage design for urban streets, detention storage, erosion and sediment control, and
information to be submitted with design.
This rapid disposal, localized, reactive and mono functional drainage concepts
have been practiced in Malaysia since then. The Rational Method is adopted for sizing
most drainage structures. While standard design procedures have been available since
early 1970s, the peak discharge estimation method has been freely used, even for large
and complex hydraulic structures in large catchment and tidal areas.
Practices in Malaysia has thus far relied on very much on slight adaptation or
even direct use of temperate region-based urban rainfall rain-off design procedures and
computer models. Research on characteristics of urbanized and urbanized urban areas is
relatively scarce within Malaysia and continue to be frustrated by a lack of data, in term
of quantity, quality, and length of record from which meaningful design information
may be deduced sufficiently and reliably.
34
The approaches to the design procedures, in terms of methods and techniques
employed, have not been reviewed and upgraded although advances in urban drainage
and stormwater management technology are continuing and circumstances changing as
evidenced by the increased frequency of flash flood and water quality problems
occurring in many urbanizing areas in Malaysia towns and cities.
In relation to the contents of former manual, some recognized weaknesses are
associated with institutional and legal issues, strategic master planning concepts,
discharge estimation, minor and major drainage facilities, computer simulation, and
quantity and quality controls.
3.6
MASMA Application related to Land Development
Housing development project is a process to convert agricultural or forest areas
for the construction of buildings and other infrastructures for various functions and
activities. In the land development process, MASMA compliance is related to
submission and approval of land subdivision and layout plans, drainage and earthwork
plans, building and infrastructural plans and approval of Certificate of Fitness for
Occupancy.
3.6.1 Submission and approval of land subdivision and layout plans
Planners for the project submit the proposed development to the state JPBD or
Local authority planning department for approval. State JPBD or the local authority
refers the application to DID for comments.
The proposed development plan will be commented by DID regarding the
allocation of required reserves for drains, rivers, beach, and retention ponds. The
35
comments will be forwarded to State TCPD or local authority and discussed in the
meeting for approval.
The comments by DID and other authorities will then be attached to the
developers for necessary amendments to the plans. The developer is required to submit
the amended plans for final approval.
3.6.2
Application for approval of drainage and earthwork plans
At this stage the drainage and earthwork plans will be submitted to the Local/
Town Council. The council will then forward the plans to DID for comments. The
consulting engineers are also allowed to directly submit the plans to DID.
In the checking drainage plans, DID will check the plans based on a checklist of
requirements and will give due attention to main drainage system (main and internal
drains), retention ponds, river and beach and other things especially those can possibly
cause flooding.
In the checking of earthwork plans, DID will ensure that proposed levels for
development higher than flood levels at that area also the requirement erosion and
sediment control structures (ESCP).
All the approval for the drainage and earthwork plans is subjected to deposition
of financial guarantee to the local council. This guarantee will be used to finance repairs
the damages caused by drainage and earthworks and to complete unfinished drainage by
the developers.
The approval of drainage and earthworks plans is under the jurisdiction of
local/town council. DID function is to give technical advice to the respective council.
36
There are councils that do not forward these plans to DID as the have their own
technical officials to handle the matter.
3.6.3
Application for approval of building and infrastructural plans
Processing of the plans is carried by Local/Town council. These plans should be
forwarded together with the approved drainage layout plans. The reference to DID is to
comment on drainage and infrastructure proposed and the hydraulic calculations.
3.6.4
Approval of certificate of fitness for occupation (CFO)
One of the aspects taking into consideration for issuing of CFO is the developer
has constructed all drainage system as approved and complies with all the requirements
during the approval of layout, drainage and building and infrastructural plans.
3.7 Roles, problems, issues and challenges in property development industry
3.7.1
The importance of property development
The real estate industry is one of the most productive contributors to the national
economy through its link to more than 100 other industry sectors.
International Real Estate Federation (FIABCI), Malaysia hopes to build an
impeccable reputation for the real estate fraternity through a new rating system for the
developers and top-notch industry standards to upgrade the standards in local real estate
industry and improve environment.
37
The rating system will be used as a benchmark to differentiate developers based
on their track records, quality standards and reliability. According to Datuk Richard
Fong, FIABCI Malaysia president, FIABCI provides a platform for fraternity to
highlight the achievements and problems of the industry players.
The people changing lifestyles and needs are pushing real estate excellence bar a
few notches higher each year. Those who want to excel in the industry should brush up
on their quality practice, reputation and creativity. Benchmarking against the world’s
best is another great inspiration for local developers to challenge their own limit to come
out with world class real estate designs and quality standards.
3.7.2
FIABCI criteria for Malaysia Property Awards
According to Kumar Tharmalingam, secretary general of FIABCI Asia-Pacific,
for the Malaysian Property Award, there are five main criteria for judges to consider.
First, the product has to be successful in its category. Purchasers must want to buy and
regard it as a good investment. Second, the project must generate profits- it has to be
financially successful. Third, the project has to represent a recognizable icon. It has to be
unique, with people wanting to be associated with it. Fourth, the project should
encompass consideration to the environment, and the environmental scope is through
landscaping, waste management, energy-saving ideas etc. Fifth, quality of construction
is an important point. The longevity of the building depends on the quality of
construction and that the project will stand the test of time
.
3.7.3
Factors house buyer taking into consideration in choosing of property
Observation to brochures and other advertisements in the various media revealed
that several criterions have been used by the developers to attract the house buyers.
38
Amongst the popular features are homes with wide array of selection, with well
designed, specious built-up areas complemented with good ventilation and natural
lighting, and high quality construction and finishes for both interior and exterior.
Other features are on environment, safety and security. On environment pointed
on the availability of parks and lakes associated with recreational facilities, scenic
landscaped surroundings and environment-friendly development with concealed
infrastructures.
On safety and security the features are the single entry point to each precinct,
pedestrian safe paths, crosswalks and other child friendly features and well lit streets,
landscaped back lanes and jogging track.
Other factors mentioned are affordable prices and value for money, strategic
location, closeness to amenities such as schools, kindergarten, shops, mosques, offices,
banks and golf courses and easily accessible to the main roads and highways.
3.7.4
Developers expectation to the government
Just as house buyers demand the best from the developer the sign up with, the
developers too have demands on the government. The Real Estate and Developers
Association (Rehda) president, stressed that while the association has met with the
Government at various levels and exchanged several ideas as well as concern, too often
what the Housing and Local Government said and what the local authorities thereafter
do are quite different. The authorities need to be more reasonable about the concern of
the property development industry. The primary concerns today according to him are the
slow take-up of houses, the implementation of the build then sell mode of housing
delivery, and the status of abandoned housing projects. He also stressed that developers
have too many rules and regulations governing property development and they also have
to bear with all the demands and requirements of local authorities, from planning
approval to issuance of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation. He advises buyers to make
39
them sure they check out the background and reputation of the developer before
committing to buy a property and they should not just depend on brochures.
3.7.5
Property development project in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan.
Selangor and Negeri Sembilan are two of the states in Malaysia where property
development project growing at fast rate at pace of the development in the states. The
number of application received by the DID in Selangor is about 1500 and Negeri
Sembilan is about 300 every year. Almost about 80% or more of these applications is
with the land area of less then 10 hectares.
The property developers currently face a stiff competition to attract the house
buyers
and have offered various incentive and advantages. For the developers the
marketability of the property, project time and cost is of crucial importance.
Marketability is also important because developers will normally start the construction
only after 65% of the properties are already sold. Marketability of the property will
depend on various factors such as the closeness to working places, safety, and future
development, and good surrounding areas, existence of recreational and sport activities,
efficient road, and transportation system.
Rehda Deputy Chairman, Datuk Michael Yam said that in a survey carried out in
early 2006, a majority of developers responded that they had unsold stock because of
weak market conditions and tightening of bank lending. Over 70% said they could
manage unsold stock of between 10% and 20%. The survey also found out that 63% of
respondents were starting new projects in the second half of the year compared with
78% the year before, while 43% felt that the property market was still trending towards
the residential segment in 2006. He cautioned that while 42% of respondents were
neutral on 2006’s property outlook and there was a higher percentage of respondents
(37%) compared with 22% the year before who were pessimistic, this may be due to the
macro-economic conditions during the survey period (The Sun, October 9, 2006).
40
Lately flooding is another factor influencing the marketability of the property
due to the frequent of the flood in the developed areas. The flood has caused the damage
to the properties and inconveniences to the population of the areas involved. The buyers
will shy away from the flood prone housing areas and resulting in significant lowering in
property prices. Nowadays free from flooding is a crucial prerequisite to attract the
house buyers to buy the property.
3.8
Problems, implication and benefits of MASMA application
3.8.1
Problems of MASMA applications in Property Development Projects
There are various problems encountered by the developers and project engineers
in the application of MASMA and its implementation in property development project.
These problems encountered at planning, design, construction and maintenance stage
after completion of the projects.
During the planning stage there are conflicting needs for suitable site and open
spaces for stormwater management facilities and other uses such for recreational
facilities and sewerage treatment plants. Sometimes there is no proper consideration on
the types of stormwater facilities required and on natural drainage lay-out during the
planning stage. Even if land is provided for the facilities, it is unsuitable in location, size
and shape. There are also inconsistencies in the enforcement of MASMA requirement
between authorities, districts and states.
Some of the stormwater facilities are inappropriately and improperly designed,
and lack of safety concern and consideration on constructability. Stormwater facilities
also designed without proper consideration on ecological aspects for habitats, aesthetic
and landscaping. The designer also faced the problem of inadequate space, unsuitable
shape and unsuitable location of reserve, inexperience and lack of knowledge in
41
choosing appropriate design alternatives and unavailability or limited choice of local
stormwater products. Some stormwater facilities designed by the designers are also not
cost effective.
During the construction stage, the contractors encountered the difficulties to
construct or install the facilities designed.
There are also problems of inadequate space
for construction of Storm Water Management facilities. Other problem is unavailability
of skilled and experience of workers, suitable equipment and machineries for
construction and installation, and local product of the facilities proposed by the designer.
Failure to construct Storm Water Management facilities in accordance to design
plans and technical specifications and failure to construct erosion and sediment control
and associated structures as approved are problems in the part of contractors.
Performance of erosion and sediment control structures is another problem during the
construction stage.
After the completion there are several problems encountered. Some facilities are
very difficult to maintain, fail to function and perform as intended and misused or
vandalized by the publics. There is also poor and insufficient maintenance of the
facilities by the developers and authorities. Financial constraints on the part of
developers and authorities to finance maintenance of Storm Water Management
facilities and infrastructures are another problem. Unavailability of suitable equipment
and machineries, limited access and land space give problem to maintenance works.
There also thefts and corrosions of metal used for stormwater facilities, safety and health
hazards create by ponds and wetlands.
3.8.2
Cost implications of MASMA compliance
Cost is a very crucial factor in housing development project. Regarding the cost
implication to MASMA compliance, there are conflicting opinions among the
42
consultants as whether it causes the increase in infrastructural cost of the project. As the
new approach based on control at source in contrast to previous manual based on rapid
disposal, there could be different in cost of the various component of Storm Water
Management facilities. The study will evaluate the increase in components of cost for
providing Storm Water Management facilities and other related costs to comply with
MASMA requirements. For the purpose of this study, the costs are divided into four
components; Consultancy cost, Construction of Storm Water Management facilities cost.
Construction and maintenance of erosion and sediment control structures and perimeter
drain (temporary structures), and Maintenance cost before handing over to the
authorities
3.8.3
Time implications of MASMA compliance
Time is another very crucial factor in housing development project and it will
also affect the cost of the project. As the new approach totally differs to previously
practiced, MASMA adoption may caused delays to project implementation due to
various reasons. The delays may effects the project scheduling, overall project costs, and
marketing strategies and buyers expectations. This study will try to identify at what
stage the delays occurs due to MASMA compliance and the reason of the delays.
