i
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR
INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM
LIM PUI CHUNG
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science Construction Management
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
NOVEMBER 2006
iii
Dedicated to my God, the congregation of my church
and to my family.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is successfully completed with the assistance and support of my
honorable project supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Abdul Kadir Marsono.
Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt
gratitude to him for his continuous support and guidance throughout the process of
making until the completion of this dissertation. His enthusiasm has been a great
source of inspiration to me and it is indeed fortunate to be under his supervision and
guidance. His dedication will always be remembered.
On the other hand, I am indeed thankful to those who have shown their full
support to the making of this dissertation especially my family members and friends
for their moral support throughout the process. Greatest thanks to Mr Rozaiman
from CIDB, government departments such as MBJB and MPJBT and to all the
respondents who have spent their time and taking the effort in replying the
questionnaires.
Finally, I wish to thank all parties who have given their cooperation and
support directly or indirectly to ensure a successful completion of the project report.
v
ABSTRACT
In Malaysia, the implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) by
using precast concrete elements were introduced since 1966 when the government
launched two pilot projects in 1966 which involves the construction of Tuanku Abdul
Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur and the Rifle Range Road Flats in Penang. From the
survey conducted by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, the
level of usage of IBS in the local construction industry is 15% in 2003 although many
government initiatives have been introduced to encourage the use of IBS. Therefore a
study is conducted to study the current awareness of the usage of IBS in Malaysia.
Furthermore this study will be conducted to analyse ways to improve the
implementation of IBS in terms of the current policy and guideline available to
implement the usage of IBS in the local construction industry. The study will be
focused the usage of 50% of the IBS elements in terms of cost. The Strength,
Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) Matrix will be used to analyse the current
scenario in the local construction industry and therefore the strategic implementation
plan will be produced in this study.
vi
ABSTRAK
Perlaksanaan Sistem Bangunan Berindustri (IBS) di Malaysia menggunakan
elemen konkrit pasang siap mula diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan sejak tahun 1966
dengan pelancaran dua projek pembinaan sulung yang terdiri daripada pembangunan
Flat Tunku Abdul Rahman di Kuala Lumpur dan Flat Rifle Range Road di Pulau
Pinang. Daripada tinjauan yang dibuat oleh CIDB, perangkaan menunjukkan bahawa
tahap penggunaan Sistem Bangunan Berindustri dalam sector pembinaan adalah
hanya 15% pada tahun 2003 walaupun kerajaan telah mengambil banyak inisiatif
telah dijalankan untuk menggalakkan penggunaan IBS. Oleh itu, satu kajian
dilakukan untuk mengetahui tahap kesedaran tentang penggunan IBS di Malaysia.
Tambahan pula kajian ini dijalankan untuk menganalisis cara-cara untuk
memperbaiki perlaksanaan IBS dalam aspek polisi dan garis panduan yang sedia ada
dalam sektor pembinaan. Kajian ini akan tertumpu pada penggunaan 50% elemen
IBS dari segi kos. Matriks Kekuatan, Kelemahan, Peluang dan Ancaman (SWOT)
akan digunakan untuk menganalisis keadaan semasa dalam sektor pembinaan
tempatan dan seterusnya pelan perlaksanaan strategik boleh dihasilkan dalam kajian
ini.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1
1.1.1 Advantages of Industrialised
3
Building System
2
1.2
Problem Statement
5
1.3
Aim and Objectives
7
1.4
Scope of the Project
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Definition of Industrialised Building
9
System (IBS)
2.3
Classification of Building System
11
viii
2.4
2.3.1 Classification of IBS
12
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and
14
Threat in IBS
2.4.1 The Strength of IBS
14
2.4.2 Weakness in IBS
16
2.4.3 Opportunities in IBS
17
2.4.4 Impediments to Progress of IBS
19
in Malaysia
2.5
Implementation of IBS by Other Countries
20
2.5.1 The European Code
21
2.5.2 Germany
21
2.5.3 The Netherlands
22
2.5.4 United Kingdom
23
2.5.5 United States of America (USA)
24
2.6
Implementation of IBS in Malaysia
25
2.7
Roadmap to the Successful Implementation
27
of IBS in Malaysia
2.7.1 Strategic Plan Using the Strategic
28
Management Process
2.8
Strategy Formulation Framework
30
2.8.1 Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-
31
Threat (SWOT) Matrix
2.8.2 The Strategic Position and Action
32
Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix
2.8.3 The Quantitative Strategic Planning
34
Matrix (QPSM)
2.9
3
Conclusion
35
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
36
3.2
Literature Review
38
3.3
Questionnaire
38
ix
3.4
3.5
4
Method of Analysis
39
3.4.1 Average Index
39
3.4.2 Mean
40
3.4.3 Median
41
3.4.4 Mod
41
Strategy Formulation
42
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
43
4.2
Data Analysis and Result
43
4.2.1 Questionnaire Information
44
4.2.2 Respondent Validity and
45
Sample Size
4.2.3 Data Analysis for Part A
46
4.2.4 Data Analysis for Part B
47
4.2.5 Data Analysis for Part C
49
4.2.5.1 Period of Involvement in the
51
Construction Projects Using
IBS
4.2.5.2 Numbers of Projects
52
Implementing IBS
4.2.5.3 Types of Development
53
Projects That Implements IBS
4.2.6 Data Analysis for Part D
4.2.6.1 Strength of IBS in the
54
54
Construction Industry
4.2.6.2 Weakness of IBS in the
59
Construction Industry
4.2.6.3 Opportunity of IBS in the
62
Construction Industry
4.2.6.4 IBS Threat in the
Construction Industry
65
x
4.2.6.5 Strength Weakness Opportunity
Threat (SWOT) Matrix for the
Strategy Formulation for IBS
4.2.6.6 SO (Strength- Opportunity)
68
70
Strategy
4.2.6.7 WO (Weakness-Opportunity)
72
Strategy
4.2.6.8 ST (Strength-Threat) Strategy
73
4.2.6.9 WT (Weakness-Threat)
74
Strategy
4.2.7 Data Analysis for Part E
4.2.7.1 Standardisation of Material
75
75
for the IBS Components
4.2.7.2 Standardisation of IBS
76
Components Sizing
4.2.8 Data Analysis for Part F
4.2.8.1 Manufacturing and
78
79
Machineries
4.2.8.2 Installation Procedures
5
83
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
Introduction
85
5.2
To Determine the Strength, Weakness,
86
Opportunity and Threat in IBS
5.3
To Formulate Strategies for the
87
Implementation of 50% of IBS
5.4
To Suggest the Strategic Implementation
88
Plan
5.5
Recommendation
References
Appendices
89
91
95
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
Building system classification according to relative
PAGE
12
weight of component (Majzub,1977).
4.1
Types of IBS system used in developer firm
49
4.2
The strength of IBS (Internal factor)
55
4.3
The weakness of IBS (Internal factor)
59
4.4
Opportunity of IBS (External factor)
62
4.5
The threat of IBS (External factor)
65
4.6
Standardisation of concrete grade for IBS components
75
4.7
Standardisation of IBS sizing
77
4.8
The manufacturing and machinery requirement for
79
IBS productions
4.9
The requirement for the installation procedure for IBS
components
83
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Types of building system in Malaysia
11
2.2
The strategy formulation analytical framework
30
2.3
The SWOT Matrix
31
2.4
The SPACE Matrix
33
3.1
Methodology flowchart
37
4.1
Pie chart of ways of distributing questionnaire
44
4.2
Respondents’ job position distribution
46
4.3
Distribution of respondents working experience
47
4.4
Distribution of sources of information on IBS
48
4.5
Period of involvement using IBS
51
4.6
Number of projects implementing IBS
52
4.7
Types of development projects that implement IBS
53
4.8
SWOT strategy formulation
69
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICES
TITLE
PAGE
A
Technical paper
95
B
Questionnaire Form
102
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
The industrialised building system (IBS) can be generally interpreted as in
which all building components are mass produced either in a factory or at site
factory according to specifications with standardise shapes and dimensions and
transported to the construction projects site to be rearrange with certain standard
to form a building.
The development of industrialised building system (IBS) is not new in the
construction industry. The history of precast in UK housing dates from the mid
1900’s, when this and other forms of industrialised (prefabricated) construction
were used to address the problem of widespread destruction of housing stock
during the Second World War.
In the United States, the use of precast in the construction industry began
in the construction of prefabricated steel house by General House in 1930.
However the early efforts of rationalising and implementation faded quickly due
to price incompetitiveness, high capital and inconsistent local codes. The use of
precast increased sharply after the Second World War due to the need to resolve
critical shortage of houses.
2
In Malaysia, the implementation of precast concept by using precast
concrete building were introduced in Malaysia in 1966 when the government
launched two pilot projects for precast housing which involves the construction of
Tuanku Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur and the Rifle Range Road Flats in
Penang. Both projects were the first time whereby precast elements were used to
construct mass houses. Later, Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKNS) import
the precast concrete technology from Germany for the construction ranging from
low cost housing to luxurious housing such as bungalows and semi detached.
Today, many private companies in Malaysia have teamed up with foreign
experts from Australia, Netherlands, United States and Japan to offer precast
solutions to their projects. Numerous construction projects have utilized the
precast components especially to meet the requirement of time constraint and with
high accuracy and quality. The precast components are mainly use in the
construction of schools, colleges, quarters, apartments, hospitals, roads, port and
other infrastructures.
Even so, the usage of precast in building in Malaysia is still low as
compared to developed countries such as Japan, United States and Europe. From a
survey conducted by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
Malaysia, the level of usage of IBS in the local construction industry is at 15%
based on the IBS Survey 2003. The main barriers that impede the growth of IBS
are the resistance from the parties involved in the construction. The local
authorities are generally unwilling to make changes in local building regulations
that need a lot of time, works and cost to establish the legislative, structural
planning and economic conditions for industrial development. The developers
have to plan a larger project scheme in order to reduce the costs of houses for
economic viability. The contractor will relatively play less important role because
most of the responsibilities will be taken over by the precast manufacturer.
Furthermore, the subcontractors who rely on labour will be out of business due to
the fact that prefabrication will reduce the number of workers and replace them
with machines. It is important that the Malaysia construction industry need to
3
evolve and be ready for the globalization era where increase in productivity,
quality and safety is a must.
It seems that the lesson from established manufacturing process has not
been learned successfully in the construction industry. Probably a greater
intervention from government linked companies (GLCs) may be needed in setting
up the mega housing projects and endless supply of building ready-made
components by multiple vendors and suppliers.
1.1.1
Advantages of Industrialised Building System (IBS)
The conventional construction methods have been known and proven to be
wasteful, dangerous and messy due to the process of constructing buildings. It is
important for the Malaysian construction industry to evolve and be ready for the
globalization era where by increase of productivity, quality and safety are
compulsory and the reduction of cost and construction period must be taken into
account. The advantages of using Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) are:-
a)
Reduction of unskilled workers
b)
Reduce wastage
c)
Increase in quality
d)
Safer working environment in construction site
e)
Reduce construction period
Malaysian construction industry has been heavily dependant on the unskilled
foreign workers especially from Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam and etc. The
absence of foreign workers during the Amnesty Programme launched by the
government in 2005 have crippled most of the construction projects throughout
Malaysia. This can hinder the development in this country and it can cause a huge
loss in term of cost especially to the local developers and contractors.
4
Implementation of IBS can reduce the number of unskilled foreign workers in the
construction industry and therefore the money siphoned by the foreign workers to
abroad can be minimised and this will benefit the local economy. With less labour
involved in the IBS construction, overall construction time is shorter. This will
enable the constructor to save on the overhead cost involved in the construction.
The reduction of workers will enable workers to work at ease without much
congestion involving several crews of workers at the same time such as concretor,
brick layer, plasterer, carpenter, electrician, plumber and etc. Using the IBS
construction, the service from concretor, plasterer, brick layer and carpenter is no
longer needed on site but in the IBS factory and their site tasks will be replaced by
a group of assembler which consist about 5 persons per project compared to the
conventional method.
The conventional construction methods normally generate about 20% of
wastage in terms of cost. The usage of IBS elements eliminates or greatly reduces
conventional timber formwork and props. This reduction will eventually minimise
the use of timber and the forest can be saved from destruction. It also reduces the
use of nail for the conventional formwork. Furthermore, the elements produced in
the plant and mostly designed to be repetitive and thus minimal wastage will be
experienced at the factory and construction site.
The IBS elements are manufactured in a shaded and environmental protected
casting area where critical factor including curing temperature is taken into
account. Temperature control is important to prevent structural cracking and to
avoid weather related delays. The concrete mix design and stripping time can be
controlled, monitored closely or accelerated using additives or steam curing. This
will ensure that the qualities of the precast products are better than the cast in situ
concrete.
The prefabricated products in the market provide a safe working platform
for workers to work on. Prefabricated elements will greatly reduce the usage of
nails and bricks which are the main cause of accidents in the country. The
reduction of workers will enable workers to work at ease without much
5
congestion involving several gangs of workers at the same time. In the
conventional construction, brick laying is started as soon the strip form is
completed. However in the some cases, the bricks will arrive on site before strip
form. This will cause the congestion between the carpenters and the brick layer
and thus the workers are at risk of falling formwork.
The IBS construction will save valuable time and helps to reduce the risk of
project delay and possible monetary losses. The design and production of
elements can be started while the construction site is under survey or earthwork.
The production of the IBS elements are unaffected by weather conditions due to
the controlled environment of the casting area. The usage of large structural
panels speed up the structural works and thus other trades such as painting,
electrical wiring and plumbing works can begin work sooner. The average
delivery time for a complete house using IBS construction is approximately 3 to 5
months whereby the conventional system takes about 18 months to complete.
1.2
Problem Statement
The Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia
since 1966 for the projects which involve precast houses. Since then numerous
construction projects use the IBS system when necessary whereby the system is
implemented when the construction requires speed accuracy and work that
involves a lot of repetition. The early efforts of the Government seems to be in
vain because most of the local construction is still practising the conventional
method which proven to be wasteful, dangerous and messy. From the survey
conducted by the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of Malaysia
in 2003, the usage level of IBS in the local construction industry stands at 15%.
The construction industry in Malaysia involves many players in the market
such as developer, contractor, consultants, supplier, workers and others that came
from different background of the system of work. The construction industry in is
6
considered as fragmented because policy and guideline implementation and
practice in the construction are inconsistent among the players involved.
Commonly, town planners, architects and designers work independently with little
input and communication with each other. They are totally incommunicado with
builders and contractors so that experience of the latter is not available to the
former resulting in wasteful delays in revision of plans and designs arising
problem from constructability. The material supplier and transporters have their
own agenda causing interruptions and abandoned schedules. The consequences
will affect the quality and efficiency in the conventional construction as well as
those involving in IBS.
The fragmented prefabricated construction approach and practices can be
seen that every different manufacturer and applicator in the prefabricated
construction has its own designs and construction method. This results in
incompatibility of the components used among the manufacturers in terms of
dimensioning and installation at site. This result in making the prefabricated
industry uncompetitive due to the fact that once a contractor applied a contractor
applied a prefabricated manufacturer system; he will most probably be obliged in
getting the supply from the same manufacturer throughout the construction.
The current state of prefabricated construction method are used in mega
projects implementing prefabricated method of construction employing mass
production approach in achieving economic viability. However, the economic
viability does not apply because there is no continuity in its production of the
components used after the completion of the particular mega project. The system
developed will be ended. Full utilisation of the particular system can be done to
make it more economical and of value after the project had finish with
standardisation and proper coordination in its system and dimensioning.