3.8.4
Benefits of MASMA compliance
The benefit expected from MASMA implementation are to attenuate and reduce
flow into river to reduce the damage to river environment, environmental friendly and
reinstate the greenery in urban areas, safer and people friendly features, avoid
accumulation of rubbish, spacious green areas, integrated use of dry and wet ponds,
purification of run-off, erosion control, run-off filtration, barrier for water velocity, river
bank stabilities, encourage infiltration and giving better habitat for fish and animals.
43
As for the developers who finance the project and property owner who will bear
the development cost of the project, the return in term of benefit as a result of the
compliance will make them appreciate the importance of manual implementation. The
survey carried in the study will identify and evaluate the benefit of MASMA compliance
to the developers and the property owners of the project.
The expected benefits for the developers are enhancing the marketability,
appreciation of property value, enhance the reputation to the customer and authority
while reducing of complaints from various parties related to the project during
construction and after project completion.
The expected benefit for the property owners who are the customers and end
users of the projects may be derived from uses of environmentally friendly types of
Storm Water Management infrastructures adopted to comply with MASMA
requirements. They will benefit from damages of the property and inconveniences due to
flooding, spacious green areas, safer and people friendly features, integrated use of dry
and wet ponds and other facilities for recreation, sports, social and educational activities,
water and cost saving through reuse and recycle of storm water and give value for
money for the investment in the property they own.
3.9
Summary
MASMA is a new guideline for stormwater management introduced by the
government to improve the stormwater management and enhance the environment
towards the sustainable development. As oppose to the previous manual which is based
on rapid disposal system, MASMA utilized the concept of control at source. Application
of this new stormwater management has brought some problems and implication to the
project implementation in the property development project. The problems arise during
all the implementation stages, from planning until the maintenance stage. The MASMA
44
application has also bring the implications to the project cost and time. The MASMA
compliance at the same time brings various benefits to the developers and buyers of the
property at large.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1
Introduction
This chapter outlines the detail of methodology adopted in the study. The study
is conducted using interviews and questionnaire survey. This chapter explains the type
of data used, method of sampling, description of sample and population, technique of
data collection, processing and analysis and questionnaire design.
4.2
Research Methodology
The overall design and conduct of the study is done by mainly referring to
Alreck and Settle, 2004. The sequential events of the study in simplicity are given in
Figure 4.1
The study will provide description of urban storm water management practices in
Malaysia and globally from the past and present state of the art and the direction its
moving to. This will be obtained through literature review of journal papers, books,
reports and conference papers. Besides that, the data of the study will be collected
through surveys in the form of questionnaire on parties involved in the implementation
of Urban Storm water Management Manual for Malaysia for the past five years. The
investigation will uncover the related issues and problems and implication on the
46
development in term of time, cost and quality. Figure 4.1 shows the schematic diagram
of the steps of the study. Theoretical framework using determined dependent and
independent variables are important to design relevant questions to be asked in the
process of carrying out the survey
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
x Sampling for Survey
x Design Questionnaire
x Pilot Study
REPORTING THE
RESULTS
xDescribing data distributions
xMeasuring item interactions
xReporting the information
COLLECTING DATA
xDistributing Questionnaire
xCollecting Questionnaire
PROCESSING AND
ANALYSIS DATA
xUsing Statistical
Analysis Method
Figure 4.1: Schematic Events in the Study.
The study will provide description of urban storm water management practices in
Malaysia and globally from the past and present state of the art and the direction its
moving to. This will be obtained through literature review of journal papers, books,
reports and conference papers. Besides that, the data of the study will be collected
through surveys in the form of questionnaire on parties involved in the implementation
of Urban Storm water Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA) for the past five
years. The investigation will uncover the related issues and problems and implication on
47
the implementation in term of time, cost and quality. Figure 4.1 shows the schematic
diagram of the steps of the study. Theoretical framework using determined dependent
and independent variables are important to design relevant questions to be asked in the
process of carrying out the survey.
4.3
Identification of Related Problems and Issues
The study start with the literature review on urban storm water management
practices in Malaysia and globally in the pasts and present and the direction it is moving
to. This has been obtained through literature review of journal papers, books, reports and
conference papers. To achieve the objectives of the study the initial interviews and
discussions have been carried out with officials in Federal, states, and districts agencies,
consultants, developers, contractors and property owners to determine the problems,
issues and elements related to the objectives of the study.
4.4
Questionnaire Study
4.4.1
Design of the Questionnaire
Regarding the problems in MASMA implementation it is decided to divide the
problems according to implementation of the project so that the problems will be studied
in sequence and systematically. A long list of possible problems was produced based on
literature review, newspaper reports and discussion with parties involved: Officers from
DID headquarters, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor, Local authorities, planers, consulting
engineers, developers and contractors. During the discussions the problems in the list
have been added or deleted in accordance to the significant of the problems and its
relatedness to MASMA implementation. The list of problems was finally produced in
48
the form of questionnaire that was handed over to the project engineers for their
feedback on every problem that appears in the list.
The same process has been carried out concurrently to determine the issues and
elements to be considered to achieve the objectives.
Structured questions are selected as the survey format over unstructured question
for it is feasible and has many advantages. It addressed precisely what information is
sought from the respondents and therefore avoiding the respondents from being in
different frame of mind and respond on different dimensions.
The questionnaire is grouped into five (5) sections. It starts off with general
background project name, developer, location, size, development components, project
duration and status, and stormwater management components. Section A is regarding the
problems in MASMA implementation while Section C and D asking on cost and time
implication of MASMA compliance respectively. Finally Section E is concerning the
benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers and property owners of the project.
The sections of the questionnaire are referred to the objectives of the study as listed in
Table 4.1
SECTION
TOPIC
OBJECTIVES
A
Project Background
-
B
Problems in MASMA implementation
1
C
Cost implication of MASMA compliance
2
D
Time implication of MASMA compliance
3
E
Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers
4
and property owners
Table 4.1: The Content of Questionnaire
49
The Questionnaire developed is as shown in Appendix D.
4.4.2
Pilot Study
The pilot study was conducted to ascertain the relevancy of the questionnaire to
the objectives of the study and the response, opinion and attitude towards the
questionnaire was designed and also ensure they understand and response correctly to
the questions asked. Several questionnaires set were sent or discussed with the relevant
parties to ascertain their appropriateness. Amendments were made to the questionnaire
based on the feedback received from this pilot study.
4.4.3
Cover Letter
The cover letter is prepared to introduce the survey and the objectives of the
study. In the absence of personal contact and conversation, the cover letter played an
important role to win the respondent to response positively to the questionnaire. The
cover letter must be able to explain the project briefly and address what to be expected
from the study, and to win the cooperation of the respondents. The cover letter as per
Appendix D
4.4.4
Sampling for Survey
The questionnaire survey was targeted to the list of sixty three (63) on-going and
completed projects within the scope of the study produced by JPS Selangor and Negeri
Sembilan. The projects are those have gone through MASMA compliance requirements
in their implementation. The list represents main property development projects
developed during that period in those states.
50
4.5
Data Collection
Data collection is carried out using questionnaire survey to the project engineers
handling the MASMA implementation in their projects. The questionnaires are sent by
mail or delivered by hand. In addition, survey via mail and delivered by hand also
consists of the return envelope, which is ready to be delivered, complete with return
address and stamp.
A week was given to finish and sending back the completed forms. The
completed forms could be sent back to the by mail or facsimiles picked by hand. The
response from the respondent is also properly administered. Approximately in a week
where viable the respondents were contacted by phone to remind them about the
questionnaire to promote response.
4.6
Data Processing
The data collected from the respondent are processed to produce statistical data
representing the opinion and experience of the project engineers with regard to the
application of MASMA in their respective projects. The analysis of the data has been
carried out using SPSS statistical analysis method. It has many advantages including the
capability and flexibility in performing various statistical analyses. Thus the discussion
is made properly and easier. The usable respondents are twenty six (41 %) out of sixty
three questionnaire sets that were sent out to the project engineers.
4.7
Questionnaire Measure
To acquire the extent of contribution of factors, the survey respondents were
asked to rate against the five-point scale. The responses to the questionnaire is base on
51
Likert’s Scale of five ordinal measures which is from one (1) to five (5) according to the
level of contributing factors attributed to each question.
Ordinal Scale of 1 to 5
----------------------------------------------------1
2
3
4
5
Increasing degree of Contribution
Figure 4.2: Five (5) ordinal measures of agreement by Likert’s Scale
Likert’s Scale of measurement represents the following rating:
5
:
Highly Contributing
4
:
High Contributing
3
:
Medium Contributing
2
:
Low Contributing
1
:
Least Contributing
Responses from the questionnaire were then analysed. The analysis include the
ranking the factors in term of degree of contribution. To determine the ranking of
different factors from the point of view of project engineers, the ‘Relative Important
Index (RI) as computed as:
Sum (5n5 +4n4 +3n3 +2n2 +1n1)
RI
= -------------------------------------------5 (n5 +n4 +n3 +n2 +n1)
Where
RI = Relative Index
n5, n4, n3, n2, n1
= number of responding indices
52
In the study where ordinal data were employed, performance levels were used in
the answers, e.g.; “1 – no significant problem”, “2 – slightly significant problem”,
“3 - moderately significant problem”, “4 – very significant problem”, and “5 – extremely
significant problem”. Likert scaling is a very popular scale to use because the simplicity
of the format (Alreck and Settle, 2004). It can be composed quickly and easily.
Respondents understand what are required in the questionnaire and can complete items
very quickly.
The computation of RI using the formula yields the value of RI ranging from 0.2
to 1. The value of 0.2 represents the lowest strength and value 1 represents the maximum
strength. It was distributed according to range as < 0.2: no significant problem, 0.2 0.4: slightly significant problem, 0.4 - 0.6: moderately significant problem, 0.6 – 0.8:
very significant problem and > 0.8: extremely significant problem. The ranges of index
values were also discussed by Abd Majid and McCafer, 1997.
4.8
Summary
The study was referred to literature review of journal papers, conference
proceedings, books, reports and conference papers. Information on the problems and
related issues related to the study is also gathered through the interviews and discussions
with wide range of people involved and related directly or indirectly with the MASMA
implementation in property development projects. Besides that, the study was conducted
through surveys in the form of questionnaires to the project engineers to identify, based
in their experience, the problems and implications as well as the benefit of MASMA
application in their respective project. Analyses were performed on the results tabulated
with interpretations assisted by statistical computations as and discussed in the next
Chapter V
CHAPTER V
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
5.1
Introduction
This chapter details out the finding of the study concerning the problems in
MASMA application in property development projects as experience by the developers
and project engineers in their projects. To determine the ranking of the significant of the
problems, cost and time implications and benefits gained by developers and property
owners, the costs increase, the relative index of the responses was computed and ranked
to compare their ratings and relative importance. The results derived from Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) are appended in the Appendices as Appendix E, F
and G where numbering are mentioned subsequently after results.
5.2
Data Collection and Response
Data collection is carried out through questionnaire survey to the project
engineers handling the MASMA implementation in those projects. The questionnaires
are sent by mail or delivered by hand. In addition, survey via mail and delivered by hand
also consists of the return envelope, which is ready to be delivered, complete with return
address and stamp.
54
Out of sixty three (63) set of questionnaires sent, twenty seven (27) respondents
returned the questionnaire. Out of that one returned questionnaire was excluded for
analysis as it appeared to be outside the scope of the study (land area less than 10 ha).
The respondents cover various types of properties development projects in Selangor and
Negeri Sembilan. Out of twenty six (26) respondents, four (4) projects are in Negeri
Sembilan while the other twenty two (22) projects are in Selangor.
5.3
Analysis of the results
As mentioned earlier, the Likert’s scale of five ordinal measures used to
represent rating of the study. The main approach to analyse the data is by using the
‘Relative Index’ (RI) technique. The frequency analysis of all questions been asked in
the study is tabulated and shown in Appendix E and F. The relative index of every
question been asked and average relative index are as shown in the Appendix G. Detail
analysis of the data of each section of the questionnaire is elaborated in the next section.
5.4
Project Background
The results of the analysis of project background using statistical analysis
method are in Appendix E. The analysis is on the project land area; project duration; year
of project start; project status; and stormwater management components in the project.
5.4.1
Land Area of the Project
The land areas of the projects are mainly less than 100 hectare (34.6 %) followed
by between 100 and 200 hectare (38.5 %). Only 11.5 % are of more than 400 hectare.
55
5.4.2
Project Duration, Starting Year and Implementation Status
Figure 5.1(a) and 5.1(b) show the Project Duration and Starting Year of the
projects. Eighteen projects (69.2%) are with the duration of four years or more while six
projects (23.1 %) take 2 to 3 years to complete. One (3.8%) each takes less than 2 years
and between 3 to 4 years to finish the project.
Project Duration
Percent
60
40
20
0
2 years or less
2 to 3 years
3 to 4 years
4 years and above
Project Duration
Figure 5.1(a): Project Duration
Six projects (23.1 %) started in the year 2000 or before, nineteen projects (73.1 %) from
2001 to 2005 and one project (3.8 %) in 2006.
56
Project Start
30
25
Percent
20
15
10
5
0
2000 and
before
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
Project Start
Figure 5.1(b): Project Starting Year.
Project status
80
Percent
60
40
20
0
Detail design stage
Construction stage
Completed
Project status
Figure 5.1(c): Project Development Stage
Figure 5.1(c) show development stage of the projects at the time when the survey was
conducted. The table shows that the projects are at various development stages. Twenty
57
projects (76.9 %) are at the construction stage, two at the design stage (7.7 %) and four
are completed projects (15.4 %).
5.4.3
Stormwater Management Components of the Projects
There are several types of stormwater management structures and facilities used
in the projects. The percentages of the projects that have employed the respective
stormwater management component are illustrated in Figure 5.1(d). The most
commonly used are concrete drain main conveyance (88.5 %) and wet pond and
wetlands (80.8 %), followed by pipe drains main conveyance (42.3 %) and Gross
Pollutant Traps (38.5 %). Earth main conveyance drain, swales, dry pond and porous
pavement, and infiltration drain are very rarely used.
Stormwater management
component
Figure 5.1(d): Stormwater Management components
58
5.5
Problems in MASMA Implementation
5.5.1
Problems of MASMA Implementation at Planning Stage
The problem of MASMA implementation at planning stage shows that the
average relative index value as 0.53. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is
moderate significant problem. All five of the problems listed in the questionnaire have
the range of 0.4 -0.6 value showing that all the problems are moderately significant. Out
of five, two problems have the RI value of close to 0.6 and considered most significant
during the planning stage.
These problems are on ‘the conflicting need for suitable site and open space for
stormwater management facilities and other uses’ and ‘inconsistency in the enforcement
of requirement between states and districts’. Another problem that is also significant,
with RI value of 0.54 is ‘no proper consideration of types of stormwater facilities
required during planning stage’.
5.5.2
Problems of MASMA Implementation at Design Stage
The problem of MASMA implementation at design stage shows the average
relative index value as 0.45. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is moderately
significant problem, towards the lesser significant value. This show the problems at this
stage are less significant than that of during the planning stage. Seven out of nine the
problems listed in the questionnaire have the RI values in the range of 0.4 -0.6 showing
that all the problems are moderately significant while other two fall within the slightly
significant range. Two most significant problems at design stage are ‘stormwater
management facilities designed without proper consideration on ecological aspects for
habitats, aesthetic and landscaping’ and ‘stormwater management facilities designed
are
not cost effective’ with the RI values of 0.51 and 0.50 respectively. Another
problem with RI value of 0.49 that is also significant is ‘inadequate space, unsuitable
59
shape and unsuitable location of reserve provided for stormwater management of
facilities’
5.5.3
Problems of MASMA Implementation at Construction Stage
For the problems of MASMA implementation at construction stage, analysis
shows that the average relative index value of 0.44. The RI value is in the range of 0.40.6 which is moderately significant problem, towards the lesser significant value. Seven
out of eight the problems listed in the questionnaire have the range of 0.4 -0.6 value
showing that the problems are moderately significant. The most significant problem at
the construction stage is ‘unavailability of local product of the facilities proposed by the
designer’ with RI value of 0.51. Two other problems that are also significant both with
RI value of 0.46 are ‘inadequate space for construction of stormwater facilities’ and ‘the
contractor failed to construct erosion and sediment control and associated structures as
approved’
5.5.4
Problems of MASMA Implementation after completion
The problem of MASMA implementation at planning stage shows that the
average relative index value as 0.54. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is
moderate significant problem, towards the more significant value. This shows that the
problems at this stage are more significant as compared to other stages. Three of the
problems with the RI value of 0.70, 0.68 and 0.66 are within the range of 0.6-0.8 which
is very significant problem. The problems are ‘financial constraint on the part of
authorities to finance maintenance of stormwater management facilities and
infrastructures’, ‘financial constraints on the part of developers to finance maintenance
of stormwater management SWM facilities and infrastructures’ and ‘poor or insufficient
maintenance of the stormwater management facilities’. Other three problems that are
also considered significant, with the RI values of 0.59, 0.53, and 0.50 are ‘thefts and
corrosions of metal used for stormwater management facilities’, ‘misuse and vandalism
60
to the stormwater management facilities by the publics’ and ‘stormwater management
SWM Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain’.
5.6
Cost implication of MASMA compliance
For cost implication of MASMA compliance, average relative index value is
0.56. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is moderately significant increase.
Construction and maintenance cost of stormwater management facilities shows the very
significant increase with RI value of 0.65 and 0.64 each. This followed by erosion and
sediment control structures cost of moderately influence with RI value of 0.55. Only
slightly significant increase in consultancy cost with RI value of 0.38.
5.7
Time implication of MASMA compliance.
Time implication of MASMA compliance is indicated through the occurrence
delays in project development scheduling. In the context of MASMA compliance, the
delays can be monitored by comparing the milestones of the project. In the property
development projects, the important milestones are the project approval and issuance of
CFO. The delays in one or more of this approval will result in the delay of the whole
project.
5.7.1
Delay of project plan approvals and issuance of Certificate of Fitness for
Occupation.
Average relative index value for delay of the approvals shows the value of 0.54,
in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is moderately significant delay approvals of plans due to
the need to comply with MASMA requirements. Layout and Sub-division Plans
Approval, Drainage and Earthworks Plan Approval, Building Plan Approval, Building
61
and Infrastructural Plan Approval and Issuance of CFO have RI values in the range of
0.4 -0.6 that are of moderately significant delay. Out four approvals, two have the RI
value of close to 0.6 and classified more significant influence on delay. These are ‘delay
in layout and subdivision plan approval’ and ‘delay in drainage and earthwork plan
approval’
5.7.2
The factors contributing to delays of approvals
The factors contributing to delays of approvals show the average relative index
value as 0.54. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is moderately significant
contribution. Out of five factors listed in the questionnaire, one has the RI of 0.64 which
has caused most significant contribution to the delay. This is the delay due to
‘repetitions in layout planning to comply with MASMA requirements’. Out of five, two
factors have the RI value of close to 0.6 and considered significant. These factors are
‘delays in receiving comment from the authorities’ and ‘repetitions in design to comply
with MASMA requirements’
5.8
Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers and property owners
5.8.1
Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers
Regarding the Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers the analysis
shows an average relative index value of 0.58. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6
which is moderately significant contribution. The RI value of 0.58 is very close to 0.6
which shows that the developers benefit significantly in MASMA compliance and its
implementation.
The project engineers very agree that developers gained benefit of MASMA
through ‘drainage corridor, waterways and Drainage corridor, waterways and other
62
SWM facilities can be properly planned to enhance environment and recreational use to
add value to the property’ and ‘MASMA compliance has enhanced developers
reputation and credibility to customers’ with relative index of 0.71 and 0.62
respectively. Other two benefits ‘MASMA compliance has reduced complaints from the
publics and authorities during and after construction’ and ‘MASMA compliance has
enhanced the marketability of the property’ with the RI value of close to 0.6 and are
considered significant.
5.8.2 Benefits of MASMA compliance to property owners.
For the benefits of MASMA compliance to property owners, the result shows the
average relative index value as 0.59. The RI value is in the range of 0.4-0.6 which is
moderate agree, but the value is close to very agree range of 0.6-0.8. Out of five benefits
listed in the questionnaire, three one have the RI value in the range of 0.6-0.8 which is
very agree to the benefit and another one with the RI value of 0.58 which also close to
very aree range. This indicates that the project engineers are very agreeing that property
owners gained benefit from MASMA implementation and compliance of its
requirement. Four abovementioned
benefits are ‘MASMA compliance
reduce the
nuisance of flooding to the owners in the project and downstream areas’, ‘MASMA
compliance with proper integration with aesthetically designed landscape and spacious
green areas creates pleasing and healthy environments’, ‘stormwater management
facilities constructed
can be used for access, and sports, recreational and social
activities’, and ‘MASMA compliance improves public safety’. The fifth benefits in the
list,
‘Property
owners
benefited
from
water
saving
through
harvesting/storage’ has RI value of 0.38, within slightly agree range.
rainwater
63
5.9
Summary
The analysis carried out on the data collected from the questionnaire survey has
been successfully indicated and established the problems in MASMA implementation in
property development project. It also successfully indicate the cost and time implication
of MASMA compliance as well as the significant factors that cause the delay in project
plan approvals and issuance of CFO. The benefits of MASMA compliance to the
developers and property owners (buyers) have also been shown and established.
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
6.1
Introduction
This chapter elaborates and discusses the findings of the study from the
questionnaire survey conducted. The problems of MASMA implementation at the
planning, design, construction and after construction is identified, established and
elaborated. The implication of the problems at one stage that causes the problems to
other stages is also discussed. That is followed with the discussion on the cost and time
implications of MASMA compliance and the factors that contribute to the delays. The
benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers and property owners is discussed
towards the end of the chapter.
6.2
Problems in MASMA Implementation
The questionnaire listed thirty one (31) related problems encountered by the
developers and project engineers in MASMA implementation during various stages of
project development. The Relative indexes were ranked and then tabulated. The top
twelve problems with RI of 0.5 and above are as shown in Table 6.1.
65
RANK
PROBLEM
1
Financial constraint on the part of authorities to finance
RI
STAGE
Maintenance
0.7
maintenance of SWM facilities and infrastructures.
2
Financial constraints on the part of developers to
finance maintenance of SWM facilities and
Maintenance
0.68
infrastructures
3
Poor or insufficient maintenance of the SWM facilities
4
Inconsistency in enforcement of requirement between
0.66
Maintenance
Maintenance
0.59
states and districts
5
Conflicting need for suitable site and open space for
Planning
0.59
storm water management facilities and other uses
6
Thefts and corrosions of metal used for SWM facilities
7
No proper consideration on types of SWM facilities
0.59
Planning
Planning
0.54
required during planning stage
8
Misuse and vandalism to the SWM facilities by the
Maintenance
0.53
publics
9
Unavailability of local product of the facilities proposed
Construction
0.51
by the designer
10
SWM facilities designed without proper consideration
on ecological aspects for habitats, aesthetic and
Design
0.51
landscaping.
11
SWM Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain
0.50
Design
12
SWM facilities designed do not cost effective
0.50
Maintenance
Table 6.1: Ranking of Top Twelve Problems in MASMA Implementation (with RI
value of 0.5 and above)
66
Table 6.1: shows the ranking of top twelve problems in MASMA implementation that
are more significant influence. These problems have the Relative Index values of 0.5
and above.
From the analysis and the result shown in the table, it is revealed that the top
twelve most significant problems in MASMA implementation with the relative index
value of more than 0.5, six (6) are the problems during maintenance after the completion
of the project, three (3) during the planning stage, and two (2) during the design and
only one (1) during the construction stage. These problems, together with several other
problems that are significant at respective stages are discussed in the next paragraph.
6.2.1
Problems in MASMA implementation at the Planning Stage
Three most significant problems during the planning stage as shown in
Table 6.1 are ‘the conflicting need for suitable site and open space for stormwater
management facilities and other uses’; ‘inconsistency in enforcement of requirement
between states and districts’; and ‘no proper consideration of types of stormwater
facilities required during planning stage’.