The local authorities are generally unwilling to make changes in local
building regulations that need a lot of time, works and cost to establish the
legislative, structural planning and economic conditions for industrial
development. The developers have to plan a larger project scheme in order to
7
reduce the costs of houses for economic viability. The contractor will relatively
play less important role because most of the responsibilities will be taken over by
the precast manufacturer. Furthermore, the subcontractors who rely on labour will
be out of business due to the fact that prefabrication will reduce the number of
workers and replace them with machines.
It is important for the Malaysia construction industry to evolve and be ready
for the globalisation era where an increase in productivity, quality and safety is a
must. Therefore a long term and comprehensive plan have to be devised to
encourage the evolution process in the Malaysia construction industry. All parties
including the government and the private sector are required have a close
collaboration to work together to bring positives changes in the industry. The
positive changes include creating a healthy working environment among those
involved directly in the construction industry. The major players in the are
architects, engineers, town planner, developer, contractor and the supplier or
manufacturer have to play their roles in enhancing their working system,
management and administration to enable the modernisation in the industry.
Therefore detail schematic strategic planning, implementation and
standardisation has to be implemented by the government, the private sector and
other parties involved as enhancing the modernisation of the construction industry
in Malaysia.
1.3
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of implementation of 50%
of IBS components for the non primary structure elements into the conventional
construction system to the construction industry in Malaysia. The objectives of
this study are:
a)
Determine the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat in IBS.
8
1.4
b)
Formulate strategies for the implementation of 50% of IBS.
c)
Suggest the strategic implementation plan.
Scope of Project
The scope of the project study of item (a), (b) and (c) is according to the
implementation of 50% of IBS components for the primary of non primary
structural elements into the conventional construction system as recommended
by Malaysian government.
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter focus on the definitions, background, types and current
adaptation of Industrialised Building System (IBS). It will also look into the
experience and implementation of IBS using the foreign codes and standards such
as British and European Design Codes in terms of design. Further, it will
concentrate more on the implementation plan using marketing strategy, design
codes and law that are available in Malaysia such as MS 1064, Uniform Building
by Law (UBBL), Modular Coordination and the Modular Design Guide. Next, it
will be on the current implementation plan that will present each strategic model
pros and cons. It will narrow down to techniques of choosing a suitable
implementation plan and lastly the suitable implementation plan that will be used
for IBS.
2.2
Definition of Industrialised Building System (IBS)
Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and
technology with the objective of maximising production output, minimising
labour resource and improving quality while a building system is defined as a set
10
of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance
of a building (Warswaski, 1999).
The industrialised building system (IBS) can be defined in which all
building such as wall, slab, beam, column and staircase are mass produced either
in factory or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site
activities.
In another definition by Esa and Nuruddin (1998) claimed that IBS is a
continuum beginning from utilizing craftsman for every aspect of construction to
a system that make use of manufacturing production in order to minimise resource
wastage and enhance value for end users.
Another elaboration of IBS was clarified by Junid (1986) where by the IBS
in construction industry includes the industrialised process which the components
are conceived, planned, fabricated, transported and erected on site. The system
balance combination between the software and hardware components. The
software elements include system design which study the requirements of end
user, market analysis, development of standardise components, establishment of
manufacturing and assembly layout and process, allocation of resources and
materials and definition of a building designer framework. The software elements
provide a prerequisite to create the conducive environment for industrialised
building system (IBS) to expand.
The hardware elements are categorised into three major groups which
include frame and beam system, panel system and box system. The framed
structures are defined as those that carry loads through their beams and girders to
column and to the ground whilst in panel system load are distributed through large
floor and wall panels. The box system includes those system that employ threedimensional modules (or boxes) for fabrication of habitable units that are capable
of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability.
11
2.3
Classification of Building System
This section will focus on the classification of the building system that are
published internationally and in Malaysia.
There are four types of building system in Malaysia according to BadirRazali building system classification. (Badir et al. 1998). The building systems are
namely conventional column-beam-slab frame system with timber and plywood as
formwork, cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork, prefabricated
system and the composite building system is shown in Figure 2.1. Each building
system is represented by its construction technology, functional and geometrical
configuration.
Building
System
Conventional
Column-Beam
–Slab Frame
System with
Timber and
Plywood as
Formwork
Cast in-situ
System with
Steel or
Aluminium as
Formwork
Prefabricated
System
Composite
Building
Figure 2.1: Types of building system in Malaysia
However Majzub (1977) has another different concept in classifying the
building system. He explains that the relative weight of the components should be
12
used as a basis for building classification which consists of frame system, panel
system and box system as presented in Table 1.1. The factor weight has
significant impact on the transportability of the components and also influence on
the production method of the components and the erection method on site. This
classification method is not suitable in Malaysia as it is found inadequate to
incorporate other building systems which flourish recently.
Table 2.1: Building system classification according to relative weight of
component (Majzub, 1977).
1
General
System
Frame
System
2
Panel
system
No
3
2.3.1
Box system
(modules)
System
Production Material
Light weight frame
Medium light weight
frame
Heavy weight frame
Light and medium weight
panel
Wood, light gage metals
Metal, reinforced plastics,
laminated wood
Heavy steel, concrete
Wood frame, metal frame
and composite material
Concrete
Heavy weight panel
(factory produced)
Heavy weight panel (tilt
up-produced on site)
Medium weight box
(mobile)
Medium weight box
(sectional)
Heavy weight box
(factory produced)
Heavy box (tunnel
produced on site)
Concrete
Wood frame, light gage
metal, composite
Wood frame, light gage
metal, composite
Concrete
Concrete
Classification of IBS
The building system asserted by Warszawski (1999) can be classified into a
few types which depend on the particular interest of their users and producers.
The classification use construction technology as a basis for classifying different
building systems. In this manner, four major groups can be distinguished such as
system using timber, steel and cast in situ concrete and precast concrete as their
main structural and space enclosing materials. These systems can be further
13
classified according to geometrical configurations of their main framing
components that are the linear or skeleton (beams and columns) system, planar or
panel system and three dimensional or box systems.
The Industrialised Building System (IBS) is a construction process that
utilizes techniques, products, components or building systems which involved
prefabricated components and on-site installation. From the structural
classification, there are five IBS main groups that are used in Malaysia as shown
below:-
a)
Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems
b)
Steel Formwork Systems
c)
Steel Framing Systems
d)
Prefabricated Timber Framing System
e)
Block Work System.
The pre-cast concrete components are among the most common
prefabricated elements that are available both locally and abroad. The pre-cast
concrete elements are concrete products that are manufactured and cured in a
plant environment and then transported to a job site for installation. The elements
are columns, beams, slabs, walls, 3-D elements (balconies, staircase, toilets, and
lift chambers), permanent concrete formwork and etc.
The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on
site. However the steel reinforcement and services conduit are installed on site
before the steel formwork are installed. The installation of this formwork is easy
by using simple bracing system. Then concrete is poured into the formwork and
after seven days, the formwork can be removed and there is some system whereby
the formwork served as a part of the structure itself after concreting. The steel
formwork systems are used in tunnel forms, beams, column moulding forms and
permanent steel formworks.
14
The elements of steel framing system are rolled into the specific sizes and
then the elements are fabricated that involves cutting, drilling, shot blasting,
welding and painting. Fabricated elements are sent to the construction site to be
then erected whereby welding and the tightening of bolts at joints are conducted.
The elements include steel beams and columns, portal frames and roof trusses.
The prefabricated timber framing system is normally used in the
conventional roof truss and timber frames. The timber is prefabricated by joining
the members of the truss by using steel plate. It is important that all members are
treated with the anti pest chemical. Then, the installation is done on site by
connecting the prefabricated roof truss to the reinforcement of the roof beams.
The elements of block work system include interlocking concrete masonry
units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. The elements are fabricated and
cured in the factory. The elements are normally used as bricks in structures and
interlocking concrete block pavement.
2.4
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat in IBS
The IBS construction is evaluated and there are several strength, weakness,
opportunity and threats in IBS that can be distinguished. All these factors can
impact the use of IBS in the country and therefore solutions of the problems need
to be tackled quickly as to encourage the use of IBS in this country.
2.4.1
The Strength of IBS
The new innovative construction system especially IBS has several
advantages and positive effect to the construction industry in Malaysia.
15
Firstly, the use of IBS can reduce the dependency on foreign labours
especially the semi skilled and the non skilled workers to approximately 40% to
50%. This also alleviates the problem of the shortage of foreign workers in
Malaysia.
Next, the construction period using the IBS construction can be reduce and
this can save valuable time and helps to reduce the monetary losses. The
production of the IBS can start concurrently with the earthwork stage after the
design has been confirmed. It is also unaffected by the weather conditions due to
the controlled environment of the casting delay and this will eliminate the
excusable delay in the conventional construction. In some projects, probably the
speed of construction is not required in construction; instead a steady speed may
be desirable due to other constraints such as financial decision at the top
management level of construction.
The quality of the IBS is more secured because the manufacturer imposed
strict quality control over the materials, production process, the curing
temperature and etc. The concrete mix and the stripping time can be controlled
and monitored closely and thus produces high quality components with high
aesthetical value.
The use of IBS can greatly reduce the usage of conventional timber and
therefore the environment will be preserved. Moreover, the process of producing
IBS elements are designed to be repetitive and thus minimal wastage will be
experienced at the factory and the construction site.
IBS elements provide a safety working platform for the workers to work
on and therefore the risk on minor accidents to fatal accidents can be prevented.
This is cause by the non congestion of workers and the reduction of waste on site.
16
2.4.2
Weakness in IBS
There are several weaknesses that can be discovered in the implementation
of IBS. The IBS construction requires a high initial investment capital for the
purchase of machineries, steel mould, foreign technology, transportation and the
wages of skilled workers for the installation process.
The use of IBS need the governance of a particular organisation which
cost a lot of money in terms of standardisation of sizes, improve the building
regulations through research, quality of the products and others. The extra cost
also involved in the training of foreign unskilled and semi skilled labourers to
enable them to involve in the IBS construction process. However the training will
be in vain if the workers decided to go back to their country and the constant
change of workers and the retraining of new workers will be wasteful.
The IBS will enable the contractors and manufacturers that implement this
technology to monopolise the market. This is because many companies are still
reluctant to change due to the high investment cost. Then the small and medium
industries that are reluctant to change will be affected and this will result in an
unhealthy competition among them.
The site condition will also affect the use of IBS. Since the IBS
components are transported to the site and involved heavy machineries for the
installation process. The site must have fair road surface and temporary site access
for heavy vehicle and therefore a lot of money will be spend on improving the
road conditions and crusher run need to be laid to improve the existing site access
ground condition. The distance between the site and the factory must be
considered for the most economic time for the manufacturing plant to rotate the
loading and unloading period.
Lastly, the transport used to carry IBS components need to be redesign to
be able to carry larger panels. Lorries that are redesigned must meet the suitability
17
and at the same time to follow the road regulations. Currently, the transporters can
carry limited weight, length and depth of IBS components stated in the road
regulations therefore the optimum carrying capacity is not met.
2.4.3
Opportunities in IBS
The usage of industrialised building has proven that it will reduce substantial
amount of unskilled and skilled labourers that are directly involved on site. This
has been proven in Israel where by a study was carried out to compare between
IBS and conventional construction method in 1984. The results shows that the use
of IBS have brought much saving in site labour up to 70% and saving on total
construction cost to 5-8% of compared to the conventional methods (Warszawski,
1999). Similarly in Singapore, the use of fully prefabricated system provides
labour saving up to 46.5% as compared to the conventional method (Cheong,
1997). This will decrease on the reliance of foreign workers but this does not
mean that the country workforce will be affected. The usage of IBS will open up
many opportunities to the younger generations that seem to be reluctant to be
involved in the construction industry.
The usage of IBS can contribute to the increase of professional work force in
Malaysia. One of the areas that can be enhanced is the knowledge of design in the
IBS components and the machinery design. Research can be conducted to study
the buildability and the most efficient system mode of construction. Technology
on the machine design can further be improved to suit the local industry and the
dependence on the foreign technology can be lessened. Developing our own
technology in the sense of design, machinery and technology must suit the local
building industry. The new design should meet the local social conditions, local
climate, local materials and building tradition should be given top priority
(Dragsholt, 1984). The design of structural concrete frames for IBS has come
under scrutiny as architects, design engineers and contractor strive to find
optimum economy, speed of erection and highest specifications for the project
(Elliot, 2003).
18
The development of alternatives for industrialised building system (IBS) in
the form of natural building materials and geological building materials (Harwant
and Bujang, 2003). The use of rock and concrete need not the only material used
in manufacturing industrialised building system. The natural building material
may be considered are light clay, natural plaster and monolithic adobe. The light
clay can be used to make non bearing wall while natural plaster such as lime,
gypsum, earth plaster and casein paint are appropriate options for finishing
interior and exterior wall surfaces. The monolithic adobe consists of unburned
clay with straw as a binder used to build walls. Usage of this material will ease the
dependence on rocks and concrete which will assist the environmental
conservation efforts.
The geological building materials consist of solid geology like igneous rock
which constitutes most common lithology of the mountain ranges of the
peninsular forming topographic highs (GSDM, 1996). On the other hand, the
unconsolidated deposits such as gravel, sand, mud and clay are found along the
cost and inland valley of the peninsular (GSDM, 1996). All these material can be
easily available in the country and therefore the cost of material can reduced.
The manufacturing of industrialised process of IBS need to be studied very
thoroughly so that it can meet the current local needs in terms of speed, quality
and cost saving. The standardisation of the manufacturing process through the
modularization of components can increase product variety without seriously
affecting the production cost (Salvador et al., 2002; Starr, 1965; Child et al., 1991;
Pine, 1993). The standardization of manufacturing process enables it to be
accepted for the implementation of IBS.
The step before implementing any process change in construction industry is
the simulation process. The impact of any process change no matter how
promising it looks needs to be understood to ensure desired results. Every aspect
of the process need to be tested. This comprehensive testing can help in validating
implementation plans (Attaran, 2000). The effective and current simulation
process is used to replace the conventional project management which is
19
fragmented and therefore fail to produce a good quality in construction due to
poor performance of contractors, consultant and the coordinating team (Egan
Report, 2002). The current management systems available are reengineering,
concurrent engineering, strategic management and etc.
2.4.4
Impediments To Progress of IBS in Malaysia
The government as the major key player in the construction industry has
spent billions of Ringgit over the past several Malaysia Plans to develop the
country. However the plans are characterised by short falls, delays and lack of
coordination between all parties including the agencies at federal and state levels
and other major players in the construction industry. The government has not
taken necessary actions for the globalisation and the industrialisation of the
construction industry. (Salihuddin et al, 2003). The selection of IBS has been
hindered by the lack of assessment criteria set by the approving authorities
(Trikha, 1999).
An IBS system can only be practised by the practitioner if its major
advantages are valuable compared to the conventional system. However up to
date, there is inadequate collaborative scientific research undertaken to
substantiate the benefits of IBS system. Therefore it can be clearly seen that the
implementation of IBS is hindered by lack of scientific information (Razali et al,
2002). The academic curriculum in the university seldom incorporate courses that
technology, organisation, construction and the design of IBS (Warszawski, 1999).
Lack of research and development to use the local materials causes the
dependence of foreign technology can be expensive and the quality of products
may be compromised (Thanoon, 2003).
The fragmented construction industry straddles over several professions and
business. The professionals, builders and the supplier do not communicate to
input on ideas on implementation of IBS. However the main concerns for these
20
parties are just profit and the resistance to change due to unclear incentives given
by the government by using new technology (Salihuddin, 2003).
The research output from research institution is not readily commercially
exploitable and does not appeal to potential users. The major players of the
construction industry are reluctant to carry out the research and development in
IBS because this can be seen as risky ventures. The country has not been
embarked upon venture capitalism in a proactive meaningful manner and as such
effort in universities and research institutions remain largely unexploited and
unused (Salihuddin, 2003).
All parties involved in the construction industry should collaborate and to
work together in order to achieve the full utilization of IBS in Malaysia. The
government play a very important role in imposed new regulations, standards and
training in terms of knowledge, experience and construction method. Moreover
the standardisation of dimensions of material needs to provide a feedback loop
from the constructor to enable the implementation to be improved from time to
time. Incentives given by government should be clearly documented and making
sure that all parties is well informed through promotions by the media. Last but
not least, the government should have the authority over parties involved
including manufacturer, constructor, designer, financial institution and the
transporters to ensure they play their respective roles in the successful
implementation of IBS.
2.5
Implementation of IBS by Other Countries
The implementation of IBS in other countries is using the local legislative
context in the building regulations. The reviews of these building regulations
include building controls, regulatory system and technical provision in the
countries which has been matured in adopting IBS.
21
2.5.1
The European Code
The European Code contains the legislation in the form of Codes of Practice
or Standards to control structural design. The purpose of the Standard including to
prevent actions that might causes stress, deformation or degradation of the works
during construction. Furthermore the Standard requirements include structural
integrity to prevent collapse, deformation and cracking and disproportionate
damage. However in the fire resistance stability requirement which include the
provision for initial ignition in installation and system and limitation spread of fire
to neighbouring building.
2.5.2
Germany
A detailed investigation by Glass (2001), the German regulations are not
too specific of secondary requirements which encourage the use of IBS to be more
advantageous or economically viable than in United Kingdom.
The IBS in Germany is well established and the market is very competitive
due to technological advancement. The development of precast is well recognised
especially the precast internal and external wall as well as roof panel. Therefore it
is economically viable to set up factories solely dedicated to the production of
precast concrete industry (Thanoon et al, 2003).
The German Building Regulations are based on model regulations that are
written mainly in functional terms and issued by the Federal Government. The
Federal Building Code includes both building regulations and planning law so the
building regulations include requirements which are mainly to ensure public
health and safety and matters concerning the design and layout of buildings and
sites. The building regulations are supplemented by technical regulations for
building products that differentiate between regulated and non-regulated products.
Regulated products generally comply with the technical regulations and suitability
22
for purpose is checked either by the manufacturer’s certificate of conformity or a
certificate of conformity issued by an approved (in accordance with the Federal
Building Code or the EC Construction Products Directive) certification agency.
Suitability of non-regulated products is confirmed by compliance with general
technical approvals, a certificate of inspection and approval or a special agreement
for individual cases.
In Germany, the building control system operates through a plan
submission, approval and inspection by local authority. Structural stability relies
primarily on the appropriate DIN Standards for construction methods and the
materials used in construction. Meanwhile the fire protection standards are set out
in DIN 4102 and the sound insulation technical requirements are contained in DIN
4019 that requires the sound reduction of 53 dB in the wall.
2.5.3
The Netherlands
The use of IBS in the Netherland represent 10% of the total housing
market, although the conventional brickwall and masonry construction still prevail
in the country. Nevertheless, the industrialised housing is steadily increasing due
to cost saving up to 30%. This is substantiated by standardised components,
flexible manufacturing process and improved industrialised building technique
(Jacqueline, 1999).
The basis of Dutch law on building work is the Housing Act. The Building
Decree (Bouwbesluit) which came into effect in October 1992 contains nationally
uniform technical legislation. The main points are of the Building Decree includes
safety, health and energy economy, the performance of the building by reference
to standard and relevant certificates to conformity and Technical Approval by
manufacturers as a proof of meeting the requirements. However, the municipal
cannot impose separate technical requirement on all the IBS elements.
23
The Building Decree is published as 14 independent Chapters covering the
technical regulations for construction work and the state of existing construction
works. It contains a collection of performance requirements, by which building
plans can be tested using measurements or calculations and indicates, through a
test value, whether the requirements have been complied with. The builder can
decide how to construct and which materials to use providing the performance
requirements are met. The Decree refers to Dutch Standards (NEN’s) concerning
buildings and civil engineering works (Category ‘A’ Standards). Provision has
been made in the Building Decree for Dutch Standards (NEN’s) to be replaced by
harmonised European Standards (NENEN’s) as these become available.
2.5.4
United Kingdom
Regulation 9 stipulates that the requirements of the regulations can be
satisfied only by compliance with the relevant standards. The relevant standards
are set out in this document, the Technical Standards for compliance with the
Building Standards Regulations 1990, as amended. To satisfy the regulations
therefore the design, materials and methods of construction must be at least to the
standards set in the technical standard. The provisions deemed to satisfy the
standards are provided for the convenience of designers only if they choose to
adopt them. There is no obligation to do so but if used properly deemed to satisfy
solutions must be accepted by the local authority.
In the technical standard in the Building Standard 1990, in the Chapter 9
Part G2.6 sub C mentioned that the suspended floor using IBS elements need to
provide insulation above the panels. The non bearing prefabricated walls are
required to follow the BS 8297: 1995. The BS 476 specified the fire test and
requirements for structures and BS 8297: 1995 is the code of practice for design
and installation of non load bearing precast concrete wall cladding.
24
In BS 6750: 1986 specifies requirement for modular reference system,
positions of key references planes and the sizing of the building and their
components and material designed in compliance of principles of modular
coordination. It also specified the modular grids, positions of modular floor plane,
modular height and the modular space. The design specifications, joints and fits
and the dimensioning are standardized. On the other hand, BS EN ISO: 1999 are
the standardization of the construction drawings which guide in the representation
of modular sizes, lines and grids. With all this standards available, it is easier for
the designer and fabricator to standardize in terms of sizes, drawings and the
concept.
2.5.5
United States of America (USA)
In the state of Georgia, there are several codes that are observed to ensure
the uniformity in the construction of industrialized building. The different sections
of the Codes specify different materials, method of construction or other
requirements and therefore the most restrictive standard will govern. If there are
argument between general requirement and specific requirement and the latter
shall be applicable. Alternate materials and construction method can be used but it
needs the approval from the Commissioner provided the purpose intended meet
the specifications in the technical codes. In the Georgia Standard Building Code,
the regulations includes the specifications weight of building material for
transportation and the minimum ceiling height shall be 7 feet (2181mm). The
local authority of the state has the power to govern over the designer,
manufacturer and the constructor. The designer is governed through the
submission of plan where as the manufacturer need to submit the quality control
manual for approval before the construction can be commenced. The quality of
the constructor installation of prefabricated is supervised by the representative
from the local authority.
25
2.6
Implementation of IBS in Malaysia
In Malaysia, the implementation of IBS concept by using precast concrete
building were introduced in Malaysia in 1966 when the government launched two
pilot projects for precast housing which involves the construction of Tuanku
Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur and the Rifle Range Road Flats in Penang.
Both projects were the first time whereby precast elements were used to construct
mass houses.
Since 1980’s there are intensive marketing strategy launched by the
Malaysian government to introduce modular coordination, its acceptance has
received poor responses for the building industry. As a result even partial
introduction of IBS such as lintels and staircase has not been possible (Trikha,
1999).
Previously in the 7th Malaysian Plan, the country intended to construct about
800,000 units of houses for its population using the IBS construction. Indeed,
585,000 units were planned for the low and low medium cost houses. However
the achievements are disappointing with only 20% completed houses reported due
to use of conventional construction method. Although the government introduced
numerous incentives and promotions to encourage housing developers to invest in
such housing category (Ismail, 2001). Under the 7th Malaysian Plan, the
enforcement of Modular Coordination through the Construction Industry Standard
1&2 only applies to the low cost housing projects initiated by the Ministry of
Housing and Local Government Malaysia (CIDB, 2001). The enforcement by the
local authorities did not apply to all the parties involved in the construction
contribute to the failure of the implementation in Malaysia. Furthermore, the
incentives that promised to be given to developers by the government does not
clearly stated in the law of Malaysia. This non conformance leads to the use
conventional method which is less risky to the developers.
In 1998, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and CIDB has
come up with the Modular Design Guide which contain the modular coordination
26
concepts, design rules, drawings and preferred dimensions for architectural
finishes material such as bricks, glass, gypsum board and etc. The important
aspects of prefabricated concrete in terms of modular dimensions, strength,
stability and the fire protection specifications are not indicated. The Uniform
Building By Law (UBBL) has introduced several clauses to encourage the use of
IBS include the sub clause of 42(1):
a)
The second line mentioned that ‘11 meter square gross area’ is
replaced by the ‘10.8 meter square nett area’.This is suitable for the
area of room that has the dimension of 3000x3600mm and using the
modular
b)
dimension.
The fourth line, ‘9.3 meter square gross area’ is replaced by the ‘9.0
meter square nett area’.
c)
The fifth line, ‘6.5 meter square gross area’ is replaced by ‘6.3 meter
square nett area’.
In the conventional construction the local authority only given the authority
to inspect the work after the completion of the project which is not practical. The
government should look into allowing the local authority to inspect the work in
the manufacturing process up to the construction stage and lastly to the project
completion to ensure that quality is not compromised.
In year 2001, the Government set the Malaysia Standard 1064 in order to
standardise the IBS components in terms of dimensions. However the MS 1064
still have a lot of loop holes that still can be improved. The important
specifications such as types of material, design standard, connection types,
construction method and the system implementation are not included. These items
will ensure the quality of IBS components can be improved and the contractor can
implement a standardised system easily and this will encourage the use of IBS in
Malaysia especially in the private sector. However the standards must not be too
27
rigid as to allow for technological improvements in construction method, system
and etc.
Many innovations in materials and components are made before their
application in the building process. In most cases, construction firm acts as system
integrators and catalyst for transforming new technologies into marketable
products. These play an important role modifying and developing new
technologies that impact as feedback loop to producers in the upstream. The
forces for technology for adaptation are strongest among materials, component
manufacturers and high quality equipment for production purposes. Property
developers and government policy makers also feed the stream for innovation by
funding in research and development activities (Salihuddin et al, 2003).
2.7
Roadmap Towards Successful Implementation of IBS in Malaysia
Having identified the major impediments to the introduction of IBS in the
country, it is important to suggest measures to facilitate adoption of IBS. As we
can clearly see that lack of enforcement of the legislation, regulations, guidelines
and standards are the major hindrances. Therefore the process of enforcement of
regulations needs to be done step by step to enable the IBS to be standardised
through modular coordination.
The first step is to study the current status of the construction industry in
terms of controlling the dimension of the prefabricated concrete product. The
study involves legislations, planning, design, manufacturing industry, construction
technology, surveying work and etc. The result of the study is used as a
foundation to plan for the implementation of modular coordination in IBS in
Malaysia. It is also used to formulate the National Modular Coordination Standard
MS 1064 as a basis to standardise the dimension for the design of building and the
prefabricated components using metric system.
28
Next, the strategic planning for the implementation of modular coordination
need to be done. This strategic implementation plan needs to consider the
construction organisation structure, the collaborative measures and the further
improvement that can be made to the current system practised. This is to ensure
that the implementation of IBS using the modular coordination can be done
successfully.
Then, the effort will focus on the preparation of Malaysia Standard MS
1064: Guide to Modular Coordination in Building. Currently there are 15 parts
has been approved for implementation by the government of Malaysia.
Lastly the execution of modular coordination through legislation is very
important to succeed in the industrialised building programme. The
implementation of modular coordination into the Uniform Building By Law,
planning standard and the building specification need to be executed. The
government department such as Public Works Department and the local
authorities are responsible to introduce modular coordination through the building
regulations and specifications as soon as possible.
2.7.1
Strategic Plan Using the Strategic Management Process
The strategic plan can be formulated using the strategic management process
which can be classified into three stages. There are strategy formulation, strategy
implementation and strategy evaluation. The strategic management process can be
described as an objective, logical, systematic approach for making major
decisions in an organisation.
The activities involved in strategy formulation are developing a business
mission, identifying external opportunities and threat, determining internal
strength and weaknesses, establishing long term objectives, generating alternative
strategies and choosing particular strategy to pursue. The strategic formulation is
29
used when an organisation decide on what new business to enter, what business to
abandon, how to allocate resources, whether to expand operations or diversify,
decision on whether to enter international markets, to merge or form a joint
venture and how to avoid hostile take over. The strategist must decide on which
alternative that will determine the long term competitive advantages. Strategy
formulation decisions must commit an organisation to specific products, markets
resources and technologies over an extended period of time.
In strategic implementation stage is whereby employees and managers are
mobilised to put formulated strategies into action by establishing annual
objectives, devise policies, motivate employees and allocate resources so that
formulated strategies can be executed. The activities involved in strategy
implementation includes developing strategy-supportive culture, creating an
effective organisational structure, redirecting marketing efforts, preparing
budgets, developing and utilizing information system and linking employee
compensation to organisational performance. This stage is the most difficult stage
because it requires personal commitment, discipline and sacrifice. The strategy
formulated if not implemented serves no purpose.
The final stage will be the strategy evaluation stage. It provides a feedback
loop to indicate when the strategies are not working well. All strategies are subject
to future modification due to constant change involved in the internal and external
factors. The three fundamental strategy evaluations are reviewing internal and
external factors based on current strategies, measuring performance and taking
corrective actions.
The strategic management process is important to make decisions under
the conditions of uncertainty. The decision making based on past experience,
judgment, feelings and intuition is essential to making good strategic decisions.
Furthermore the strategist can use highly interrelated variables to make more
accurate decision where there are immense pressure to be right and several
plausible alternatives.
30
2.8
Strategy Formulation Framework
The strategy formulation techniques can be integrated into three stage
decision making framework. This framework can help strategist to identify,
evaluate and select strategies as shown in Figure 2.2.
STAGE 1: THE INPUT STAGE
External Factor
Evaluation
(EFE) Matrix
Competitive Profile Internal Factor
Matrix
Evaluation (IFE)
Matrix
STAGE 2: THE MATCHING STAGE
SWOT Matrix SPACE Matrix
BCG Matrix
IE Matrix
Grand Strategy Matrix
STAGE 3: THE DECISION STAGE
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QPSM)
Figure 2.2: The strategy formulation analytical framework.
The first stage is the input stage which provides the basic input
information for the matching and decision making matrices. In this stage involves
developing an External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix, Internal Factor
Evaluation (IFE) Matrix and a Competitive Profile Matrix. This enables the
strategist to quantify subjectivity during early stage of the strategy formulation
process.
Next stage is the matching stage which focuses upon generating feasible
alternatives by aligning key external and internal factors. These processes rely on
the information derived on the input stage to match external opportunities and
threats with internal strength and weaknesses. The techniques available are
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats (SWOT) Matrix, Strategic Position and
31
Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix,
the Internal and External (IE) Matrix and the Grand Strategy Matrix.
Lastly, the decision stage involves a single technique which is the
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QPSM). This technique uses the
information from Stage 1 to objectively evaluate feasible alternative strategies
identified in Stage 2. The QPSM reveal the relative attractiveness of alternative
strategies and therefore provides an objective basis for selecting specific
strategies.
2.8.1
Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) Matrix
The Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) Matrix is an important
matching tool that helps managers to develop four types of strategies that are
Strength Opportunity (SO) Strategy, Weakness Opportunity (WO) Strategy,
Strength Threat (ST) Strategy and Weakness Threat (WT) Strategy. The SWOT
Matrix is shown in Figure 2.3.