It is commonly recognized that the land is so valuable to the developers. The
developers will try to make full use of the land for the construction of buildings to
maximize profit. Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) has allowed the use
of open space and green areas provided as required by the developers to use for
stormwater management facilities such as wet pond. The areas are normally used for
public recreational area, children playground and other uses. There is also conflicting
need for suitable site for other public utilities such as sewerage plants and high tension
over head cables. All these factors will cause the conflicting need for suitable site and
open space for stormwater management facilities and other uses’
67
Inconsistency in enforcement of requirement between states and districts refers
to the enforcement by the authorities such as DID, Local Authorities and Town and
Country Planning Department (TCPD) of related laws and guidelines with regard to
stormwater management during the planning stage. The inconsistencies occur due to
several factors.
Several local authorities especially the city councils do not consult DID
pertaining to planning approvals. The procedures in plan development approvals and
issuance of CFO are not consistent across the country. There are many other guidelines
and legal requirements from various agencies but there is no integration between them.
There are also different levels of understanding among the officials at the various levels
of the agencies with regard to enforcement of MASMA requirements.
The involvement of the experienced and competence engineers in stormwater
management and MASMA requirement from the onset of the project planning is very
crucial. Without the involvement and knowledge of suitable and appropriate types of
stormwater management facilities to be provided in the project during the planning
stage, the reserve provided for the facilities may not be suitable in location, size and
shape. There should also be consideration on the method of construction, maintenance
and accessibility to the facilities.
6.2.2
Problems in MASMA implementation at design stage
Two most significant problems at the design stage are ‘stormwater management
facilities designed without proper consideration on ecological aspects for habitats,
aesthetic and landscaping’ and ‘stormwater management facilities designed are not cost
effective’. Another problem that is also significant is the problem of inadequate space,
unsuitable shape and unsuitable location of reserve provided for stormwater
management of facilities. These top three problems and their RI values are as shown in
Table 6.2.
68
RANK
1
PROBLEMS
RI
SWM facilities designed without proper consideration on ecological
0.51
aspects for habitats, aesthetic and landscaping.
2
SWM Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain
3
Inadequate space, unsuitable shape and unsuitable location of reserve
0.50
0.49
provided for SWM of facilities
Table 6.2: Ranking of Top 3 Problems in MASMA Implementation at Design Stage
The failure of the designers to give a proper consideration on ecological aspects
of habitats, aesthetic and landscaping is a main problem in the design of stormwater
management facilities. As the main objective of MASMA is to enhance the environment
for sustainable development, the designers should give due consideration to the
ecological aspects of habitats in their design. As to optimize and enhance the property
value and marketability of the property, the designer should be able to integrate their
design with aesthetic aspects and proper landscaping into their design.
Cost effectiveness is a very important aspect in the design of stormwater
management facilities. To produce a cost effective design, the designers should have a
good understanding, wide knowledge and broad experience of MASMA concepts and its
application. They must have knowledge on various design alternatives and suitable
materials and products to be used as well as their availability and cost related to them.
Cost effectiveness also related to constructability as difficulty in construction will
increase cost. Cost effective requiring the cost consideration should cover the whole life
span of the facilities.
69
The problem of inadequate space, unsuitable shape and unsuitable location of
reserve provided for stormwater management of facilities is due to the failure to
ascertain exactly the nature, types and the requirements of the stormwater management
facilities during the planning stage. The effective involvement stormwater engineers at
the planning stage will ensure suitable reserve is provided accordingly.
6.2.3 Problems in MASMA implementation at the Construction Stage
Three most significant problems at the construction stage is ‘unavailability of
local product of the facilities proposed by the designer’, ‘inadequate space for
construction of stormwater facilities’ and ‘the contractor failed to construct erosion and
sediment control and associated structures as approved’. These top three problems and
their RI values are as shown in Table 6.3.
RANK
PROBLEMS
RI
1
Unavailability of local product of the facilities proposed by the designer
0.51
2
Inadequate space for construction of SWM facilities
0.46
3
The contractor failed to construct erosion and sediment control and
0.46
associated structures as approved.
Table 6.3: Ranking of Top 3 Problems in MASMA Implementation at Construction
Stage
The unavailability of local product of facilities proposed by designer means the
designers does not ensure the availability of the products in the market before proposing
the design or the products are not available in the market where it is difficult to suit the
design requirement. This is also related to the availability of locally manufactured
products as a replacement to the imported products. The inadequate space for
construction of stormwater facilities is the outcome of the failure to give due
70
consideration on the space needed for the construction of the facilities during the
planning and design stage.
Erosion and sediment control structures is considered a temporary works. The
failure of contractor to construct erosion and sediment control along with the associated
structures as approved will depend on the developers and engineers to include them
within the scope of contract and provide an adequate budget for it. This is also subject to
sufficient enforcement by the authorities and proper supervision of the projects by the
superintending officers during construction.
6.2.4 Problems in MASMA Implementation after Completion
Three most significant problems after the completion of the project during the
maintenance and operation of the facilities are ‘financial constraint on the part of
authorities to finance the maintenance of stormwater management facilities and
infrastructures’; ‘financial constraints on the part of developers to finance maintenance
of stormwater management facilities and infrastructures’; and ‘poor or insufficient
maintenance of the stormwater management facilities’.
Other three problems that are also considered significant, ‘thefts and corrosions
of metal used for stormwater management facilities’; ‘misuse and vandalism to the
stormwater management facilities by the publics’; and ‘stormwater management SWM
Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain’. These top six problems and their RI
values are as shown in Table 6.1.
All the first three problems are related to proper and sufficient maintenance to
stormwater management facilities. Inadequate budget provided by the authorities and
developers will result in poor and insufficient maintenance of the facilities. Sufficient
budget should be allocated by the developers who construct the facilities to maintain
them immediately after completion before handing them over to the authorities. The
authorities should plan for proper and adequate maintenance of the facilities. This will
71
require adequate budget and human resources as well as suitable and enough
machineries and equipments. Operation and maintenance of stormwater management
infrastructures is funded by local authorities who derived their income through
collection of assessment tax and grant from State and Federal Government. Due to
limited resources available and priority given to other facilities such as roads, traffic
signs lighting, building etc, only small portion of the allocation is allocated for the
maintenance of stormwater management facilities.
Other three problems that are also considered significant, ‘thefts and corrosions
of metal used for stormwater management facilities’; ‘misuse and vandalism to the
stormwater management facilities by the publics’; and ‘stormwater management
facilities constructed are difficult to maintain’. Roots cause of these three problems are
related to the design criteria and orientation; the choose construction materials; and
prevention and precautionary measures taken to protect the structures. The designers,
during the design stage should ensure proper protection of the facilities from the theft,
corrosions, misuse and vandalism after the completion in the long run through proper
choice of appropriate materials and consideration on safety of the infrastructures. The
designers should ensure that the stormwater management facilities are designed for
cheaper and easier maintenance.
6.3
Cost implication of MASMA compliance
The result shows that in the opinion project engineers there are very significant
increase in construction and maintenance costs and moderately significant increase in
erosion and sediment control structures (ESCS) construction cost. There is only slightly
significant increase in consultancy cost of the project. For comparison, RI values of all
project cost components are tabulated in Table 6.4
72
RANK
PROJECT COST COMPONENT
RI
1
Construction cost of SWM facilities
0.65
2
Maintenance cost of SWM facilities
0.64
3
Erosion and sediment control structures cost
0.55
4
Consultancy cost for SWM facilities
0.38
.
Table 6.4: Ranking Of Relative Index Value for Cost Implication of MASMA
Compliance
The results indicate that there are very significant increased in construction and
maintenance costs due to MASMA compliance. The increase in maintenance cost is
easier to understand because MASMA promote the utilization of earth main drains,
swales, detention storage, gross pollutant traps and on-site traps which need regular and
continuous maintenance. The increase in construction cost is a bit difficult to explain
and justify which sometimes contradictory among the engineers. This is also related to
the fact that there is just slight increased in consultancy cost of the project. In normal
practice the increased in the construction cost will automatically increase the
consultancy cost because consultancy fees are normally based on project cost. Or may
be in the case of property development project, the practice of charging the consultancy
fees are based on the land size of the project and not on the individual component of the
infrastructures.
MASMA promoted earth main conveyance, swales and reduction in drain size
with the provision of detention storage and the use of infiltration basins and porous
pavement. This should reduce the construction cost significantly if all these proposals
properly implemented in the design of the project. Except the commonly used of
detention ponds and wetlands, the engineers still prefer to use concrete main conveyance
drains. Earth main conveyance drain, swales, dry pond and porous pavement, and
infiltration drain are very rarely used.
73
The moderate increase in ESCS construction cost is justifiable. This component
is just a temporary structure manned to protect the site and downstream areas from the
problems of erosion and sedimentation during construction. The needs for the
construction of a proper structures certified by professional engineers and strict
enforcement by the authorities has contributed in the cost increase. The structures must
also be regularly and continuously maintained to ensure the performance.
6.4
Time implication of MASMA compliance
The result shows that there are moderate delays due to the need to comply
MASMA requirements all plan approvals, with Lay-out and Sub-division Plan approval
and Drainage and Earthwork Plan approval of more significant. For comparison, RI
values of all project cost components are tabulated in Table 6.5
RANK
DELAY IN APPROVALS
RI
1
Delay in layout and subdivision plan approval
0.58
2
Delay in drainage and earthwork plan approval
0.56
3
Delay in building and infrastructural plan approval
0.53
4
Delay in issuing of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO)
0.50
Table 6.5:
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Delay in Plan Approvals
The significant factors that contributed to the delays are due to repetitions in
layout planning to comply with MASMA requirements; delays in receiving comment
from the authorities; and repetitions in design to comply with MASMA requirements.
For comparison, RI values of all project cost components are tabulated in Table 6.6
74
RANK
DELAY FACTORS
1
Inconsistency of in enforcement of MASMA requirement between
RI
0.64
states and districts
2
Delays in receiving comment from the authorities
0.59
3
Repetitions in design to comply with MASMA requirements
0.56
4
Repetitions in layout planning to comply with the MASMA
0.49
requirements
5
Fail to comply MASMA requirements
0.42
Table 6.6: Ranking of Relative Index Value for Factors Contribution to Delay in Plan
Approvals
The result shows the close relationship of the approval of Lay-out and Subdivision and Drainage and Earthwork to MASMA implementation during the planning
and design stage and the crucial role of the authorities. As the plans forwarded to the
authorities, the promptness in replying with the application with clear and
comprehensive comment is very crucial to avoid delay. After receiving these comments,
the planners and engineers have to make changes and adjustments to the plans to suit the
comments. Faster and clearer the comments received from authorities will expedite the
planners’ and engineers’ tasks to amend the plans as required.
6.5
The Benefits of MASMA implementation to the developers
Benefits of MASMA compliance with their respective RI values are shown in
Table 6.7. The most significant benefit gained by the developers is the opportunity to
use corridor, waterways and other SWM facilities to enhance environment and
recreational use to add value to the property.
75
MASMA compliance has enhanced developers’ reputation and credibility to
customers. The developers’ reputation and credibility could also be alleviated. Most
buyers considered the commitment to buy a property as an important decision in their
life and consider it seriously. They will only buy the property from the developers with
high reputations and credibility to ensure a good return to their investment. True high
reputation and credible developers they expect for house with high quality construction,
safe, convenience and pleasing to stay.
MASMA compliance also reduced complaints from the publics and authorities
during and after construction. Reduction of complaints is one of the important targets of
RANK
1
BENEFITS
Drainage corridor, waterways and other SWM facilities can be properly
RI
0.71
planned to enhance environment and recreational use to add value to the
property.
2
MASMA compliance enhanced developers' reputation and credibility to
0.62
customers
3
MASMA compliance enhanced the marketability of the property
0.58
4
MASMA compliance reduced complaints from the publics and
0.55
authorities during and after construction
5
MASMA compliance enhanced value of the property
0.53
6
Water from ponds and wetlands constructed can be used as water source
0.49
for watering plants and other uses
Table 6.7:
Ranking of Relative Index Value for Benefits of MASMA Compliance to
Developer
76
the high reputation and credible developers and contractors. The complaints are usually
concerning the safety and quality of the construction, flooding and sedimentation to
downstream areas and environmental degradation.