STRENGTH-S
OPPORTUNITIES
(O)
THREATS
(T)
WEAKNESS-W
SO STRATEGIES
WO STRATEGIES
Use strength to take
Advantage of
opportunities
ST STRATEGIES
Overcome weakness by
taking advantage of
opportunities
WT STRATEGIES
Use strength to avoid Minimize weakness and
threats
avoid threats
Figure 2.3: The SWOT Matrix
SO Strategies use a firm’s internal strength to take advantage of external
opportunities. The other strategies such as WO, ST and WT Strategies will be
evaluated so that the real situation of the company can be simulated. This will
enable the company to overcome their weakness and make it their strength. In
32
essence, an organisation should strive to maximise its strength on new
opportunities (Weihrich, 1982).
WO Strategies aim to improve the internal weakness by taking advantage of
external opportunities. Sometimes key opportunity exist but a fir has internal
weakness that prevent it from exploiting opportunities exist. It is an exertion to
conquer the organisation weakness by making out of any opportunities (Weihrich,
1982). One of the WO strategies can be acquire new technology or forming joint
venture with firm having competency in a specific technology.
The ST Strategies use the firm’s strength to avoid or reduce the impact of
external threats. This can avoid rival firms from copying ideas, innovations and
patented product which can be a threat to the company itself.
The WT Strategies are defensive tactics directing at reducing weaknesses
and avoiding environmental threats. An organization facing numerous external
threats and internal weakness may put it in the precarious position. The firm needs
to fight for its survival by merger, retrench, declare bankruptcy or opting for
liquidation.
With all the strategies generated from the SWOT Matrix by matching key
external and internal factors. However not all strategies developed in SWOT
Matrix will be implemented. Therefore it is important that the specific strategy to
be selected rather than general. It is important to include the notation after each
strategy in SWOT Matrix as it reveals the rationale for each strategy evaluated.
2.8.2
The Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix
The SPACE Matrix is another important matching tool is illustrated in
Figure 2.4. Its four quadrant framework indicates whether aggressive,
conservative, defensive or competitive strategies. The axes of the SPACE Matrix
33
represent two internal dimensions (financial strength, FS and competitive
advantage, CA) and two external dimensions (environmental stability, ES and
industry strength, IS). The four factors are important to determinants of an
organisation’s overall strategic position. Other variables needed to be considered
in the analysis are return on investment, leverage, liquidity, working capital and
cash flow to determine the financial strength.
Figure 2.4: The SPACE Matrix
The aggressive quadrant represent the organisation is in the excellent
position to use its internal strength to take advantage of external opportunities,
overcome weakness and avoid external threats. The conservative quadrant
indicates that the company should stay close to the firm competencies and not
taking excessive risk.
In the defensive quadrant, suggest that the firm should focus on improving
internal weakness and avoiding external threats. Finally the competitive quadrant
indicates the competitive strategies that a firm should adopt.
34
The result shown in the SPACE Matrix only shows the result as in average.
This only provides a very general environment of the firm and based on the results
it is difficult to come up with an accurate and suitable strategy.
2.8.3
The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QPSM)
The QPSM is an analytical technique designed to determine the relative
attractiveness of feasible alternative actions. This technique objectively indicates
which alternative strategies are the best to be implemented to suit the current
environment.
Conceptually, the QPSM determines the relative attractiveness of various
strategies based on the extent to which key external and internal critical success
factors are capitalised upon or improved. The relative attractiveness of each
strategy within a set of alternatives is computed by determining the cumulative
impact of each external and internal critical success factor. Any number of sets of
alternative strategies can be included in the QPSM, and any number of strategies
can comprise a given set. However the strategies are evaluated relative to each
other.
The QPSM method examines the matrices from Stage 2 and alternatives
strategies can be identified for implementation. Then the determination of
attractiveness score are usually done through the questionnaire. The attractiveness
score should be assigned to each strategy to indicate the relative attractiveness of
one strategy over others. The range of Attractive Score is 1=not attractive,
2=somewhat attractive, 3=reasonably attractive and 4=highly attractive. The
weight of each strategy is prioritised and the total weight should be 1. Then the
attractiveness score are multiplied by the weights and the higher the score
indicates the better the alternative is.
35
The positive feature in QPSM is that it requires strategist to integrate
pertinent external and internal factors into the design process. Developing QPSM
make it less likely that key factors will be overlooked or weighted inappropriately.
However it requires intuitive judgment and educated assumptions.
2.9
Conclusion
The SWOT Matrix will be used in the matching of the internal and external
environment of IBS. It is because that the BCG Matrix remains as a means of
measuring strategy rather than the means to select a strategy in SWOT Matrix.
The SWOT Matrix serves as a great stepping stone to build key performance
index. Then the strategies from the SWOT analysis are analysed using the QPSM
to identify which strategy has the highest level of Attractiveness Score which
means the most critical strategy that need to be taken at this moment.
36
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
The implementation of the types of delivery system in the construction is
carried out by the Project Management Consultant. Therefore the implementation
of IBS as a new technology in the construction needs careful study and
observation. The study of this implementation requires the information from the
Project Management Consultant. Therefore it requires proper planning of the
methodology to achieve the objectives of the study. Figure 3.1 refers to the
flowchart of methods in achieving the mentioned objectives of the study.
37
Identify Problem
Determine Objectives & Scope of Studies
Literature Review
Data Collection
Questionnaires &
Interviews
References,
Technical papers,
Books
Data Processing
(SWOT)
Analyse Data
Conclusion &
Suggestion
Figure 3.1 Methodology flowchart
This section of study would focus on the method of study to be carried out
to achieve the objective of this report. Therefore, every measure taken must be
appropriate and relevant to the related topic of study.
38
Three approaches have been throughout this study to gather reliable and
relevant data. The approaches are:
3.2
i.
Literature review
ii.
Handing out of questionnaire
iii.
Reviewing the effective strategic formulation method
Literature Review
Literature review is an important part in the study in terms of gathering
secondary data. Important and resourceful information can be obtained to gain
understanding of the study. For this, it has helped to achieve the objective to
understand the opportunity available due to the implementation of IBS.
3.3
Questionnaire
Handing out questionnaire is an approach to determine the current
development of implementation of IBS that have been practiced among
developers and project management consultant in Malaysia. It was designed to
gather information which is not available from literature review.
Generally, two approaches of questionnaire has been handed out, namely
quantitative approach and qualitative approach. Quantitative approach, in short, is
a systematic way of questionnaire where corresponding parties are required to
complete the questionnaire by answering one or more answer from a list of given
alternatives. The statistical report can therefore be generated.
Whereas, for qualitative approach, questions are set in the form of semistructured or non-structured. Semi-structured questions require the respondent to
39
complete a list of questions based solely on their experience and opinion. As for
the non-structured questions, the respondents are required to explain subjectively
the answer given by them.
Questionnaire is an effective way for the purpose of gathering information
and data that are not available through literature studies. However, the limitation
of questionnaire is that it is subjected to the willingness and cooperation of the
respondent in completing the questionnaire. Therefore, it is necessary to design
the questionnaire as straight-forward as possible to obtain information related to
the objectives of the study. Another important criterion when designing the
questionnaire is the time to complete it. It should be designed to be completed in
the shortest time possible for the convenience of the respondent as the workload
of the developer and the project management consultant usually heavy.
3.4
Methods of Analysis
The information and data gathered through questionnaire will be compiled
and processed using average index method in relation to the objectives and scope
of study. Two statistical methods will be applied, namely descriptive statistic and
inferential statistics. Result from the findings will be presented in the form of
graphs, histogram and pie chart for easier understanding.
3.4.1
Average Index
Average index is being calculated based on the formula of:
Average Index =
Where, a
x
∑ aixi
∑ xi
= constant, weighing factor for i,
= frequency of respondent
40
i
= 1, 2, 3……n
A scale of 5 categories has been used for the average index method in order to
show priority. The scales of 5 categories are:
1=
2=
“Most less
1.00 ≤ Average
important ”
< 1.50
“Less important”
1.50 ≤ Average
< 2.50
3=
4=
“Moderate
2.50 ≤ Average
Important”
< 3.50
“Important”
3.50 ≤ Average
< 4.50
5=
3.4.2
“Most
4.50 ≤ Average
important”
< 5.00
Mean
The collected raw data are required to be separated in a table of frequency.
Basically, mean is the average value of a group of data. The formula for the
calculation of mean is:
n
∑ fix
i −1
n
∑ fi
i =1
Where, fi represent the frequency of class where xi is the sign of class.
41
3.4.3
Median
Median can be defined as the middle number of a group of number that
have been arranged in order. In other word, median represent a value where half
of the total collected data are either larger or smaller than its value.
The formula for the calculation of median is:
n
∑ fi
i =1
Median, X = Lm +
2
− ∑ fm − 1
fm
(C )
n
∑ fi
Where,
= Total frequency,
i =1
Lm
= Border of lower class that consist of median,
fm
= Frequency of data in the class that consist
median,
∑ fm −1 = The collected frequency of class before that
consists median.
C
3.4.4
= The size of the class that consist median.
Mod
Mod represent the highest frequency of the value in a group of data. In
such cases where repetition of value doesn’t exist, the group of data is considered
as no mod.
The value of mod can be determined from either histogram or calculation
by applying certain formula. The formula for mod is:
Mod = Lm + ( ∆1 )
∆1 + ∆2
xC
42
Where, Lm = the border of lower class that consists of mod,
∆1 = difference of frequency between the class of mod and the class
before
∆2 = difference of frequency between the class of mod and
the class after it.
C
3.5
= the size of class that consist of mod
Strategy Formulation
The strategy formulation involves the use of SWOT Matrix to match the
internal strength and weakness with the external opportunities and threat. There
are several strategies that can be generated using this matrix such as SO, WO, ST
and WT strategies that may be use for the implementation of IBS. Then the
strategies are evaluated using QPSM to determine which strategy is the best
implemented based on the Attractiveness Score that are obtained from the
questionnaire.
43
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
This chapter focuses on analyzing the results gathered from the
respondents through interview and questionnaire. Since IBS time allocated is very
limited in doing this dissertation, the distribution of questionnaire and interview
will be limited to the developers in Johor Bahru area only.
The data collected are converted into more meaningful, useful and
informative formats that are in the form of tables and figures. The data also will
be expressed in the form of percentage and according to the suitability of the
analysis itself.
4.2
Data Analysis and Results
There were a total of 70 copies of questionnaires sent out to the targeted
respondents who are in charge of the construction project management in the
developer firm. The list of targets was obtained from the local authorities that are
the Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) and Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru
Tengah (MPJBT).
44
On 7th August 2006, the questionnaires were sent out to targeted
respondent by mail. 80% of the questionnaires were sent by mail and the
remaining amount is being distributed via interview with the project manager and
project engineer in the developer firm.
Distribution of Questionnaires
Interview
20%
Mail 80%
Figure 4.1: Pie chart of way of distributing questionnaire.
4.2.1
Questionnaires Information
The sample of the questionnaire can be referred in the
appendix. The questionnaire is divided into 6 parts that are Part A, B,
C, D, E and F. The division of the questions into different parts so that
the analysis can be done systematically and reflects a logical result.
The division of parts represent certain information that are desired to be
retrieved from the respondents at which in Part A is on the information of the
company itself. Where as Part B is to determine how much information the
respondents knows about IBS and the possible sources that are referred to obtain
the information on IBS. Part C on the other hand is to know how far the
45
implementation of the IBS types in the company as soon as it concerns. Next Part
D focus on the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat in using IBS. Finally
Part E and F are to determine the standardization of the materials, sizing,
machinery and manufacturing and the installation process of the IBS components.
4.2.2
Respondent Validity and Sample Size
The total response of questionnaire gathered from the respondents which
comprise of the developer’s representative are 46 sets. All questionnaires are valid
and are completely filled up. This represents the rate response of 36%. Since IBS
has not been fully implemented and the lack of awareness of the usage of IBS in
Johor Bahru and therefore the response rate is very low.
According to Roger Sapsfor & Victor Jupp (1996), the estimated sample
size can be provided by the following formula with assumption that the sample
survey the 99 percent level of confidence (P<0.01), and the maximum error is at 1
unit out of 100 units.
Sample Size = 2 (1.96) (SD) 2 /12
Where
P< 0.01
SD = Standard Deviation
The needed sample size for the questionnaire is 10 respondents and
therefore it proves that the sample size for the questionnaire is sufficient with 46
respondents.
46
4.2.3
Data Analysis for Part A
The questionnaires are distributed to the housing developer firm in Johor
Bahru. Since this topic covers a large area in IBS, it would be preferred to be
filled by engineers, project executive and project managers because they are the
person who involved in the development projects. Referring to Figure 4.2, it
shows the distribution of different types of job position that responded to the
questionnaires.
Distribution of Job Position
2
2
Engineer
14
Project Executive
Project Manager
28
Quantity
Surveyor
Figure 4.2: Respondents’ job position distribution.
There are 28 of 46 respondents are project executive that are in charge of
the operations in the developer firm and followed by the second highest which is
the engineers stands at 14. On the other hand, the minority positions that made up
of the project manager and quantity surveyor which made up of 2 each
respectively.
47
Respondents' Working Experience
7
1-3 Years
21
4-6 Years
10
7-10 Years
< 10 Years
8
Figure 4.3: Distribution of respondents working experience.
Referring to the Figure 4.3, there are 21 respondents that are working in
the construction industry for more than 10 years and consequently followed by 46 years working experience. Next are the respondents that have previous working
experience from 7-10 years and lastly is that those who worked for 1-3 years.
Since most of the respondents have more than 4 years working experience and
this represents that the data acquired is quite reliable and accurate.
4.2.4
Data Analysis for Part B
Most of the respondents knew about the Industrialised Building System
which comprise of 91% of the total respondents. However the minority that made
up of 9% does not know the existence of IBS being implemented in Malaysia. The
high percentage knew about IBS because the working engineers in the
construction must keep up with the current technology to be more competitive in
the job market. Furthermore, CIDB has launched many campaigns to encourage
the local constructors to use IBS as an application to construct buildings.
48
Source of Information on IBS
4%
25%
20%
Attend Course
Magazines
CIDB
Internet
51%
Figure 4.4: Distribution of sources of information on IBS.
Referring to Figure 4.4, it shows the distribution of the sources of
information on how the respondents got to know about IBS. There highest group
of respondents were made up of 51% which got to know IBS via reading the
magazines and the second largest source of information on IBS is the respondents
attending courses which comprise of 25%. Some of the respondents also got the
information on IBS through CIDB which is currently very aggressively promoting
the use of IBS which stands at 20% of the respondents. Lastly, the least type of
source that is available to promote the IBS is via internet which consists of 4%.
The magazines, newspapers and media are the major resources group that
are promoting IBS especially the publications from the professional bodies such
as PAM (Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia), BEM (Board of Engineers Malaysia) and
others that are involved in the construction industry in Malaysia. CIDB plays an
important role in promoting the use of IBS in the construction as well as training
the workforce as in the professional and the labour force to be equipped fully to
take on the challenge to fully implement IBS in Malaysia. Through the courses,
CIDB can instil the information, concept and the advantages of using IBS in the
construction as to encourage the implementation process.
49
4.2.5
Data Analysis for Part C
Referring to the questionnaire in the Part C, which is included (Appendix).
The Table 4.1 shows the average index for each type of IBS being used in the
construction among the developers in Johor Bahru.
1
2
3
4
5
Average Index
Position
Table 4.1: Types of IBS system used in the developer firm.
8
4
7
18 9
3.35
1
6
8
8
15 9
3.28
2
11 10
4
15 6
2.89
3
13 11
13 16
7
6
9
9
6
2
2.65
2.37
4
5
17 11
6
5
7
2.43
6
Types of IBS
Systems Used in the
Developer Firm
Score
Timber Framing
System
Steel Framing
System
Precast Concrete
System
Steel Formwork
System
Block Work System
Standard
Components
Frequency of
Respondents
Based on the results obtained from the questionnaire, it can be summarized
that generally all the respondents moderately used all the IBS except for the
standard components and block work system which are less used by the
developers in Johor Bahru.
The most common types of IBS used in the construction is the timber
framing system which stands at the average index of 3.35. This is because this
system is generally used in the roof truss system and for the traditional wooden
houses. Since Malaysia is one of the producers of solid wood, it is inevitably that
the raw material is easily available and used to make houses.
50
The second most common IBS system used is the steel framing system
which has an average index of 3.28. Since steel is a very durable and light
material and the installation of the frame can be done quickly, the developers
normally used this method to erect factories as to withstand the harsh
environment.
The next IBS system usually used in the construction is the precast
concrete system which has an average index of 2.89. This system is not widely
used as the cost of the precast concrete components are said to be expensive due
to the high cost of transportation because of the rise in the price of fuel.
Furthermore, there are a lot of complaints from customers whereby the joints of
the components are not properly grouted to ensure water penetrating through the
gaps.
The fourth standing is the steel formwork system which has an average
index of 2.65. The respondents only moderately used in the construction projects.
It is because this type of system usually used in the large projects such as
shopping complexes, apartments and condominiums. Moreover, the steel
formwork system is still a new technology introduced in Johor since five years
ago and the application requires a highly repetitive task to ensure that the price of
construction remains competitive.
The least preferred IBS systems used in the construction are the standard
components and the block work systems at which both has an average index of
2.43 and 2.37 respectively. The former is less used is because the manufacturers
does not have a standardize sizing in the components. This will result in
incompatibility of the components from different manufacturers causing problems
during and after the installation process. On the other hand, the least preferred
which is the block work system because there is lack of awareness of this type of
system promoted by CIDB. This system is similar to the brick laying process but
the process is slightly more complicated and therefore developers prefer to use the
former as it is faster for completion and therefore ensure the marketability of the
houses in a shorter time.
51
On the whole, the implementation of IBS in the housing construction
projects is still low which is being expressed in the average index of less than
3.50. The usage of IBS is still low because it involves high construction cost, high
degree of repetition, lack of awareness and involving skilled workers to install the
system itself that may require much expertise and might be expensive at the same
time. The implementation of IBS is expected to increase as the government as the
major client is encouraging local developers to implement IBS in the housing
projects.
4.2.5.1 Period of Involvement in the Construction Projects Using IBS
Figure 4.5 indicates that the period of involvement in the housing
construction projects that use IBS in the local developer firm.
Period of Involvement in IBS
13%
13%
1-5 Years
54%
5-10 Years
10-15 Years
None
20%
Figure 4.5: Period of involvement using IBS.
Most of the respondents working in the developer firm involved in the
implementation of IBS for 1-5 years which consist of 54% of the total
52
respondents. It is because the IBS technology is a new type of construction
concept introduced not long ago by CIDB through the Roadmap 2003-2010
programme and many players of the construction industry responded positively.
This is followed by 5-10 years experience by the developers which made
up of 20% of the total respondents. The lowest period of involvement is
developers firm with 10-15 years of involvement and no involvement at all with
both has a percentage of 13%. It is quite surprisingly that there are still some of
the companies that do not implement IBS at all because of the resistance to
change due to the rather cheap labour that are still available in the market.
Furthermore it also seems that the developers are afraid to implement IBS due to
the quality and the price concern as they do not want to lose the competitive
advantage in the property market.
4.2.5.2 Numbers of Projects Implementing IBS
Referring to the questionnaire on Part C, question number 3 (Appendix).
Figure 4.6 shows the results obtained from the questionnaire as below.
Number of Projects Implementing IBS
11%
7%
1-10 Projects
11-20 Projects
21-30 Projects
None
13%
69%
Figure 4.6: Number of projects implementing IBS.
53
The highest percentage whereby the number of projects implements IBS is
from 1-10 projects which consist of 69% of the total respondents. Next it is
followed by the range of 11-20 numbers of projects that implements IBS. Then
there are about 11% of the respondents that have not implemented IBS in their
construction in the local housing development projects. Lastly there are only 7%
of the respondents that managed to implement IBS into their 21-30 projects.
From the analysis above, it can be summarized that the number of projects
using IBS is still very low and therefore some of the factors are recognized that
contributes to the low usage. The factors are that the implementation of IBS is
costly, lack of skilled labour that knows the construction process of IBS, the
probability of using conventional method in the local development scenario is still
more suitable and the lack of awareness to study the structural stability and the
economical of the construction using precast components.
4.2.5.3
Types of Development Project That Implements IBS
25
Single Storey
20
Numbers
Double Storey
15
Flat
10
Condominium
5
0
Types of Projects
Building More
Than 5 Storey
Building Less
Than 5 Storey
Figure 4.7: Types of development projects that implements IBS.
54
Referring to Figure 4.7, the project that is mainly carried out by the
respondents in the developer firm is the buildings less than 5 storeys. The types of
buildings that are categorized under this group include the shop houses, office
buildings and etc which consist of 21 projects. These buildings need to be
completed almost immediately due to the demand from the customers and also the
competition from other developer firm developing nearby.
Then there are 13 respondents that use IBS in the construction of double
storey houses. It is because that the double storey housing is one of the most
popular demands among consumers in Johor. Then it is followed by the
development of flat quarters which has a number of respondents of 11. Next the
type of project that has the fourth highest IBS implemented projects are the single
storey houses and condominium development projects which has respondents of
6. The least types of development projects are the buildings that are more than 5
storeys high; the types of buildings fall in this category are mainly shopping
complexes, government offices, corporate offices and commercial buildings.
4.2.6
Data Analysis for Part D
Referring the questionnaire in the Part D (Appendix), the following data
on the results of respondents is expressed in the figure according the standings of
the score of average index.
4.2.6.1
Strengths of IBS in the Construction Industry
Table 4.2 expressed the results of the respondents whether they are
agreeable to the advantages of IBS based on the experience of IBS application in
their construction projects. The analysis will be done based on the average index.
55
2
3
4
5
0
0
0
24
22
4.48
1
Most
important
0
0
0
25
21
4.46
2
Most
important
Reduce or eradicate the
use of temporary
formwork and props
0
0
3
31
12
4.20
3
Important
Result in a clean and
neat construction site
environment
0
0
6
27
13
4.15
4
Important
0
0
10
24
12
4.04
5
Important
0
0
6
34
6
4.00
6
Important
0
1
12
27
6
3.83
7
Important
0
6
18
24
2
3.74
8
Important
0
0
22
20
4
3.61
9
Important
0
6
32
8
0
3.04
10
Moderate
Important
Frequency of
Respondents
IBS Strength
Score
Reduce the dependency
of foreign labour in the
construction site
Faster completion time of
the construction project
Reduce the material
wastage on the
construction site
The IBS components are
easy to be installed
Better construction quality
and neat finishes
Reduce the construction
area for material storage
Increase the level of
safety of the construction
site
Reduce the cost of
construction
Position
1
Average Index
Table 4.2: The strength of IBS (Internal factor)
Indication
The most important factor of IBS strength that has been recognized by the
respondents is the reduction on the dependency of labour and the faster
completion time of construction project. Generally the result indicates that
strength of IBS suggested are fairly important and except for the strength
positioned at the last only managed to be ranked as moderately important.
The highest average index for the strength of IBS is the reducing the
dependency of foreign labours working in the construction site which has a score
of 4.59. This is because the most of the components and panels have been
prefabricated in the factory using the automation technology before the
56
installation process on the construction site. The components delivered on site
indirectly simplified the job process and the workers required in the site are just
erectors, precaster, roofer, piling workers and other professional work force.
There will be absence of workers from other trades that are involved in the
construction projects such as carpenter, brick layer, plasterer and etc. Therefore,
implementation of IBS in the construction projects will enable development
projects to be done smoothly without any disruption when there are shortages of
foreign labour in the future.
The second highest IBS strength that is agreeable to the respondents is the
faster completion time of the construction project which has an average index of
4.57. The reason behind the faster completion period is that the installation of the
prefabricated concrete components and panels are designed standardized so that it
can be installed at ease by the labour, easy to be maneuvered and hoisted by the
site machinery and also minimize the concreting works in the construction site. As
compared to the conventional method, the formwork can only be removed after
the curing period which is a waste of precious time because the time of this
process does not add any value to the construction.
Then this is followed by the reduction and eradication of using temporary
timber formwork and props which has an average index of 4.20. Since the
temporary formwork and prop are made of timber and at the end of the
construction project, it will be disposed by burning. This contributes to the
environmental concern by the government to conserve the existing forest in the
country. On the other hand, the mould to cast the components and panels are made
of steel and the cycle of production is more than a thousand of times and the
damaged forms will be recycled to form new mould. Therefore it will indirectly
reduce the destruction of the forest and open burning in the construction site and
thus avoiding the global warming.
On the fourth place which has an average index of 4.15 that is it will result
in a clean and neat construction site environment. Since the IBS components and
panels are fabricated in the factory, the installation process only requires the bolts,
57
nuts and welding works. There will no nails, temporary formworks and steel
laying around the construction site which could lead to injuries. It will create a
safer environment to work and therefore reduces the number of occupational
accidents on site; this can motivate the labours to work more efficiently.
The application of IBS technology in the construction projects will be able
to reduce the material wastage on the construction site which has an average index
of 4.04. Generally in a typical construction projects, the wastage is approximately
20% of the total cost. The wastes are commonly occurring in the materials such as
formwork, steel, sand, concrete, cement and etc. By using IBS in the construction
projects, wastes can be reduced greatly and therefore the constructor can bid at a
more competitive price or perhaps they can maximize their profit and therefore
can be at the competitive advantage ahead of other players in the same industry.
The respondents also agreed that IBS components are easy to be installed
that generated the average index of 4.00. Then it is followed by the quality of the
finishes is better and neat which has a score of 3.83. In the building and housing
development projects, the most important criteria to ensure that the marketability
and the competitive edge over the other players is the quality of the finishes. Since
the IBS components and the panels are being fabricated in the factory with the
automation technology, the curing process and the quality of the surfaces can be
controlled under a strict environment and standards. Then this will ensure the
quality to be very consistent and controlled with the help of the computers,
sensors and etc. Unlike the finished wall finishes, the quality may deviate from
what the client wants because the quality depends on the experience of the brick
layer and plasterer. The quality control on the human and technical experience is
very subjective and there are no classifications of standard finishes in the
construction in Malaysia, this will complicates the inspection process on the
quality of the finishes aspect. The standard IBS surface finish will be completely
smooth and ready to be painted immediately after the installation process is being
completed.
58
The use of IBS can also reduce the construction area by the reduction of
the area for material storage as agreed by the respondents which has an average
index of 3.74. Therefore the application of IBS is suitable for the construction
projects which has limited site are. It will enable the concept of Just in Time (JIT)
in the construction process whereby the components and panels are installed
immediately when it reached the construction site. Therefore it can avoid the
double handling in the construction process itself and indirectly saves equipment
operation time and reduce the construction period. Furthermore it also promotes a
very lean cash flow in which the installation process adds value to the
construction and there is no storage for the materials that will erode or even spoil
during the storage period. On the claiming side of view, the constructor can claim
in full all the installation works done where as in the conventional method,
constructor can only claim partially for the material in the storage from the client.
The second least agreeable advantages that the respondents give their
opinions are that the application of IBS can increase the level of safety of the
construction site which generates the average index of 3.61. The result shows
otherwise because the risk and danger in the construction site always exist no
matter what technology is being implemented in the project. The most effective
way to reduce the risk and accidents in the construction site is by educating all the
workers as in professional, skilled and unskilled labour that are involved to be
more cautious and the preventive steps that can be taken.
Lastly the respondents are least agreeable that the application of IBS can
consequently reduce the cost of construction which has the lowest score of 3.04.
Since IBS is a prefabricated concrete elements, several mould are required to
produce standardize components and panels. The mould available in the market
now is expensive as most of the technologies are fully imported from the
European countries. Therefore before construction the constructor or developer
need to plan the development of the building to be constructed to be highly
repetitive such as in the high rise and large area for housing. Furthermore the
developer must calculate the breakeven point and at how many units constructed
can generate the most cost effective projects.
59
4.2.6.2 Weakness of IBS in the Construction Industry
Referring to the Table 4.3 indicates that the result from the respondents
from the questionnaires received from the least important to the most important on
the weakness suggested. The data are available from the question number 2 in the
Part D of the questionnaire distributed.
3
4
5
Average Index
Table 4.3: The weakness of IBS (Internal factor)
Frequency of
Respondents
Position
IBS Weakness
Indication
0
0
10
12
24
4.30
1
Important
0
0
5
24
17
4.26
2
Important
0
0
3
29
14
4.24
3
Important
0
0
12
13
21
4.20
4
Important
0
0
6
26
14
4.17
5
Important
Lack of maintenance of
components after
installation
0
0
11
25
10
3.98
6
Important
Determination of
suitable price of the IBS
components
0
0
14
23
9
3.89
7
Important
The lack of awareness
about IBS by managers
and workers
0
0
18
19
9
3.80
8
Important
0
11
0
28
7
3.67
9
Important
0
5
9
32
0
3.59
10
Important
0
0
23
20
3
3.57
11
Important
Score
1
The requirement of
suitable forms of
transportation
The high usage of plant
and machinery
Suitable site condition
for the transportation of
the IBS components
High working capital
Require experienced
and skillful operator
There are no incentive
given in the application
of IBS
Lack of communication
Resistance of change
by the companies
2
Generally all the weaknesses factors are in the range from 3.50 to 4.50 in
which it indicates that the factors suggested contributes importantly to the usage
of IBS. The weakness factor with the highest average index is the requirement for
60
suitable transportation to transfer the IBS components from the manufacturing
plant to the construction site that has an average index of 4.30. In the logistics and
transportation industry in Malaysia, the maximum length that can be carried a
vehicle on the road and by rail is only 15 metres and the maximum effective
prefabricated concrete span as in the beams or slabs can reached up to 20 to 25
metres. Normally on the road, the IBS components are being transported using
trailer which can unload the materials on a site with good soil condition in which
site with unsuitable soil condition will causes it to sink. Therefore there are
suggestions that the trailer must be designed in such a way that it can be
transported into the difficult conditions and to isolated areas and the movement
must be flexible.
Secondly, the second highest score of the weakness of IBS is the high
usage of construction plant and machinery with an average index of 4.26. The use
of such plants and machineries will involve a lot of cost in the construction. With
the current rise of fuel in the world market, the operations of the machinery will
somehow burden the constructors’ budget and affect the pricing of the tender bid
of the construction projects. Since the cost of the labour are considered cheap in
Malaysia, so it is more preferable to use the conventional method rather than IBS.
On the third position stands the factor of suitable site condition for
transportation of IBS components with an average index of 4.24. The following
weakness factor in IBS requires a high working capital in which the IBS
components can be expensive in terms of the investment of machineries to
produce the components has an average index of 4.20. The early stage of training
of workers to handle machineries is also costly and the training might cause the
workers to hop to other companies as it is the normal culture in Malaysia. The
high cost also involved the transportation cost of the IBS components for the
handling from the factory to the construction site.
The following weakness factor is the installation process of the IBS
components requires experienced and skilful operators in which the average index
of 4.17. It is because the installation must be very precise and the level and
61
position of the suspended beams and slabs must be accurately measured so that it
is being positioned as being simulated in the design. Workers and the foreman
also must ensure that the beams and columns must be in the correct position and
furthermore ensuring the stability of the structure during installation instead being
at risk of collapse of the building itself.