MASMA compliance has also enhanced the marketability of the property.
MASMA compliance project will attract customers to buy property with recreation
areas, gardens with water channels and streams and other pleasant environment
integrated with stormwater facilities and infrastructures.
6.6
The Benefits of MASMA implementation to the property owners
The ranking of Relative Index values for benefits of MASMA compliance to property
owners is appeared in Table 6.8. The result indicates that the project engineers have
agreed with the property owners that the benefit of MASMA implementation and
compliance. The most significant benefit is the reduction in the nuisance of flooding in
the project and downstream areas. Reduction of floods is one of the important aspects of
MASMA implementation.
MASMA compliance with proper integration with aesthetically designed
landscape and spacious green areas creates pleasing and healthy environments that
benefited the buyers. The stormwater management facilities constructed in compliance
the MASMA can be used for access, and sports, recreational and social activities.
MASMA compliance has also improves public safety. The public safety enhanced
through the preference of using pipe drain, earth main conveyance drains and swales,
safe design criteria and gentle slopes and shallow depth in waterways and pond.
77
RANK
1
BENEFIT
MASMA compliance reduce the nuisance of flooding to the owners in
RI
0.72
the project and downstream areas
2
MASMA compliance with proper integration with aesthetically designed 0.68
landscape and spacious green areas creates pleasing and healthy
environments
3
SWM facilities constructed can be used for access, and sports,
0.62
recreational and social activities
4
MASMA compliance improves public safety
0.58
5
Property owners benefited from water saving through rainwater
0.38
harvesting/storage.
Table 6.8:
Ranking of RI Values for Benefits of MASMA Compliance to Property
Owners
The finding shows that the property owners do not benefit significantly from
water saving through rainwater harvesting and storage as promoted in the MASMA.
This indicates that in a larger projects, wet ponds are widely use as suggested and
preferred by DID instead of individual storage tanks preferred in smaller projects. This
deferred the owners from the advantage of water saving through the stormwater
harvesting and storage.
6.7
Summary
The results of the study identify several problems in MASMA implementation in
Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan .The problems are encountered at all project development
stages. Many problems encountered during maintenance stage, and the problems are
78
more serious than of other stages. There are very significant increases in construction
and maintenance cost and moderately increase in erosion and sediment control structure
construction cost. It is found that moderately delays encountered due to the need to
comply MASMA requirements of all plan approvals, with the delay in Lay-out and Subdivision Plan approval and Drainage and Earthwork Plan approval of more significant.
The significant factors that contributed to the delays are due to repetitions in
layout planning and repetition in design to comply with MASMA requirements, and
delay in receiving comments from the authorities. Developers and property owners
benefit significantly from the implementation of MASMA in their projects.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1
Introduction
This chapter highlights the summary of the findings in relation to the objectives
of the study, problems encountered during the course of the study and the
recommendations for the improvement of MASMA implementation and suggestions for
the future research works.
7.2
Conclusion
Through this study the following objectives which are highlighted in Chapter I
have been successfully achieved.
x To identify and establish problems in MASMA implementation
in property development projects;
x
To identify the cost implication of MASMA compliance to
property development projects;
80
x
To identify time implication of MASMA compliance to property
development projects; and
x
To identify the benefits of the MASMA compliance to the
developers and property owners of projects.
To identify and establish problems in MASMA implementation in property
development projects
The study has successfully identified and established the problems of MASMA
implementation to the property development project.
From the top twelve most
significant problems, it is identified and established that six of the problems occurred
during the maintenance stage; three during the planning stage; two at the design stage;
and one at the construction stage.
The problems at the planning stage are related to the conflicting use of open
space and suitable area, inconsistency in enforcement between states and district; and
failure to properly consider the appropriate types of stormwater management facilities
during the planning stage.
Failures to take into consideration on ecological aspects, aesthetic and
landscaping; inadequate reserve, unsuitable shape and unsuitable location of reserve; and
cost effectiveness of the design are the main problems at the design stage.
At the construction stage, there are problems of the unavailability of local
stormwater management products, inadequate space for construction, and the failure to
construct erosion and sediment control structures.
Financial constraints of the authorities and developers; poor or insufficient
maintenance; and corrosions, thefts, misuse and vandalism to the constructed stormwater
management facilities are the serious problems encountered after the completion of
projects.
81
To identify the cost implication of MASMA compliance to property development
projects
The cost implication of MASMA compliance to property development project
has been successfully identified. It is identified that there are an increase in four
component costs of the project with the construction cost, maintenance cost, and erosion
and sediment control structure construction cost indicated more significant influence.
To identify time implication of MASMA compliance to property development
projects
The time implication of MASMA compliance has also been identified. There is
significant delay of plan approvals and issuance of CFO due to the need to comply with
the MASMA requirements. Among the four, Lay-out and Sub-division Plan approval
and Drainage and Earthwork Plan approval show more significant delay than the others.
The significant factors that contributed to the delays are due to repetitions in
layout planning to comply with MASMA requirements; delays in receiving comment
from the authorities; and repetitions in design to comply with MASMA requirements.
To identify the benefits of the MASMA compliance to the developers and property
owners
Several significant benefit of MASMA compliance to the developers and
property owners have also been identified. The most significant benefit gained by the
developers is the opportunity to use drainage corridor, waterways and other Storm Water
Management facilities to enhance environment and recreational use to add value to the
property. MASMA compliance has also enhanced developers’ reputation and credibility
to customers, reduced complaints from the publics and authorities during and after
construction, and enhances the marketability of the property.
82
The most significant benefit of MASMA compliance to the property owners is
the reduction in the nuisance of flooding in the project and downstream areas. MASMA
compliance with proper integration with aesthetically designed landscape and spacious
green areas creates pleasing and healthy environments that benefited the buyers. The
stormwater management facilities constructed in compliance the MASMA can be used
for access, and sports, recreational and social activities. MASMA compliance has also
improves public safety.
The property owners do not benefit significantly from water saving through
rainwater harvesting and storage as promoted in the MASMA.
7.3
Problem encountered during the Study
There are several problems encountered during the study. One of the problems is
to enough samples for the study especially in Negeri Sembilan. Except a few large
projects in Seremban, most of the projects are of the small scale, with the area of less
than 10 hectare in land area. Some large projects are just at planning stage, and a few
other projects did not take off due to financial constraints or not enough demand from
the buyers. As the progress of the projects also are not directly monitored by DID, the
information on the projects not easily available.
There are the problems of the specialization of the project engineers of the
projects and the changes in office addresses of the consultants.
83
7.4
Recommendation
There are several recommendations that have been identified from this study as
followed;
Proper maintenance and integrate utilisation of the completed stormwater
management facilities.
The authorities should to look into the problems of maintenance of the completed
stormwater management facilities. The problems are related to provision of adequate
budget, man power and machineries for maintenance and operation of completed
stormwater infrastructures and facilities. They also need to ensure and continuously
monitor the safety and security of the facilities. The facilities should be properly
integrated with the landscaping, beautification programs and recreational activities.
Inconsistency in MASMA requirements and delivery system of related agencies
The authorities should look into the problems of inconsistency in MASMA
requirements in the different district and states of different agencies, and providing the
timely comments and approval of the submissions by the developers to avoid delays in
project implementation
Innovation and creativity in the design of stormwater management facilities
The developers and the design engineers should be more innovative and creative
in planning and design of stormwater management facilities and infrastructures to realize
the maximum benefit and achieve most economical out of them. The designer should
creatively apply the alternatives provided in MASMA and combination of various
design alternatives available to achieve the targets.
84
MASMA compliance made compulsory under Street Drainage and Building Act
In view of the rapid pace of development, especially in states like Selangor and
Negeri Sembilan, it is proposed that requirements contained in MASMA are made
compulsory under Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, and enforced as a part of it by
the Local Authorities. The planning department of Local Authority to give equal
attention and importance to drainage plans and requirements in new development
projects as they did to requirement for road and open space. If this is done less money
will be spent for remedial and compensation due to the flooding.
Research works in Stormwater Management and MASMA Application.
There is really a need of continuous and intensive research and study by the
responsible authorities and institution of higher learning on stormwater management
especially the application of MASMA in Malaysia. As most of the MASMA guidelines,
applications and concepts are adapted from developed and temperate countries with less
storm intensity and annual precipitation, its application in Malaysia needs the
adjustments to suit the local weather and other climatic conditions. The research on the
suitable facilities and solutions to local problems of stormwater management should be
initiated to improve the effectiveness and performance of MASMA implementation.
There are also need to study the legal constraints, economic challenges, social concerns
and hydrologic aspects in MASMA implementation as a multidisciplinary approach to
the solution of stormwater management problems.
85
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Chocat, B. (1997). Infiltration devices for urban drainage: A 50-year experience in
Lyons. Proc. Engg.
Found. Conf. Stormwater management-Creating sustainable water resources for the 21st
Century, Malmo.
87
Geiger, W. And Dreiseitl, H.(1995). New Path for Stormwater. Handbook for retention
and infiltration of stormwater at development Site. Oldenburg Verlag, Munchen,
Germany.
Gowler, A (1987). Experiences with stormwater infiltration from paved areas. Beridite
der ATV e.v., 38, 381-394. Germany.
Grotehusmann, D. (1995). Infiltration of stormwater under consideration of groundwater
protection. PhD thesis, University of Hanover, Germany.
Grotehusmann, D. Khelil, A. Sieker, F. And Uhl, M. (1994). Alternative urban drainage
concept and design. Wat. Sci. Tech. 29(1/2), 277-282.
Jefferies, C., Fleming, R., Dring, D. (1998). The costs and benefits of source control
drainage. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. NOVATECH, Lyon, Germany.
Jefferies, C. et al. (1999). Assessing the Performance of BMPs in Scotland. Wat. Sci.
Tech. Vol. 39, No 12, pp 123-131
Sieker, F. and Harms, R.W., (1998). Infiltration for stormwater drainage.
Dokumentation und Schriftenreihe der ATV aus Wissenschaff und Praxiss, GFA,
St. Augustine, Germany.
88
Uhl, M. and Harms, R.W., (1996). Water concept for a new district in Hanover. Proc. 7th
Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage, Hanover, 629-634.
Urbanos, B. (1997). Design and Selection guidance for structural BMPs. Proc. Engg.
Found. Conf. Stormwater management-Creating sustainable urban water
resources for the 21st Century, Malmo.
Ristenpart, E. (1999). Planning of stormwater management with a new model for
drainage Best Management Practices. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol.39, No 9. pp 253-260.
Ellis, J.B. (1995). Integrated approach for achieving sustainable development of urban
storm drainage. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 32, No 1, pp 1-6
Drainage and Irrigation Department, (2000). Urban Stornwater Management Manual.
DID Malaysia
National Physical Plan (NPP) Report (2005). TCPD, Malaysia.
89
APPENDIX A
Typical Stormwater Management Measures
90
APPENDIX B
91
APPENDIX C
92
APPENDIX D
For Researcher:
ID Number ……………………………………
District
…………………………………...
State
…………………………………...
Date sent
…………………………………..
Date received ………………………………….
QUESTIONNAIRE
IMPLEMENTATION OF URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL
FOR MALAYSIA (MASMA) TO PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Dear Project Engineer / Respondent;
The Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia or Manual Saliran
Mesra Alam (MASMA) has been commissioned by DID in year 2000 to replace the
earlier manual Urban Drainage Design Standard for Peninsular Malaysia, Planning and
Design Procedures No 1 published in 1975. In June 2000, the Cabinet has directed that
the manual to be adopted throughout the country starting 1st January 2001.
The new manual, MASMA is an important milestone and a new direction for storm
water management in urban and rural areas in Malaysia. MASMA gives a
comprehensive, broad and flexible approaches, strategies and guidelines for the current
and future storm water management in terms of quantity and quality control for
environmental enhancement and sustainable development. As MASMA utilizes the
concept of stormwater management control at source as against the rapid disposal
concept, the implementation posts a significant challenge to regulators, planners,
designers, developers and contractors who are involved in providing storm water
management facilities.