In the sixth position, the respondents also agree that the important factor of
lack of maintenance of components after installation as a weakness which has a
score of 3.98. It is because that the quality of the IBS components is very good
and the design life period is meant to last for more than 20 years. Therefore, the
maintainability of the components is not necessary at the moment. However there
are complaints on the water leakages are often occurs between the joints whereby
this concerns the workmanship and not the quality of the IBS components.
Next, the respondents also agrees that the pricing of IBS components must
be set at a suitable price has an average index of 3.89 and then followed by the
weakness of lack of awareness about IBS by the managers and workers.
Then there is a dummy question that has been set that CIDB does not give
any subsidy to the constructor that stands at the ninth place with an average index
of 3.67. At the second last agreeable is that the lack of communication among
constructor, designer and manufacturer which has a score of 3.59. This indicates
that the manufacturer has in house designers that collaborate closely with the
client’s architect to ensure that the design of the structure elements satisfy the
client’s requirement. The manufacturers are serious about the commitment to
quality and holding the principles of constructing a building right at the first time
so that to avoid any rework that might be very costly to the constructor and
clients. This will eventually increase the quality and productivity of the end
product.
The least agreeable weakness is that many developers are resistant to
change which has an average index of 3.57. This shows that many companies
62
wants to implement IBS but however the price and the rigid policy of
transportation and others by the government hinder the usage of IBS application
in the construction projects.
4.2.6.3 Opportunity of IBS in the Construction Industry
Table 4.4 shows that the average index of the opportunity factors of IBS in
the construction industry in the respondents from the developer in Johor point of
view. All the results obtained are based on the Question 3 in Part D. The results
are being arranged from the highest score to the lowest.
To have research and
development centre for
IBS
The execution of IBS
Road Map 2003-2010
by CIDB
Incentive from the
government
Export of IBS
components for
overseas application
Suitable for all
construction class
Application of IBS
components can
increase the
construction value
1
2
3
5
Position
4
Frequency of
Respondents
IBS Opportunity
Score
To have training and
development for
workers
Consultation by the
IBS experts
Average Index
Table 4.4: Opportunity of IBS (External factor)
Indication
0
0
2
12
32
4.65
1
Most
important
0
0
3
12
31
4.61
2
Most
important
0
0
2
21
23
4.46
3
Important
0
0
1
38
7
4.13
4
Important
0
0
14
25
7
3.85
5
Important
0
0
22
14
10
3.74
6
Important
0
21
11
12
2
2.89
7
Moderate
important
0
14
25
7
0
2.85
8
Moderate
important
63
Referring to the Table 4.4, it shows the opportunities factors that are being
suggested by the literature and the rating of the average index and being arranged
from the highest score to the lowest.
The opportunity factor with the highest score as suggested is to have
training and development programme for the workers which have an average
index of 4.65 that can be translated to be most important. Training and
development of the workers are important to ensure that they are competent to
handle the construction projects using the IBS application. The training includes
the installation process according to the proper sequencing to ensure the stability
of the structure itself and also on the technical side of the application. On the other
hand, labour need to be trained in the application of the proper connection of
bolts, nuts and welding.
Then the second highest is followed by the consultation of IBS experts on
the application itself which has an average index of 4.61 that is also rated as most
important. There is a need for the consultation of the design, installation and the
sizing so that the application of IBS in the construction can be designed for safety,
durability and the size is according to the international standard for modular
coordination.
Then it is to have more research and development centres for IBS so that
the product elements can be produced at a more quality and cheaper in the
operations for productions which have an average index of 4.46. There should be
more R&D to be done in Malaysia so that the elements can meet the international
standard and produced at a value for money price. This can bring the IBS industry
in Malaysia to a more competitive level among the existing famous manufacturers
in the world.
Then the execution of IBS Road Map 2003-2010 by CIDB is an
opportunity to promote the use of IBS in Malaysia. It has an average index of 4.13
that still stands at the important point. Through the road map, it is slowly
64
encouraging the local construction industry players to participate in the
application of IBS in the projects. The incentive by the government stands at the
fifth place with a score of 3.85.
Since most of the respondents worked locally, therefore they are not very
sure that the IBS components can be exported to the foreign market. It has an
average index of 3.74 which represents that this factor is important. Ideally the
IBS components that are quality and complying to the international standard can
be exported to foreign countries that does not have much water resources to mix
the concrete for construction. Therefore since Malaysia workforce is still one of
the lowest in the world, it is the possible for Malaysia to export these IBS
components especially to the Middle East whereby water is scarce and the
development in the building are growing in a very fast pace.
The final two opportunities factors with the lowest score is that the IBS
application is suitable for all construction class and through its application it can
increases value of the construction project which has a score of 2.89 and 2.85
respectively. It is because the application of IBS in the construction projects are
only suitable for the building that has a very high in the repetition in terms of
design such as high rise building and a large housing development project. On the
other hand, the custom made housing development projects will not be
economical anymore in terms of cost. Then the application of IBS cannot increase
the value of construction significantly but the IBS components of the architectural
finishes such as cornices and other decorative can increase the value. The IBS
components are not only limit to the prefabricated concrete alone, in the
Malaysian Standard there are other materials that can be classified as IBS such as
door sets, tiles, masonry bricks, cabinets and etc. The respondents suggested it is
not the sizes of the IBS components that are important however it mainly depends
on the quality finish.
65
4.2.6.4
IBS Threat in the Construction Industry
Table 4.5 shows that the average index of the opportunity factors of IBS in
the construction industry in the respondents from the developer in Johor point of
view. All the results obtained are based on the Question 4 in Part D. The results
are being arranged from the highest score to the lowest.
Indication
1 2
3
Position
Frequency of
Respondents
0
0
3
19 24 4.46
1
Important
0
0
8
11 27 4.41
2
Important
0
0 11
7
28 4.37
3
Important
0
0
1
28 17 4.35
4
Important
0
0
6
19 21 4.33
5
Important
0
0
2
28 16 4.30
6
Important
0
5
3
31
3.87
7
Important
0
6 10 18 12 3.78
8
Important
0
0 17 27
9
Important
IBS Threat
Score
The increase of diesel
and fuel prices
Location of
manufacturers that is
far away from the
construction site
Expensive IBS
components
Authorities are
unwilling to make
amendment to the
acts and laws in the
local building
Lack of varieties of
products
manufactured by the
local producers
Lorries has low
loading carrying
capacity
The competition by
competitor to
produce better quality
at a cheaper price
IBS components size
that are not
economical
The modular sizing
of the building are
not approved by the
local authorities
Average Index
Table 4.5: The Threat of IBS (External factor)
4
5
7
2
3.67
66
Lack of inspection of
the quality of
materials in the
manufacturing plant
The quality of the
IBS components are
not assured
8
0 33
5
0
2.76
10
Moderate
Important
7
6 25
8
0
2.74
11
Moderate
Important
Referring to the Table 4.5, it shows the threat factors that are being
suggested by the literature and the rating of the average index and being arranged
from the highest score to the lowest.
The most significant threat according to the respondents is the increase of
diesel and the fuel prices which has an average standard of 4.46 which is defined
as important. Since the IBS components are being transported to the construction
site, therefore the fuel is an important commodity in the logistics industry. The
fluctuation of fuel will directly influence the transportation cost and consequently
the IBS components will rise significantly. As a result the construction cost will
also rise because the application of IBS also makes use of lots of machineries.
Next threat factor of IBS is that the location of the manufacturers is far away from
the construction site which has a score of 4.41. Generally the longer the distance it
will contributes more to the cost.
There are some suggested that the IBS components are expensive and have
an average index of 4.37. There are other factors that contribute to the expensive
IBS components that are fuel prices, technology and etc. Then it is followed by
the threat of the local authorities are reluctant to make amendment to the act and
laws for the local building which has an average index of 4.35. In the amendment
of laws and acts are very tedious job as they need to look into many aspects
among the construction players on the whole. Furthermore the approval process of
the law takes a very long time and the execution period is even longer. Therefore,
it is important for the local authorities to take up the proactive measures to
encourage the use of IBS and looking on more of the national interest.
67
On the other hand, some picked that there are lack of varieties of products
manufactured by the local producers that has an average index of 4.33. In the
current trend of the housing finishes, there are decorative on the wall that has
coping and other extra accessories that can be added on to enhance the ambience
of the interior of a building. Standing at the sixth position is the lorries have a low
load carrying capacity which has an average index of 4.30.
Next is the threat factor of competition by competitor to produce better
quality at a cheaper price that has scored at 3.87. As the consumers nowadays are
getting wiser in their spending in comparing quality, prices and market survey
before buying a unit of a building, therefore the developers need to equip
themselves to produce better houses at affordable price and at the same time
helping the community to preserve the forest from destruction.
Some of the respondents agreed that the IBS components do not have
economical sizes that have an average index of 3.78. There are some cases that the
unethical manufacturers over design on the loading so that more profit could be
generated from the design and sale of the IBS components. Although IBS has
been introduced into this country for approximately 20 years, it is very
unfortunate that many developers, local authorities, contractors and manufacturers
do not understand the concept of IBS. Most of them assume that IBS is equivalent
to prefabricated concrete which is wrong. The sizing of the IBS must follow the
modular coordination standard and due to this confusion among the players in the
construction industry and local authorities, it is sadly to say that some of the
modular sizing of the building is not being approved by the local authorities. This
threat factor has an average index of 3.67.
The two least agreeable threat factors are the lack of inspection of the
quality of materials and the quality of IBS components are not assured which have
an average index of 2.76 and 2.74 respectively which interprets tem to be only
moderately important. Based on the respondents’ previous experience, they are
being shown the report on the quality of the materials and some are brought for
plant visit to see how the quality is being controlled. Furthermore the quality of
68
the IBS components delivered on the construction site is in satisfactory condition
and follows the standards set by the manufacturer itself.
4.2.6.5 Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) Matrix for the
Strategy Formulation for IBS
The Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT) Matrix is an
important matching tool that can help an organisation to develop four types of
strategies which is the SO (strengths-opportunities) Strategies, WO (weaknessopportunities) Strategies, ST (strength-threat) Strategies and WT (weaknessthreat) Strategies. It is important to match the key internal and external factors in
the development of the SWOT Matrix.
The SO Strategies use an organisation’s internal strength to take advantage
of external opportunities and the WO Strategies aims at improving internal
weaknesses by taking advantage of the external opportunities. Furthermore the ST
Strategies uses an organisation’s strength to avoid or to reduce the impact of
external threats and lastly WT Strategies are defensive tactics directed at reducing
internal weakness and at the same time avoiding external threats.
In this strategies formulation, the top six of each factor will be selected to
generate the strategies as mentioned above. The factors with the highest score will
be a priority to generate or formulate the strategies.
9
SWOT Strategy Formulations.
ST Strategies
1. Reduce the price of IBS components
and more innovation in the design.
2. Collaboration of inter ministry to
amend legislations for the benefit of
national interest.
Figure 4.8
WT Strategies
1. Increase the capacity of the
transportation capacity in terms of
length, width and load.
2. Search for foreign market in the
technological aspect.
Strength Opportunity
Threat Weakness
1. Encourage the participation of more local
workforce in the construction industry.
2. More R&D to ensure the simplicity of
application to ensure fast marketability.
3. Penetration into the foreign market which
is not affected by the local market
condition.
4. Promote campaign such as road show,
exhibition and etc to promote awareness
of IBS
SO Strategies
WO Strategies
1. Manufacturer to produce better
quality IBS components for
prolonged life span.
2. Produce country own IBS
technology, which is cheaper.
3. Job market will involve more
highly skilled local workers.
69
70
There are four types of strategies that have been developed from the
matching process from the factors recommended that has the highest score are
being prioritised. The four categories of strategies are the SO (StrengthOpportunity) Strategies, WO (Weakness- Opportunity) Strategies, ST (StrengthThreat) Strategies and WT (Weakness-Threat) Strategies.
4.2.6.6 SO (Strength-Opportunity) Strategies
The strategies that have been formulated under the category of SO
(Strength-Opportunity) Strategy are the encouragement of the government to
promote more participation of the local workforce in the construction industry.
The justification behind this formulated strategy is that the main reason that the
local workers are reluctant to participate in the construction industry is because it
involved a very dirty and dangerous working environment. Therefore with the
application of IBS, neat and clean working environment of the construction site
will affect the local market employment as this construction industry is considered
as one of the most lucrative business and occupation. The participation of the
local workforce will decrease the dependency of foreign labour which is the main
concern of the government as to prevent the outflow of money and resources
away from the country so that the wealth in the country can be shared among the
citizens in Malaysia. The prevention of outflow of money can strengthen the
economy of the country and the realisation of Vision 2020 can be achieved and
prepared for the globalization era.
The second strategy generated in the SO Strategy categories is by
conducting more research and development to ensure faster marketability to avoid
the economic down cycle. Since Malaysia is considered as a Third World Country
or developing nation whereby the economic system is considered to be unstable
and is not self sufficient. In the capitalist economic cycle undergoes cyclical
growth and referred as business cycles. There are times when economy grows
over time and the growth is not continuous but occurs through a series of booms
and slumps. In the peak of boom, the confidence level in businesses is high,
71
speculation occurs and the projects are likely to flourish as well as things are
going very well. However the peak period is hard to speculate because there are
too many variables that contributes to the ups and downs of the economy. Fast
construction will ensure the fast marketability so that the developer or contractor
can avoid any recession period that can cause the property being left unsold while
the project is still under construction. The longer the construction period, the more
risk the constructors need to bear in the sense of selling the construction product.
Thirdly is the strategy of penetration of IBS components exports into the
overseas market. Currently countries in the Middle East are starting to develop at
a very face pace as the oil prices increase. The examples of countries are Dubai,
Qatar and etc is opening the construction development market to the international
countries. Since the countries do not have much water resources and the harsh
weather condition, it is difficult for the conventional construction to take place
there whereby the scarcity of water will not enable the mixing of high volume of
concrete and the harsh weather is not suitable for concrete curing either. Therefore
the most of the building and infrastructure development projects require the
implementation of prefabricated IBS components. This factor can be seen as a
good opportunity to export the IBS components to these countries and this would
promote a better economic growth to be more ideal which the straight line growth
is and to ensure the narrow band boom or slump. Through the implementation of
IBS, it can avoid the construction development projects being abandoned as this
problem is a common stigma exist and the house buyers suffers as a consequence.
Lastly the government should conduct more campaign such as road shows,
exhibition and etc to promote the awareness about IBS to all the people in the
country. The government can broadcast the documentaries on IBS and the
working condition that are created as a result of the application of IBS in the
construction site. Furthermore the broadcast can be made to compare between the
conventional construction and the application of IBS during the peak hours to get
a greater pool of viewers. This might give the local workforce on the deeper
understanding on the working environment. According to the Maslow hierarchy
of needs, safety needs is a higher than the basic psychological needs. The example
72
of safety needs including the need for security, safe working environment and the
job security. Once the economy of Malaysia is self sufficient and stable, then the
job security is something that is common in the construction industry.
4.2.6.7
WO (Weakness-Opportunity) Strategies
The WO (Weakness-Opportunity) Strategies aim at improving internal key
weakness by taking advantage of the external opportunities. The WO strategy that
is formulated is the commitment to produce better quality IBS components and
the workmanship durability. This goal can be achieved by setting research and
development centre to improve the product quality especially in the finishes,
durability and long lasting of weathering. The common problem in the
prefabricated concrete components installation is the water leakage between the
joints. Therefore the quality of the product does not contributes to the quality of
construction project alone, the quality of the workmanship also play an important
role as well. The quality of the workmanship can be improved by consulting the
IBS experts and providing training to the workers. Research must also be done to
innovate more ideas in the installation process which can speed up the activity by
observation on the method study and the work measurement. Therefore, the
maintenance period can be extended and more importantly that IBS will be
regarded as suitable for high end building construction.
Secondly is that Malaysia should develop the country’s own IBS
technology that can suit into the construction culture here. This effort can lower
the dependency of foreign technology into Malaysia which often can be expensive
and this will increase the competitiveness of the products produce to be export to
the foreign market. The technology can also be patented and being exported to
other countries as knowledge based products. Developing the Malaysian IBS
technology can encourage more participation of the local workforce in the
construction industry as the research and development needs a lot of skilled
workers rather than the unskilled ones.
73
Since IBS needs a lot of skilled workers, the job market will be open to the
local graduates that are having difficulties in finding job upon graduation. The job
may require highly skilled workers to perform specialised jobs such as plant and
machine operations, design, installation, project management and etc. With the
implementation of IBS, the workforce will be brought to the next level of job
skills which turning them to be professional and more specialised in their field
that requires more intellectual and skills. Therefore there will be less of clerical
and labourer’s job and this will enhance the thinking and analytical skills so that
Malaysia can prepare her citizens to be more prudent and prepared for the First
World mind set in the year 2020.
4.2.6.8
ST (Strength-Threat) Strategies
The ST (Strength-Threat) Strategies are using the strength to avoid or to
reduce the impact of external threats. One of the strategies is to lower the prices of
IBS components and to develop more innovation in terms of variability and
fuctionability. As soon as the research and development centre can function to the
full capacity, the construction industry will minimise the application of foreign
technology and start to implement the local technology which suit to the local
construction culture. By implementing the local technology will be much cheaper
and this also can help the country economy to be self generated and therefore be
excellent among the nations although in the times of globalisation whereby the
competitiveness of survival will be very high.
Secondly, there must be a forum and collaboration of various ministries to
update some of the laws and acts for the benefit of the national interest. Currently,
the government has lots of non applicable laws and acts that are implemented
during the emergency period and times have change and more practical laws and
acts need to be legislated to accommodate the current social and economic
requirement. The implementation of IBS does not involve the Ministry of Housing
alone but the burden is shared among other departments such as Ministry of
74
Works, Ministry of Transport and etc. Although the legislative procedures are
very tedious and need various parties approval before the bill can be implemented,
however the government should take action for benefit of the national interest. In
the current state of the government procedures are very bureaucratic that involves
many levels of approvals and this is the time for the government to change the
management system to be a more flexible, citizen oriented and competitive to
compete with the new developing nations such as China that is growing very
intensely and there are speculations that she will be the next economic power of
the world.
4.2.6.9
WT (Weakness-Threat) Strategies
The WT (Weakness-Threat) Strategies are defensive tactics directed at
reducing internal weakness and avoiding external threats. The strategy is to
increase the capacity of lorries and the machineries capacity in terms of length,
width, load and the numbers of components carried at one time. In the
conventional IBS construction, the IBS components are carried one piece at a time
by a tower crane to be installed. This proved to be inefficient and not productive
to the construction activity itself. Since the fuel price is increasing drastically and
the inefficient use of machinery is very high and therefore it contributes to high
total cost of construction. The capacity of the lorries should be increased as to
accommodate the most cost effective design of a IBS components and this reduce
the travel frequency from the fabrication factory to the construction site as both
are situated far apart. Currently there are machineries that are designed to install a
sufficient numbers of prefabricated slabs and walls at a time of unloading.
Finally is the strategy of searching for foreign market for the export of the
technology aspect. As the government is encouraging Malaysian to be involved in
the knowledge based economy, the foreign market can be tap especially in the
developing nations in the South America, India, Africa and etc. By developing the
technology for local and export purposes, this can prepare the nation to be self
75
sufficient and remains competitive in the globalisation period goes to the full
implementations.
4.2.7
Data Analysis for Part E
The data analysis for Part E focused on the standardisation of the materials
and the sizing of the IBS components and to determine whether the respondents
agree to the standard as being suggested in the Malaysian Standard.
4.2.7.1
Standardisation of Material for the IBS Components
The commonly IBS components used in the construction projects for
building works can be divided into four categories as below:
a)
Prefabricated structural frame (beams and columns)
b)
Prefabricated slab
c)
Prefabricated non bearing wall
d)
Prefabricated bearing wall
Table 4.6: Standardisation of concrete grade for IBS components
Prefabricated Structural
Components
Frequency of Respondents
G20
G25
G30
G35
G40
G45
0
25
8
5
8
0
Prefabricated Slab
Prefabricated non bearing
wall
0
24
10
0
12
0
5
30
11
0
0
0
Prefabricated bearing wall
0
0
4
24
11
7
Prefabricated structural
frame (beam and column)
76
In the local housing development projects usually involve the small scale
building which consist of terrace houses, low cost houses and the condominiums
or high rise building is rare in Johor. The majority of the respondents recommend
the Grade 25 concrete for the prefabricated structural frame components.
Next is the prefabricated concrete slab, whereby the larger pools of the
respondents also prefer to use Grade 25 concrete. In the current market, the
hollow core slabs available are prefabricated using the Grade 35 concrete with
prestressing cable. Then it is followed by the prefabricated concrete for non
bearing wall, which the Grade 25 concrete being suggested. Since the wall does
not take any loading, therefore the concrete strength can be at the minimum
requirement in accordance to the British Standard.
On the other hand for the prefabricated concrete bearing wall takes a huge
amount of load especially the compressive strength and therefore the concrete
must be at a higher grade. Most of the respondents suggested that the bearing wall
usually must be of Grade 35 concrete however for the conventional less than 5
storeys, the most cost effective concrete strength would be of Grade 25-30.
4.2.7.2
Standardisation of IBS Components Sizing
The analysis of the following can be referred to the question asked in the
Question 5 in Part E (Appendix). Table 4.7 illustrate the results from the
respondents on the standardisation of sizing of the IBS components.
77
Dimension
Frequency
Beam
1
2
3
4
5
Length: 10M to 120M at
increment of 3M
Width: 1.5M to 4M at
increment of 0.5M
Depth: 2M to 10M at
increment of 0.5M
Column
Height: 28M to 36M at
increment of 1M
Height: 36M to 48M at
increment of 3M
Width: 1.5M to 8M at
increment of 0.5M
Length: 1.5M to 8M at
increment of 0.5M
Walls
Height: 28M to 36M at
increment of 1M
Height: 36M to 48M at
increment of 3M
Width: 1M to 6M at
increment of 0.25M
Length: 3M to 42M at
increment of 3M
Slabs
Length: 10M to 60M at
increment of 3M
Width: 3M to 42M at
increment of 3M
Depth: 1M to 3M at
increment of 0.25M
0
0
11
35
0
0
6
35
5
0
0
26
16
4
0
0
25
7
14
0
0
5
26
8
7
0
10
3
25
8
0
14
15
17
0
0
10
18
12
6
0
6
3
28
9
0
0
11
27
8
0
0
35
6
5
0
0
2
35
9
0
0
28
12
6
0
0
4
26
16
Average Index
Table 4.7: Standardisation of IBS sizing.
3.76
2.98
2.52
2.76
3.37
3.67
Indication
Important
Moderate
important
Moderate
important
Moderate
important
Moderate
important
Important
3.07
Moderate
important
3.3
Moderate
important
3.87
Important
3.93
3.35
Important
Moderate
important
4.15
Important
3.52
Important
4.26
Important
Referring to the Table 4.7, it shows the dimension of IBS components as
suggested in the Malaysian Standard. The questionnaires distributed respondents
working in the developers firm. In the beam section, the respondents agreed to the
length size suggested but on the other hand the respondents only regard the width
and depth sizes are moderately important. There are respondents that suggested
that the most effective width that is implemented in the housing development
projects is only measured at 1M. Furthermore the minimum depths for beams are
78
suitably to be designed at 3M as to be more effective to take the necessary
loading.
Next are the dimensions for the columns that are suggested by the
Malaysian Standard for IBS components. The dimensions that are moderately
important are the height and the width. It is because the ratings are low because on
the height part, the height in the housing development usually is between 30M to
33M and seldom fall in the range of 28M to 36M. Then is the width dimension is
only moderately important because of the minimum sizing of 1.5M, the majority
of the respondents suggested that the minimum size could be up to 1M as to suit
the minimum size of the width of the beams.
Then is the dimension for the IBS components for walls. The height and
the length suggested in the Malaysian Standard are just moderately important. It is
because the maximum length allowed is too short which is 42M and could be
extended further since the maximum length capacity for the transporters is 15m.
The width dimension of the walls has the highest average index of 3.93 which
falls into the important category. It is because the size recommended falls in the
range of 1M to 6M at increment of 0.25M and complies with rules the Uniform
Building by Law (UBBL) and can be easily suit into the current construction.
Lastly is the component for slab whereby all the dimensions has scored
above 3.50 which is important. The reason behind the respondents gives a strong
support of this sizing because it is practical and can suit into the current sizing of
housing development projects.
4.2.8
Data Analysis for Part F
The data analysis for Part F is about the general requirement of the
standard procedures that are suggested to be implemented to ensure the successful
implementation of IBS. The categories discussed are the manufacturing,
79
machineries and the installation process. The objective of the requirement is to
ensure that the manufacturer and fabricators are able to produce the consistency in
terms of quality and size.
4.2.8.1
Manufacturing and Machineries
In the manufacturing and machineries part, the local authorities or the
responsible agency need to step in the local IBS manufacturers so that the
components produced meet the quality and the international standards.
Furthermore, it is also to ensure that the IBS components are being fabricated to
the sizes according to the modular coordination. In the interviews with some of
the respondents, it is surprisingly most of them assumed that the sizings of
prefabricated IBS components are equivalent to precast which is untrue. The sizes
of IBS components are being governed by the modular coordination. Therefore,
there should be inspection to accredit the manufacturers with an IBS certification
for production purposes. Table 4.8 indicates that the characteristics that need to be
fulfilled to achieve the above objectives.
1
2
3
4
5
Position
Indication
Score
Average Index
Table 4.8: The manufacturing and machineries requirement for IBS productions.
Frequency of the
inspection in the
manufacturing plant
0
0
2
6
38
4.78
1
Most
Important
0
0
2
7
37
4.76
2
Most
Important
0
0
3
16
27
4.52
3
Manufacturing
and Machineries
Procedures of test
the quality of IBS
components
Inspection and
evaluation of
service to ensure
the compliance of
the rules
Quality control
procedures
Frequency of
Respondents
0
0
2
18
26
4.52
4
Most
Important
Most
Important
80
Conform to the
usage of raw
material according
to specification
Approved
machineries for IBS
components
productions
The administrative
procedure by the
local authorities
The data and
experience of the
workers that works
in the industry to
ensure better
guarantee of quality
0
0
1
23
22
4.46
5
Important
0
0
2
25
19
4.37
6
Important
0
0
18
3
25
4.15
7
Important
0
0
12
18
16
4.09
8
Important
Referring to the Table 4.8 indicates the manufacturing and machineries
procedural requirement that are important to be followed as to ensure that the
quality of the IBS components can be produced according to the quality
specifications and characteristics.
The requirement with the highest average index of 4.78 is by carrying
regular inspection in the manufacturing plant in the area of the process as to
ensure that the quality of the components will be consistent. There should be a
government linked agency to be set up to monitor the quality and the
manufacturing process so that the quality is in accordance of the international
specifications. Furthermore, the agency can give consultancies on the operational
process of the manufacturing process as having the commitment to be more
effective and efficient as to remain competitive in the globalisation era. There are
several operational management concepts that can be implemented such as Just in
Time (JIT), Concurrent Engineering, Total Quality Management and etc.
Then it is followed by the procedures for testing of the IBS components
which has an average index of 4.76. Once the IBS components are produced, there
must be a random selection of components to be tested and commissioned to
check on the quality at a regular basis. This is also to determine whether the
machineries are faulty due to lack of maintenance and to predict the maintenance
period so that the down period of the manufacturing plant can be reduced. Any
81
problems to the machineries and the cost incurred for major overhaul, breakdown
and downtime can affect the IBS manufacturers will eventually increase the
overall cost of the prefabricated IBS components.
The next manufacturing and machineries requirement is the inspection and
the evaluation of service to ensure the compliance of the rules set by the local
authorities and the quality control procedure which shared an average index of
4.52. Since the implementation of IBS in the construction industry in Malaysia
especially in the housing development projects, many of the constructors,
contractors, designers and developers does not know the existing rules that are
made to protect their rights. The inspection and the evaluation of service should
be conducted by the government agencies as to ensure that there are no
unscrupulous parties are taking advantage of their clients. Then it is followed by
the quality control procedures that implement the Total Quality Management
principles whereby the manufacturers have the commitment towards the quality
of the IBS components produced. Instead of using labour to monitor the quality
and the sizing of the components, manufacturers can use the total mechanization
for total quality monitoring which is faster and more efficient. The total
mechanization in the monitoring the quality aspect utilizes the sensors to detect
the quality of finished surfaces and the jigs can be used to control the sizing so
that the IBS components can be installed at ease on site without facing the
products being returned that would cost much money to the manufacturers.
On the fifth spot of the manufacturing and the machineries requirement, is
the need for the manufacturers to conform to the usage of raw material is in
accordance to the specifications. This requirement has an average index of 4.46
and it is rated as important requirement. The material strength such as aggregate
with suitable sizes and shapes and also the quality of the cement and the
additives can influence the quality of the IBS components. Therefore there must
be a standard that governed the quality of the materials used for the fabrication
of the IBS components so that it meets the international standard.
82
Then the respondents also viewed the factor of using the approved
machineries for IBS components productions as important which has an average
index of 4.37. The machineries are important as the process of casting the
concrete in the mould must have adequate vibrations as to ensure that the
concrete is being compacted to the maximum capacity and minimum honeycomb
will exist in the concrete. However too much vibrations will cause segregations
in the concrete and causes the uneven distributions of strength in the particular
IBS components.
The respondents also viewed that the administrative procedures by the
local authorities as important which has an average index of 4.15. The
procedures being legislated by the local authorities is important because any
project development constructed must be approved so that the building can be
safely occupied by residents. The developer and constructor are compulsory to
obtain the Certificate of Fitness (CF) after a project development site is
completed. In obtaining this certificate, the developers can only sell or utilizes
the building for their own purposes and for the utilities being supplied into the
building. If the construction implements IBS and can have saving however the
failure to sell the building to the market of non utilization will cause severe loss
to the developer.
The respondents also regard the data and experience of workers that has
been involved in the application or fabrications of the IBS components is also
important which an average index of 4.09. The experienced worker knows the
general requirement and the most effective process of fabricating that enable the
quality of the IBS components to be maintained at a regular basis. Furthermore,
they can also oversee the problems faced in the installation and therefore their
input during the preliminary design can detect the problems early rather than
taking corrective actions during the construction involves a higher cost later.
83
4.2.8.2
Installation Procedures
1
2
3
4
5
The conformance to the
building codes
0
0
2
11
33
4.67
1
Most
Important
0
0
2
12
32
4.65
2
Most
Important
0
0
0
16
30
4.65
3
0
0
2
13
31
4.63
4
IBS manufacturers are
required to prepare the
installation procedure
0
0
2
15
29
4.59
5
Most
Important
Detail information on
the installation of each
IBS components
0
0
1
18
27
4.57
6
Most
Important
0
0
5
22
19
4.30
7
Important
0
0
1
34
11
4.22
8
Important
Installation
Procedures
Procedure of lifting and
installation to avoid
damage
The sequence of the
installation process
Constructability design
codes
The consideration of
building stability in the
process of installation
Types of IBS
application
Frequency of
Respondents
Position
Score
Average Index
Table 4.9: The requirement for the installation procedure for IBS components.