This questionnaire is a part of a study on “The Implementation of Urban Stormwater
Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA) to Property Development Projects”.
93
The objectives of the study are to identify and establish the problems of MASMA
implementation and to identify its implications on project cost and time. The study will
also identify the benefit of MASMA compliance to the developers and property owners
of the project.
Your project is selected for the reason that the project has been planned, designed and
constructed in accordance to MASMA requirements. The respondent is expected to be
the management representative who speaks on behalf of the project.
The questionnaire is designed so that you can complete it very quickly and easily.
It takes a few minutes for you to check off your answers and tick the numbers. You can
absolutely sure that all the information you provide is strictly confidential, and the
identity of the project would not be disclosed in any circumstances. Your answers would
be used with other selected projects for statistical analysis only.
This is an independent – academic study designed for the interest of the manual
users and related parties and the policy makers; and meant to establish a win-win
situation. Your experience is indeed necessary to be sure that the outcome of the study
are useful to policy makers and would bring benefit to the DID and other government
departments and thus the environment.
To enable the researcher to meet the dateline of the study, please complete the
questionnaire and return it by 15th October 2006. Upon completing the questionnaire,
please post it to the researcher using the envelope provided or send back via facsimile.
Again, thank you for your co-operation and participation in the study.
For further information, please contact:
Mohd Yazid bin Abdullah
Project Director, College Agriculture Malaysia,
Majlis Latihan Pertanian Kebangsaan (NATC)
Aras 3, Blok 4G1, Wisma Tani,
Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia,
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan,
62624 PUTRAJAYA.
Tel: 013 934 0497(HP) 03 8870 1687(Off).
E-mail: iryazid@yahoo.com.my.
Facsimile no: 03 8870 1699
94
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
ON
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
MANUAL FOR MALAYSIA (MASMA) TO PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS
1. This questionnaire consists of five sections, A, B, C, D, and E
x Section A: Project background and detail information
x Section B: Problems in MASMA implementation to property
development project.
x Section C: Cost implication of MASMA compliance to
‘property development project
x Section D: Time implication of MASMA compliance to
property development project.
x Section E: Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers
and property owners of the project.
2. MASMA means Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia 2000
3. SWM means storm water management
SECTION A: PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DETAIL INFORMATION
Please fill in the information about the project.
1. Name of the project:
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. Project Developer
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Project Location: State: ………… District: ……………………………..
4. Project land area: …………………….. Ha.
95
For no. 5 to no. 9, please tick (/) in the appropriate boxes
5. Project development components:
1.
Shop houses/offices
2.
Link residential houses
3.
Semi-detached houses
4.
Bungalow
5
Apartment/condominium
6
Factories
7
School
6. Project durations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 years or less
2 to 3 years
3 to 4 years
4 years and above
7. Project start:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2000 and before
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
8. Project status:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planning stage
Detail design stage
Construction stage
Completed
9. Stormwater management components in the project:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Main conveyance(concrete drains)
Main conveyance(earth drains)
Main conveyance (pipe drains)
Swales
Wet pond and wetlands
Dry pond and porous pavement
Infiltration trench, filter drains,
and soak away
Gross pollutant traps (GPT)
96
SECTION B: PROBLEMS IN MASMA IMPLEMENTATION TO PROPERTY
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
(The statements concerned problems faced by the developers and the consulting
engineers in complying MASMA requirements. In your experience in this project, how
significant are these problems affecting the project implementation? Please tick your
appropriate response using the scale below)
1- No significant problem
4- Very significant problem
2- Slightly significant problem
5- Extremely significant problem
3- Moderately significant problem
a) Problems in MASMA implementation at planning stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Conflicting need for suitable site and open space for
stormwater management facilities and other uses
Inconsistency in enforcement of requirement between
states and districts
No proper consideration on types of SWM facilities
required during planning stage
Unsuitable location, size and shape of reserve provided
for SWM facilities
No proper consideration on natural drainage in the
preparation of layout plans.
b) Problems in MASMA implementation at design stage
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Inappropriate and improper design of SWM facilities
Inadequate space, unsuitable shape and unsuitable
location of reserve provided for SWM of facilities
Lack of safety concern in the design of facilities
Inexperience and lack of knowledge of the designers in
choosing appropriate design alternatives
Lack of consideration on constructability of SWM
facilities during the design stage
SWM facilities designed without proper consideration on
ecological aspects for habitats, aesthetic and landscaping.
Unavailability or limited choice of local SWM products
SWM facilities designed do not cost effective
97
c) Problems of MASMA implementation at the construction stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
SWM facilities difficult to construct or install.
Inadequate space for construction of SWM facilities
Unavailability of skilled and experience of workers
Unavailability of suitable equipment and Machineries for
construction/installation of SWM facilities
Unavailability of local product of the facilities proposed
by the designer
Failure of the contractor to construct SWM facilities in
accordance to design plans and technical specifications
The contractor failed to construct erosion and sediment
control and associated structures as approved.
Erosion and sediment control structures fail to perform
d) Problems of MASMA implementation after completion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SWM Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain
SWM Facilities fail to function and perform as intended
Misuse and vandalism to the SWM facilities by the publics
Safety and health hazard from ponds and wetlands
Poor or insufficient maintenance of the SWM facilities
Financial constraints on the part of developers to finance
maintenance of SWM facilities and infrastructures
7. Financial constraint on the part of authorities to finance
maintenance of SWM facilities and infrastructures.
8. Unavailability of suitable equipment and machineries for
maintenance works
9. Limited access and land space for maintenance works
10 Thefts and corrosions of metal used for SWM facilities
4
5
98
SECTION C: COST IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Implementation of MASMA may have resulted in increasing of the project cost. In your
experience in this project comparing the previous manual with MASMA, please indicate
how significant is the increase in the cost to the developer on each cost component below.
1- No significant increase
4- Very significant increase
2- Slightly significant increase
5- Extremely significant increase
3- Moderately significant increase
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
3
4
5
Consultancy cost for SWM facilities
Construction cost of SWM facilities
Erosion and sediment control structures cost
Maintenance cost of SWM facilities
SECTION D: TIME IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO
PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
a). Delay of project plan approvals and issuance of Certificate of Fitness for
Occupation.
The statements below concerning delay of project approvals due to the need of
complying MASMA requirements as compared to your original project schedule. How
significant is the delay of the approval plans and CFO as a result of needs to comply
MASMA requirements? Please tick your appropriate response using the scale below)
1- No significant delay
4- Very significant delay
2- Slightly significant delay
5- Extremely significant delay
3- Moderately significant delay
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Delay in layout and subdivision plan approval
Delay in drainage and earthwork plan approval
Delay in building and infrastructural plan approval
Delay in issuing of Certificate of Fitness for
Occupation(CFO)
2
3
4
5
99
a). Factors contributing to delays of approvals
The MASMA compliance may cause delay to your project schedule. In your project, how
significant are these factors contribute to the delays? Please tick your appropriate
response using the scale below
1- No significant contribution
4- Very significant contribution
2- Slightly significant contribution
5- Extremely significant contribution
3- Moderately significant contribution
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2
3
4
5
Delays in receiving comment from the authorities
Failure of the planner to comply MASMA requirements
Failure of the designer to comply MASMA requirements
Inconsistency of in enforcement of MASMA requirement
between states and districts
Repetitions in layout planning to comply with the
MASMA requirements
Repetitions in design to comply with MASMA
requirements
SECTION E: BENEFITS OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO THE DEVELOPERS
AND PROPERTY OWNERS OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(a). Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers
The statements below concerned the benefits of MASMA compliance to the developer
of the project. In your experience in this project, please tick (/) from the scale 1 to 5 to
show how much you agree or disagree with each statement)
1- Disagree
4- Very agree
2- Slightly agree
3- Moderately agree
5- Extremely agree
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Drainage corridor, waterways and other SWM facilities
can be properly planned to enhance environment and
recreational use to add value to the property.
MASMA compliance enhanced developers’ reputation
and credibility to customers
MASMA compliance reduced complaints from the
publics and authorities during and after construction
Water from ponds and wetlands constructed can be
used as water source for watering plants and other uses
MASMA compliance enhanced the marketability of the
property
MASMA compliance enhanced value of the property
2
3
4
5
100
(b). Benefits of MASMA compliance to property owners.
The statements below concerned the benefit of MASMA compliance to property
owners. In your experience in the project, please tick (/) from the scale 1 to 5 below to
show how much you agree or disagree with each statement
1- Disagree
4- Very agree
2- Slightly agree
3- Moderately agree
5- Extremely agree
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
3
4
5
MASMA compliance reduce the nuisance of flooding
to the owners in the project and downstream areas
SWM facilities constructed can be used for access, and
sports, recreational and social activities
MASMA compliance improves public safety
MASMA compliance with proper integration with
aesthetically designed landscape and spacious green
areas creates pleasing and healthy environments
Property owners benefited from water saving through
rainwater harvesting/storage.
END OF QUESTIONAIRE
Thank you very much for answering the questionnaire. I am indeed very grateful for the
cooperation given. Please fold neatly, put into the stamped-self-addressed envelope
provided and post it back to me as soon as possible or send back via facsimile to:
03-8870 1699. Your early reply is very much appreciated.
Details of the respondent,
Name: ………………………………………………………………….
Company: ………………………………………………………………
Designation: …………………………………………………………….
Address: ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
Contacts: Tel: ……………………. (HP) ……………………… (Off)
E-mail: ……………………………………………………..
101
APPENDIX E
Project Background
Project Duration
Valid
2 years or less
Frequency
1
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
3.8
Cumulative
Percent
3.8
6
23.1
23.1
26.9
2 to 3 years
3 to 4 years
1
3.8
3.8
30.8
4 years and above
18
69.2
69.2
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Project Start
Valid
Frequency
6
Percent
23.1
Valid Percent
23.1
Cumulative
Percent
23.1
2001
3
11.5
11.5
34.6
2002
7
26.9
26.9
61.5
2003
6
23.1
23.1
84.6
2005
3
11.5
11.5
96.2
2006
1
3.8
3.8
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
2000 and before
Project status
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
7.7
Detail design stage
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
7.7
Construction stage
20
76.9
76.9
84.6
4
15.4
15.4
100.0
26
100.0
100.0
Completed
Total
102
APPENDIX F
Frequency Analysis of Problems, Cost, Time and Benefit in MASMA Implementation
Main conveyance (concrete drains)
Valid
yes
Frequency
23
Missing
System
3
11.5
26
100.0
Total
Percent
88.5
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Main conveyance(earth drains)
Valid
yes
Frequency
4
Missing
System
22
84.6
26
100.0
Total
Percent
15.4
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Main conveyance (pipe drains)
Valid
yes
Frequency
11
Missing
System
15
57.7
26
100.0
Percent
7.7
Total
Percent
42.3
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Swales
Valid
yes
Frequency
2
Missing
System
24
92.3
26
100.0
Total
Wet pond and wetlands
Valid
yes
Frequency
21
Missing
System
5
19.2
26
100.0
Total
Percent
80.8
Dry pond and porous pavement
Valid
yes
Frequency
7
Missing
System
19
73.1
26
100.0
Total
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
103
Infiltration trench, filter drains, and soak away
Valid
yes
Frequency
1
Missing
System
25
96.2
26
100.0
Total
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Gross pollutant traps (GPT)
Valid
yes
Frequency
10
Missing
System
16
61.5
26
100.0
Total
Percent
38.5
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
a) Problems in MASMA implementation at planning stage
Conflicting need for suitable site and open space for stormwater management facilities and other
uses
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
No significant problem
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
11.5
Slightly significant
problem
6
23.1
23.1
34.6
Moderately significant
problem
9
34.6
34.6
69.2
Very significant problem
6
23.1
23.1
92.3
Extremely significant
problem
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
11.5
Inconsistency in enforcement of requirement between states and districts
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
6
Percent
23.1
Valid Percent
23.1
Cumulative
Percent
23.1
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
11.5
34.6
Moderately significant
problem
7
26.9
26.9
61.5
Very significant problem
6
23.1
23.1
84.6
Extremely significant
problem
4
15.4
15.4
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
104
No proper consideration on types of SWM facilities required during planning stage
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
30.8
Cumulative
Percent
30.8
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
11.5
42.3
Moderately significant
problem
7
26.9
26.9
69.2
Very significant problem
5
19.2
19.2
88.5
Extremely significant
problem
3
11.5
11.5
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Unsuitable location, size and shape of reserve provided for SWM facilities
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
26.9
Slightly significant
problem
10
38.5
38.5
65.4
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
19.2
84.6
Very significant problem
3
11.5
11.5
96.2
Extremely significant
problem
1
3.8
3.8
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
26.9
No proper consideration on natural drainage in the preparation of layout plans.
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
11
Percent
42.3
Valid Percent
42.3
Cumulative
Percent
42.3
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
11.5
53.8
Moderately significant
problem
6
23.1
23.1
76.9
Very significant problem
3
11.5
11.5
88.5
Extremely significant
problem
3
11.5
11.5
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
b) Problems in MASMA implementation at design stage
Inappropriate and improper design of SWM facilities
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
12
Percent
50.0
Valid Percent
50.0
Cumulative
Percent
50.0
Slightly significant
problem
5
20.8
20.8
70.8
Moderately significant
problem
5
20.8
20.8
91.7
Very significant problem
2
8.3
8.3
100.0
Total
24
100.0
100.0
105
Inadequate space, unsuitable shape and unsuitable location of reserve provided for SWM of
facilities
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
6
Percent
25.0
Valid Percent
25.0
Cumulative
Percent
25.0
Slightly significant
problem
6
25.0
25.0
50.0
Moderately significant
problem
7
29.2
29.2
79.2
Very significant problem
4
16.7
16.7
95.8
Extremely significant
problem
1
4.2
4.2
100.0
Total
24
100.0
100.0
SWM facilities designed without proper consideration on ecological aspects for habitats, aesthetic
and landscaping.
Valid
No significant problem
Frequency
6
Percent
25.0
Valid Percent
25.0
Cumulative
Percent
25.0
Slightly significant
problem
5
20.8
20.8
45.8
Moderately significant
problem
8
33.3
33.3
79.2
Very significant problem
4
16.7
16.7
95.8
Extremely significant
problem
1
4.2
4.2
100.0
Total
24
100.0
100.0
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
29.2
Valid Percent
29.2
Cumulative
Percent
29.2
Slightly significant
problem
5
20.8
20.8
50.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
20.8
20.8
70.8
Very significant problem
6
25.0
25.0
95.8
Extremely significant
problem
1
4.2
4.2
100.0
Total
24
100.0
100.0
SWM facilities designed do not cost effective
Valid
106
c) Problems of MASMA implementation at the construction stage
SWM facilities difficult to construct or install.
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
13
Percent
50.0
Valid Percent
52.0
Cumulative
Percent
52.0
Slightly significant
problem
4
15.4
16.0
68.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
88.0
Very significant problem
3
11.5
12.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Unavailability of skilled and experience of workers
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
33.3
Cumulative
Percent
33.3
Slightly significant
problem
10
38.5
41.7
75.0
Moderately significant
problem
2
7.7
8.3
83.3
Very significant problem
4
15.4
16.7
100.0
Total
24
92.3
100.0
System
2
7.7
26
100.0
Total
Unavailability of suitable equipment and Machineries for construction/installation of SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
Total
Cumulative
Percent
No significant problem
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
32.0
Slightly significant
problem
11
42.3
44.0
76.0
Moderately significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
84.0
Very significant problem
4
15.4
16.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
32.0
107
Unavailability of local product of the facilities proposed by the designer
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
28.0
Cumulative
Percent
28.0
Slightly significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
36.0
Moderately significant
problem
12
46.2
48.0
84.0
Very significant problem
3
11.5
12.0
96.0
Extremely significant
problem
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Failure of the contractor to construct SWM facilities in accordance to design plans and technical
specifications
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
6
Percent
23.1
Valid Percent
24.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
Slightly significant
problem
12
46.2
48.0
72.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
92.0
Very significant problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
The contractor failed to construct erosion and sediment control and associated structures as
approved.
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant problem
Frequency
5
Percent
19.2
Valid Percent
20.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
Slightly significant
problem
12
46.2
48.0
68.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
88.0
Very significant problem
2
7.7
8.0
96.0
Extremely significant
problem
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
108
Erosion and sediment control structures fail to perform
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
10
Percent
38.5
Valid Percent
40.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.0
Slightly significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
60.0
Moderately significant
problem
7
26.9
28.0
88.0
Very significant problem
1
3.8
4.0
92.0
Extremely significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
d) Problems of MASMA implementation after completion
SWM Facilities constructed are difficult to maintain
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
28.0
Cumulative
Percent
28.0
Slightly significant
problem
4
15.4
16.0
44.0
Moderately significant
problem
9
34.6
36.0
80.0
Very significant problem
5
19.2
20.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
SWM Facilities fail to function and perform as intended
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
28.0
Cumulative
Percent
28.0
Slightly significant
problem
8
30.8
32.0
60.0
Moderately significant
problem
6
23.1
24.0
84.0
Very significant problem
3
11.5
12.0
96.0
Extremely significant
problem
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
109
Misuse and vandalism to the SWM facilities by the publics
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
32.0
Cumulative
Percent
32.0
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
12.0
44.0
Moderately significant
problem
6
23.1
24.0
68.0
Very significant problem
6
23.1
24.0
92.0
Extremely significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Safety and health hazard from ponds and wetlands
Valid
Missing
Cumulative
Percent
No significant problem
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
28.0
Slightly significant
problem
9
34.6
36.0
64.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
84.0
Very significant problem
4
15.4
16.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
28.0
Poor or insufficient maintenance of the SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant problem
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
12.0
Cumulative
Percent
12.0
Slightly significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
20.0
Moderately significant
problem
7
26.9
28.0
48.0
Very significant problem
10
38.5
40.0
88.0
Extremely significant
problem
3
11.5
12.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
110
Financial constraints on the part of developers to finance maintenance of SWM facilities and
infrastructures
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
1
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
4.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
12.0
16.0
Moderately significant
problem
8
30.8
32.0
48.0
Very significant problem
11
42.3
44.0
92.0
Extremely significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Financial constraint on the part of authorities to finance maintenance of SWM facilities and
infrastructures.
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
1
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
4.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
Slightly significant
problem
3
11.5
12.0
16.0
Moderately significant
problem
5
19.2
20.0
36.0
Very significant problem
14
53.8
56.0
92.0
Extremely significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
Total
26
100.0
Unavailability of suitable equipment and machineries for maintenance works
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant problem
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
32.0
Cumulative
Percent
32.0
Slightly significant
problem
8
30.8
32.0
64.0
Moderately significant
problem
4
15.4
16.0
80.0
Very significant problem
5
19.2
20.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
111
Limited access and land space for maintenance works
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
11
Percent
42.3
Valid Percent
44.0
Cumulative
Percent
44.0
Slightly significant
problem
10
38.5
40.0
84.0
Moderately significant
problem
2
7.7
8.0
92.0
Very significant problem
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Thefts and corrosions of metal used for SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
No significant problem
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
12.0
Cumulative
Percent
12.0
Slightly significant
problem
6
23.1
24.0
36.0
Moderately significant
problem
8
30.8
32.0
68.0
Very significant problem
5
19.2
20.0
88.0
Extremely significant
problem
3
11.5
12.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
COST IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE
Consultancy cost for SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant increase
Frequency
10
Percent
38.5
Valid Percent
40.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.0
Slightly significant
increase
8
30.8
32.0
72.0
Moderately significant
increase
6
23.1
24.0
96.0
Very significant increase
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
112
Construction cost of SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Slightly significant
increase
4
15.4
16.0
16.0
Moderately significant
increase
12
46.2
48.0
64.0
Very significant increase
8
30.8
32.0
96.0
Extremely significant
increase
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
No significant increase
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
8.0
Cumulative
Percent
8.0
Slightly significant
increase
3
11.5
12.0
20.0
Moderately significant
increase
9
34.6
36.0
56.0
Very significant increase
10
38.5
40.0
96.0
Extremely significant
increase
1
3.8
4.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Maintenance cost of SWM facilities
Valid
Missing
Total
TIME IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE
a) Delay of Project Plan Approvals
Delay in layout and subdivision plan approval
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant delay
Frequency
7
Percent
26.9
Valid Percent
28.0
Cumulative
Percent
28.0
Slightly significant delay
2
7.7
8.0
36.0
Moderately significant
delay
7
26.9
28.0
64.0
Very significant delay
5
19.2
20.0
84.0
Extremely significant
delay
4
15.4
16.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
113
Delay in drainage and earthwork plan approval
Valid
Missing
No significant delay
Frequency
5
Percent
19.2
Valid Percent
20.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
Slightly significant delay
5
19.2
20.0
40.0
Moderately significant
delay
7
26.9
28.0
68.0
Very significant delay
6
23.1
24.0
92.0
Extremely significant
delay
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Delay in building and infrastructural plan approval
Valid
Missing
No significant delay
Frequency
5
Percent
19.2
Valid Percent
20.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
Slightly significant delay
9
34.6
36.0
56.0
Moderately significant
delay
3
11.5
12.0
68.0
Very significant delay
6
23.1
24.0
92.0
Extremely significant
delay
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Total
Delay in issuing of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation(CFO)
Valid
Missing
Total
No significant delay
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
32.0
Cumulative
Percent
32.0
Slightly significant delay
7
26.9
28.0
60.0
Moderately significant
delay
3
11.5
12.0
72.0
Very significant delay
4
15.4
16.0
88.0
Extremely significant
delay
3
11.5
12.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
114
b) Factors Contributing to Delay of Approval
Delays in receiving comment from the authorities
Valid
No significant contribution
Frequency
5
Percent
19.2
Valid Percent
19.2
Cumulative
Percent
19.2
Slightly significant
contribution
3
11.5
11.5
30.8
Moderately significant
contribution
10
38.5
38.5
69.2
4
15.4
15.4
84.6
Extremely significant
contribution
4
15.4
15.4
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Very significant contribution
Failure of the planner to comply MASMA requirements
Valid
No significant contribution
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
30.8
Cumulative
Percent
30.8
Slightly significant
contribution
5
19.2
19.2
50.0
Moderately significant
contribution
7
26.9
26.9
76.9
5
19.2
19.2
96.2
Extremely significant
contribution
1
3.8
3.8
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Very significant contribution
Failure of the designer to comply MASMA requirements
Valid
No significant contribution
Percent
38.5
Valid Percent
40.0
Slightly significant
contribution
7
26.9
28.0
68.0
Moderately significant
contribution
5
19.2
20.0
88.0
1
3.8
4.0
92.0
Extremely significant
contribution
2
7.7
8.0
100.0
Total
25
96.2
100.0
System
1
3.8
26
100.0
Very significant contribution
Missing
Total
Cumulative
Percent
Frequency
10
40.0
115
Inconsistency of in enforcement of MASMA requirement between states and districts
Valid
No significant contribution
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
11.5
Cumulative
Percent
11.5
Slightly significant
contribution
6
23.1
23.1
34.6
Moderately significant
contribution
6
23.1
23.1
57.7
5
19.2
19.2
76.9
Extremely significant
contribution
6
23.1
23.1
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Very significant contribution
Repetitions in layout planning to comply with the MASMA requirements
Valid
No significant contribution
Frequency
4
Percent
15.4
Valid Percent
15.4
Cumulative
Percent
15.4
Slightly significant
contribution
6
23.1
23.1
38.5
Moderately significant
contribution
9
34.6
34.6
73.1
5
19.2
19.2
92.3
Extremely significant
contribution
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Very significant contribution
Repetitions in design to comply with MASMA requirements
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
No significant contribution
Frequency
5
Percent
19.2
Valid Percent
19.2
Slightly significant
contribution
5
19.2
19.2
38.5
Moderately significant
contribution
6
23.1
23.1
61.5
8
30.8
30.8
92.3
Extremely significant
contribution
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Very significant contribution
19.2
116
a) Benefits of MASMA compliance to developers
Drainage corridor, waterways and other SWM facilities can be properly planned to enhance
environment and recreational use to add value to the property.
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
1
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
3.8
Cumulative
Percent
3.8
Slightly agree
4
15.4
15.4
19.2
Moderately agree
6
23.1
23.1
42.3
Very agree
10
38.5
38.5
80.8
Extremely agree
5
19.2
19.2
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
MASMA compliance enhanced developers' reputation and credibility to customers
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
11.5
Cumulative
Percent
11.5
Slightly agree
3
11.5
11.5
23.1
Moderately agree
10
38.5
38.5
61.5
Very agree
8
30.8
30.8
92.3
Extremely agree
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
MASMA compliance reduced complaints from the publics and authorities during and after
construction
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
7.7
Cumulative
Percent
7.7
Slightly agree
7
26.9
26.9
34.6
Moderately agree
11
42.3
42.3
76.9
Very agree
4
15.4
15.4
92.3
Extremely agree
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Water from ponds and wetlands constructed can be used as water source for watering plants and
other uses
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
8
Percent
30.8
Valid Percent
30.8
Cumulative
Percent
30.8
Slightly agree
7
26.9
26.9
57.7
Moderately agree
4
15.4
15.4
73.1
Very agree
6
23.1
23.1
96.2
Extremely agree
1
3.8
3.8
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
117
MASMA compliance enhanced the marketability of the property
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
7.7
Cumulative
Percent
7.7
Slightly agree
9
34.6
34.6
42.3
Moderately agree
8
30.8
30.8
73.1
Very agree
7
26.9
26.9
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
MASMA compliance enhanced value of the property
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Disagree
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
7.7
Slightly agree
9
34.6
34.6
42.3
Moderately agree
11
42.3
42.3
84.6
Very agree
4
15.4
15.4
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
7.7
b) Benefits of MASMA compliance to property owners.
MASMA compliance reduce the nuisance of flooding to the owners in the project and downstream
areas
Valid
Slightly agree
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
11.5
Cumulative
Percent
11.5
Moderately agree
9
34.6
34.6
46.2
Very agree
9
34.6
34.6
80.8
Extremely agree
5
19.2
19.2
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
SWM facilities constructed can be used for access, and sports, recreational and social activities
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
3
Percent
11.5
Valid Percent
11.5
Cumulative
Percent
11.5
Slightly agree
4
15.4
15.4
26.9
Moderately agree
7
26.9
26.9
53.8
Very agree
12
46.2
46.2
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
MASMA compliance improves public safety
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Disagree
Frequency
4
Percent
15.4
Valid Percent
15.4
Slightly agree
7
26.9
26.9
42.3
Moderately agree
5
19.2
19.2
61.5
Very agree
8
30.8
30.8
92.3
Extremely agree
2
7.7
7.7
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
15.4
118
MASMA compliance with proper integration with aesthetically designed landscape and spacious
green areas creates pleasing and healthy environments
Valid
Disagree
Frequency
2
Percent
7.7
Valid Percent
7.7
Cumulative
Percent
7.7
Slightly agree
4
15.4
15.4
23.1
Moderately agree
6
23.1
23.1
46.2
Very agree
10
38.5
38.5
84.6
Extremely agree
4
15.4
15.4
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
Property owners benefited from water saving through rainwater harvesting/storage.
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Disagree
Frequency
12
Percent
46.2
Valid Percent
46.2
Slightly agree
6
23.1
23.1
69.2
Moderately agree
7
26.9
26.9
96.2
Very agree
1
3.8
3.8
100.0
Total
26
100.0
100.0
46.2
BB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
No
BA
1
2
3
4
5
No
14
7
13
9
10
6
5
8
FA
6
3
3
10
3
FA
23.08
11.54
11.54
38.46
11.54
%
Slightly
significant
problem
9
7
7
5
6
FA
34.62
26.92
26.92
19.23
23.08
%
Moderately
significant problem
6
6
5
3
3
FA
23.08
23.08
19.23
11.54
11.54
%
Very significant
problem
53.85
26.92
50.00
34.62
38.46
23.08
19.23
30.77
%
5
6
8
8
8
6
12
5
FA
19.23
23.08
30.77
30.77
30.77
23.08
46.15
19.23
%
Slightly
significant
problem
5
8
5
2
2
9
6
6
FA
19.23
30.77
19.23
7.69
7.69
34.62
23.08
23.08
%
Moderately
significant problem
2
4
0
2
3
4
0
6
FA
7.69
15.38
0.00
7.69
11.54
15.38
0.00
23.08
%
Very significant
problem
b) Problems in MASMA implementation at design stage
Frequency Analysis
11.54
23.08
30.77
26.92
42.31
%
No Significant
Problem
3
6
8
7
11
FA
No Significant
Problem
a) Problems in MASMA implementation at planning stage
Frequency Analysis
7.69
15.38
11.54
3.85
11.54
%
0
1
0
4
3
1
3
1
FA
0.00
3.85
0.00
15.38
11.54
3.85
11.54
3.85
%
Extremely
significant
problem
2
4
3
1
3
FA
Extremely
significant
problem
47
64
44
59
59
66
62
65
a
76
77
70
59
62
a
130
130
130
125
130
130
130
130
b
130
130
130
130
130
b
0.362
0.492
0.338
0.472
0.454
0.508
0.477
0.5
RI
0.585
0.592
0.538
0.454
0.477
RI
SECTION B: PROBLEMS IN MASMA IMPLEMENTATION TO PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
100
100
100
100
100
100
0.45
25
26
26
26
26
3.60
2.65
100
100
0.53
26
26
100
26
100
100
26
26
100
26
26
100
26
APPENDIX G
Relative Index Value of Problems, Cost, Time and Benefit in MASMA Implementation
119
BD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No
BC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
No
4
9
10
11
2
12
12
5
FA
7
7
8
7
3
1
1
8
11
3
FA
15.38
34.62
38.46
42.31
7.69
46.15
46.15
19.23
%
5
9
2
2
12
5
5
7
FA
19.23
34.62
7.69
7.69
46.15
19.23
19.23
26.92
%
Moderately
significant problem
3
2
4
4
3
2
2
1
FA
11.54
7.69
15.38
15.38
11.54
7.69
7.69
3.85
%
Very significant
problem
26.92
26.92
30.77
26.92
11.54
3.85
3.85
30.77
42.31
11.54
%
4
8
3
9
2
3
3
8
10
6
FA
15.38
30.77
11.54
34.62
7.69
11.54
11.54
30.77
38.46
23.08
%
Slightly
significant
problem
9
6
6
5
7
8
5
4
2
8
FA
34.62
23.08
23.08
19.23
26.92
30.77
19.23
15.38
7.69
30.77
%
Moderately
significant
problem
5
3
6
4
10
11
14
5
2
5
FA
19.23
11.54
23.08
15.38
38.46
42.31
53.85
19.23
7.69
19.23
%
Very significant
problem
Problems of MASMA implementation after completion.
Frequency Analysis
50.00
19.23
30.77
30.77
26.92
23.08
19.23
38.46
%
No Significant Problem
c)
13
5
8
8
7
6
5
10
FA
Slightly
significant
problem
FA
0
1
2
0
3
2
2
0
0
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.85
0.00
3.85
7.69
%
0.00
3.85
7.69
0.00
11.54
7.69
7.69
0.00
0.00
11.54
%
Extremely
significant
problem
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
FA
Extremely
significant
problem
Problems of MASMA implementation at the construction stage
Frequency Analysis
No Significant
Problem
c)
62
58
66
56
83
85
88
56
45
74
a
48
58
50
52
64
53
57
55
a
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
b
125
125
120
125
125
125
125
125
b
0.50
0.46
0.53
0.45
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.45
0.36
0.59
RI
0.384
0.464
0.417
0.416
0.512
0.424
0.456
0.44
RI
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0.54
25
25
25
25
25
5.38
0.44
3.51
25
100
25
100
100
25
25
100
25
100
100
25
25
100
25
100
100
24
25
100
25
25
100
25
120
38.46
0.00
3.85
7.69
%
8
4
11
3
FA
30.77
15.38
42.31
11.54
%
6
12
7
9
FA
23.08
46.15
26.92
34.62
%
Moderately
significant
increase
1
8
5
10
FA
3.85
30.77
19.23
38.46
%
Very significant
increase
0
1
1
1
FA
0.00
3.85
3.85
3.85
%
Extremely
significant increase
48
81
69
80
a
125
125
125
125
b
DA
1
2
3
4
No
0.38
0.65
0.55
0.64
RI
7
5
5
8
FA
26.92
19.23
19.23
30.77
%
No significant
delay
2
5
9
7
FA
7.69
19.23
34.62
26.92
%
Slightly
significant delay
7
7
3
3
FA
26.92
26.92
11.54
11.54
%
Moderately
significant delay
5
6
6
4
FA
19.23
23.08
23.08
15.38
%
Very significant
delay
4
2
2
3
FA
15.38
7.69
7.69
11.54
%
Extremely
significant delay
72
70
66
62
a
125
125
125
125
b
0.58
0.56
0.53
0.50
RI
SECTION D: TIME IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS
10
0
1
2
FA
No significant
increase
Frequency Analysis
a). Delay of project plan approvals and issuance of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation.
Frequency Analysis
C
1
2
3
4
No
Slightly
significant
increase
SECTION C: COST IMPLICATION OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS
100
100
100
0.54
25
2.16
2.22
25
100
0.56
25
100
100
25
25
100
25
25
100
25
121
5
8
10
3
4
FA
19.23
30.77
38.46
11.54
15.38
%
No significant
delay
3
5
7
6
6
FA
11.54
19.23
26.92
23.08
23.08
%
10
7
5
6
9
FA
38.46
26.92
19.23
23.08
34.62
%
Moderately
significant delay
4
5
1
5
5
FA
15.38
19.23
3.85
19.23
19.23
%
Very significant
delay
Frequency Analysis
Slightly
significant delay
4
1
2
6
2
FA
15.38
3.85
7.69
23.08
7.69
%
Extremely
significant delay
77
64
53
83
73
a
130
130
125
130
130
b
EA
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
3
2
8
2
2
FA
3.85
11.54
7.69
30.77
7.69
7.69
%
Disagree
4
3
7
7
9
9
FA
15.38
11.54
26.92
26.92
34.62
34.62
%
Slightly Agree
6
10
11
4
8
11
FA
23.08
38.46
42.31
15.38
30.77
42.31
%
Agree
10
8
4
6
7
4
FA
38.46
30.77
15.38
23.08
26.92
15.38
%
Very Agree
(a). Benefits of MASMA compliance to the developers
Frequency Analysis
No
Moderately
5
2
2
1
0
0
FA
19.23
7.69
7.69
3.85
0.00
0.00
%
Extremely Agree
92
81
75
63
72
69
a
130
130
130
130
130
130
b
SECTION E: BENEFITS OF MASMA COMPLIANCE TO THE DEVELOPERS AND PROPERTY
OWNERS OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
DB
1
2
3
4
5
No
b). Factors contributing to delays of approvals
0.708
0.623
0.577
0.485
0.554
0.531
RI
0.592
0.492
0.424
0.638
0.562
RI
100
100
100
100
0.46
26
26
26
2.77
0.54
2.71
100
100
26
26
100
26
100
100
25
26
100
26
26
100
26
122
EB
1
2
3
4
5
0
3
4
2
12
FA
0.00
11.54
15.38
7.69
46.15
%
Disagree
3
4
7
4
6
FA
11.54
15.38
26.92
15.38
23.08
%
Slightly Agree
9
7
5
6
7
FA
34.62
26.92
19.23
23.08
26.92
%
Agree
(b). Benefits of MASMA compliance to property
owners
Frequency Analysis
No
Moderately
9
12
8
10
1
FA
34.62
46.15
30.77
38.46
3.85
%
Very Agree
5
0
2
4
0
FA
19.23
0.00
7.69
15.38
0.00
%
Extremely Agree
94
80
75
88
49
a
130
130
130
130
130
b
0.723
0.615
0.577
0.677
0.377
RI
100
100
100
100
100
0.59
26
26
26
26
26
2.97
123