Indication
Most
Important
Most
Important
Referring to the Table 4.9, it shows the suggestion of requirement for the
installation of the IBS components on the construction site. The installation with
the highest average index of 4.67 is the requirement of conformance to the
building codes for installation such as BS (British Standard), EC (European
Code) and etc. It is important to follow such standards as to ensure the safety of
the building and to avoid the IBS components being damaged due to
mishandling factor. However the Malaysian Standard does not have these
considerations in the documentation and therefore the quality of the construction
might be affected. Then secondly, it is followed by the procedure of lifting and
installation to avoid any damages which has an average index of 4.65.
84
The sequence of installation procedures stands on the third place and has
an average index of 4.65 which indicates that it is most important. The
installation sequences although sometimes looks easy but however there are
many factors to consider in the process such as the stability of the frame, wind
factors, safety and efficiency. Next the constructability design codes need to be
established which has an average index of 4.63. It is important to consider all the
possible means of designing the building as the fabrication and the installation
process can be simplified and consequently the speed of construction increases.
Therefore the overhead can be saved, work can be done efficiently and the tender
bid can be set at a lower price to compete with other competitors and marketing
the finished building at a shorter period of time.
Next the IBS manufacturers should provide installation procedure and the
detail information on the installation of each IBS components and both has an
average index of 4.59 and 4.57 respectively. The detail information will help the
labourers and the site person to comprehend the appropriate and safe method of
installation rather then figuring how to install them. This sometimes can be
dangerous to the workers and takes longer time for them to comprehend the
drawing. With detail information even before the transportation is being made,
time saving can be achieved as the IBS components can be installed immediately
upon the arrival on site. This will prevent the double handling process that will
increase cost, lessen the productivity and waste time because it will not increase
the value of the construction.
The consideration of the building stability in the installation process and
the types of IBS applications has average score of 4.30 and 4.22 respectively.
The installation process also depends on the types of IBS used and the number of
storeys of building constructed. In the development of the housing projects for
less than five storeys, the stability is often neglected which can be dangerous to
the workers and person working in the construction site.
85
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
Introduction
There are many complications in the implementing of IBS in the current
state of the construction industries because it involves many parties such as
material suppliers, labour, sub contractors and others will be affected. Although
IBS has been introduced for more than 20 years, however the construction still
applies the conventional which has been proven dirty, dangerous and wasteful.
Therefore there must be a strategy formulated to encourage the application of
IBS in the local construction industry.
In formulating the strategies, further study is conducted to collect relevant
data to support the author finding. The finding will give a better understanding
on the current state of application of IBS into the local housing development
projects and the possible strength, weakness, opportunity and threat that impacts
the local developers from implementing IBS into their development projects. It is
recommended that the government apply the strategies that have been formulated
that will encourage the application of IBS rather than offering exemption of levy
that will concurrently affect the research and development work for the
construction industry itself.
86
The purpose of this chapter is to transform the data analysed in Chapter 4
into more useful information. This chapter focuses on all the findings gathered.
The findings are summarized based on the objectives of this study as highlighted
in Chapter 1 as below:
i)
To determine the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat in
IBS.
ii)
To formulate business strategies for the implementation of 50% of
IBS.
iii)
5.2
To suggest strategic implementation plan.
To Determine the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat in
IBS
This objective is to determine all the possible strength, weakness,
opportunity and threat that experienced by the respondents in the implementation
of IBS in the housing development projects. It is also to confirm all these factors
as the main encouragement and hindrances in the implementation of IBS in the
construction. The strength and weakness are considered as the internal forces and
the opportunity and threat are considered as external forces. The internal forces
will be coupled with the external forces for establishing strategies for the
implementation purposes.
From the findings, the factors for the strength, weakness, opportunity and
threat are identified based on interviewee opinions, literature review and
discussion with supervisor. However the resources from the literature are limited
to be available in Malaysia since the implementation of IBS is still facing a poor
response from the local construction industry.
In the internal assessment, the findings showed that the most significant
IBS strengths are the reduction of the dependency of foreign workers in the
87
construction site and the faster completion time of the construction project. Both
factors are has the highest average index and are rated as most important. Next is
the IBS weakness with the highest score are the requirement for suitable forms of
transportation and the high usage of plant and machinery which only shows that
the factor stands at the point of important.
On the other hand, the external assessment indicates that the IBS
opportunity with the highest ratings is the factors of to conduct training and
development for workers and the consultation by the IBS experts. Both factors are
rated as most important. Then it is the threat factor with the most significant
impact is the increase of diesel and fuel prices and the location of IBS that is far
away from the construction site.
All the factors above have been suggested and the results on the factors are
solely based on the respondents’ experiences since they are involved in the
application of IBS in the housing development projects. There are many other
factors that can be considered as more factors will contributes to more refined
results in the analysis.
5.3
To Formulate Strategies for the Implementation of 50% of IBS
The prime aim of this objective is to generate and evaluating alternative
strategies as well as selecting strategies to pursue. Strategy analysis and choice
seeks to determine alternative courses of action that could best enable to achieve
the implementation plan of IBS in the housing development projects in Malaysia.
It is impossible to consider all strategies in the implementation as the
solutions and actions generated might be infinite. Therefore, manageable sets of
the most attractive alternative strategies must be developed. The considerations
included in the process must determine the advantages, disadvantages, trade offs,
cost and the benefit of these strategies.
88
Strategy can be defined as the match between the internal resources and
skills and the opportunities and risks created by its external factors. The matching
external and internal is critical success factors in generating feasible strategies.
Developing strategies that using strength to capitalize on opportunities could be
considered offense, whereas the strategies designed to improve upon weaknesses
while avoiding threats could be termed as defensive.
The SO Strategies use an organisation’s internal strength to take advantage
of external opportunities and the WO Strategies aims at improving internal
weaknesses by taking advantage of the external opportunities. Furthermore the ST
Strategies uses an organisation’s strength to avoid or to reduce the impact of
external threats and lastly WT Strategies are defensive tactics directed at reducing
internal weakness and at the same time avoiding external threats.
The SO strategies are encourage the participation of more local workforce
in the construction industry, more research and development to be done,
penetration into the overseas market and promotion of campaign to increase the
awareness of IBS usage. Next is the WO strategies are manufacturers to produce
better quality IBS components, producing country own technology and creating
more jobs involving more highly skilled local workers.
Then it is the ST strategies are that to reduce the price of IBS components
and the collaboration of inter ministry to amend the legislation, law and acts. The
WT strategies on the other hand are increase the capacity of the current
transportation and the search for foreign market in the technological aspect.
5.4
To Suggest the Strategic Implementation Plan.
The strategic management process does not end when the strategy has
been decided to pursue and therefore there must be a translation the strategy into
action. There must be a commitment and the strategy implementation effort by all
89
the parties involved. The success of the strategy formulation does not contribute
to the successful implementation of the strategy. Implementing strategies require
such action such as altering the laws, acts and legislations, training workers and
others.
Since the application of IBS involves many parties such as manufacturers,
installer, transporter and various government bodies concerned. Therefore there
should be a governing body that is only in charge of the legislations, training,
financing, controlling, research and development and etc so that an effective
strategy can be formulated and applies to all the parties involved. The body is also
responsible to make necessary regulations, guidelines, legislations and looking
into the implementation plan that are feasible to all the parties involved.
Furthermore, rather than giving levy to the contractors, the body can offer flexible
financing and tax reduction to manufacturers and constructor as to encourage the
IBS implementation in the construction.
The government’s initiative to encourage the application of IBS in the
construction industry has the objective to reduce the number of foreign worker
that are currently working in Malaysia. Therefore the local workforce needs some
restructuring in the human capital aspect. The restructuring involves creating
more jobs related to the IBS for the local workforce and reducing the unskilled or
semi skilled foreign labours significantly. The reduction of foreign workers is
intended to prevent the money outflow from the country and the citizens of this
country can share the wealth together.
5.5
Recommendation
This finding of the study gives an effective strategy to implement IBS in
the current state of the construction industry. The application of the IBS in the
construction will eventually speed up the process of Malaysia to achieve Vision
2020 to become part of the developed nation.
90
Nonetheless, there are still some areas in the IBS management that can be
look into to conduct a research which can be look into for further studies and
further improvement can be made. The following recommendation can be
considered and used as reference for future study purposes.
1.
To study in detail the business process involved in the application of IBS
in construction.
2.
To study and propose on the implementation plan of IBS by introducing
policy and guidelines for effective implementation.
3.
To study on the financial aspect as in the loan and the payback system that
can be implemented in the current banking system.
4.
To look into the contract documentation that involves the responsibilities
of the manufacturers, designers and installers in the construction and
during the defect liability period.
5.
To study on the continuous improvement that can be done on the aspect of
improving the strategy of implementing IBS as the globalization will
change the environment of the construction in Malaysia.
91
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1. Badir, Y.F., Kadir, M.R.A. and Hashim, A.H. (2002), “Industrialised
Building Systems Construction in Malaysia”, Journal of Architectural
Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1
2. Badir, Y.F., Kadir, M.R.A. and Ali, A.A.A (1998), “Theory of Classification
of Badir-Razali Building System Classification”, Buletin of Institution of
Engineer, Malaysia, October
3. Esa, H., and Nuruddin, M.M (1998), “Policy on Industrialised Building
System”, Report on Colloquim on Industrialised Construction System,
Kuala Lumpur.
4. Thanoon, W.A.M., W.P. Lee, M.R.A. Kadir, Jaafar, M.S., Salit, M.S. 2003),
“The Essential Characteristics of Industrialised Building System”,
International Conference on Industrialised Building Systems, Kuala Lumpur,
pp 283-294.
5. Thanoon, W.A.M., W.P. Lee, M.R.A. Kadir, Jaafar, M.S., Salit, M.S.
(2003). “The Experiences of Malaysia and Other Countries in Industrialised
Building System”, International Conference on
Industrialised
Building Systems, Kuala Lumpur, pp 255-262.
6. Harwant Singh and Bujang B.K. Huat (2003), “The Need for Diversification
of Materials for Industrialised Building Systems”, International Conference
on Industrialised Building Systems, Kuala
Lumpur, pp 53-57.
92
7. Sumadi, S.R, Johnson W.K.Ng, Sheikh, S.U. (2003), “IBS In Malaysia”,
Proceedings of The 5th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction
Conference (APSEC 2003), Johor Bahru, pp 803-815
8. Sumadi, S.R, Johnson W.K.Ng, S.L.Sim and C.M. Tham, “Promotion
Strategies and Future Research & Development Needs on Industrialised
Building System”, National Seminar on Industrialised Building Systems
2001, Kuala Lumpur.
9. Mohamad, N.S. and Sumadi, S.R. (2000), “Malaysia Towards
Industrialisation of Building Systems”, National Seminar on Industrialised
Building Systems 2000, Kuala Lumpur.
10. Kementrian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan (1998), “Functional
Spaces
Requirement, Paper for Course in Use of Modular Coordination in Building”.
11. Kementrian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan (1998), “Modular Design
Guide, Implementation of Modular Coordination in Building in Malaysia”.
12. Malaysia (1999), Uniform Building By Law, Act 133.
13. David, Fred. R (1997), “Strategic Management”, 6 th Ed, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
14. Eka Kusmawati Bt Suparmanto (2005), “Penggunaan Sistem Binaan
Berindustri (IBS) Dalam Industri Pembinaan Malaysia- Kajian di Sektor
Swasta”, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Bachelor Thesis.
15. Salawati Bt Sallan (2005), “Penggunaan Sistem Pembinaan Berindustri
(IBS) Dalam Industri Pembinaan Malaysia- Kajian di Sektor Awam”,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Bachelor Thesis.
93
16. British Standards Institutions (1986), “Modular Coordination in Building”,
London, BS 6750.
17. Department of Standards Malaysia (2001), “Guide to Modular
Coordination in Buildings: Part 1: General Principles”, Kuala Lumpur, MS
1064.
18. Department of Standards Malaysia (2001), “Guide to Modular
Coordination in Buildings: Part 10: Coordination Sizes and Preferred
Sizes for Reinforced Concrete Component”, Kuala Lumpur, MS 1064.
19. Glass, Jacqueline (1999), “The Future for Precast Concrete in Low Rise
Building”, British Cement Association.
20. S.F. Lee and Andrew O.K. Sai (2000), “Building Balanced Scorecard with
SWOT analysis, and Implementing “Sun Tzu’s Art of Management
Strategies” on QFD Methodology”, Managerial Accounting Journal, pp 6876.
21. Novicevic, M.M. and Harvey, Michael (2004), “Dual-Perspective SWOT:
A Synthesis of Marketing Intelligence and Planning”, Marketing Intelligence
and Planning, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp 84-94.
22. Y.K. Ip and L.C. Koo (2004), “BSQ Strategic Formulation Framework”,
Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol.19 No.4, pp 533-543.
23. Sui Pheng Low and Joo Chuan Choong (2001), “A Study of the Readiness
of Precasters for Just In Time Construction”, MCB University Press, Vol. 50
No. 4, pp 131-140.
94
24. Sui Pheng Low and Joo Chuan Choong (2001), “Just In Time
Management in Precast Concrete Construction: A Survey of the Readiness
of Main Contractors in Singapore”, MCB University Press, Vol. 12 No. 6, pp
416-429.
95
APPENDIX A
Technical Paper
96
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING
SYSTEM
Lim Pui Chung1, Abdul Kadir Marsono2
Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2
Associate Professor, Supervisor, IT Manager, Information Technology of Civil Engineering
(ITUCE), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
1
Abstract: In Malaysia, the implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) by using
precast concrete elements were introduced since 1966 when the government launched two pilot
projects in 1966 which involves the construction of Tuanku Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur
and the Rifle Range Road Flats in Penang. From the survey conducted by Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, the level of usage of IBS in the local construction industry
is 15% in 2003 although many government initiatives have been introduced to encourage the use
of IBS. Therefore a study is conducted to study the current awareness of the usage of IBS in
Malaysia. Furthermore this study will be conducted to analyse ways to improve the
implementation of IBS in terms of the current policy and guideline available to implement the
usage of IBS in the local construction industry. The study will be focussed the usage of 50% of the
IBS elements in terms of cost. The Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) Matrix
will be used to analyse the current scenario in the local construction industry and therefore the
strategic implementation plan will be produced in this study.
Keywords: Industrialised Building System (IBS), Implementation
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Industrialised Building System (IBS) can be defined in which all building components are
mass produced either in factory or at site according to specifications with standard shapes and
dimensions and then transported to site whereby the components are rearrange with certain
standard to form a building.
Since 1966, the government has introduced the IBS construction method by launching two pilot
projects in this country. Further effort has been made to promote the use of IBS by importing the
German technology for the construction of mass housing by Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri
Selangor (PKNS). Currently numerous project has been using the precast components to meet the
requirement of time constraint and with high accuracy and quality.
However the usage of IBS in Malaysia is still low as compared to other developed countries such
as Europe, United States, Japan and others. From the survey conducted by Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, the level of usage of IBS in the local construction industry
stands at 15% based on the IBS Survey 2003. There are several resistances from parties involved
in the construction including contractors, developers, architects, government agencies and others.
1.1
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The construction industry in Malaysia only implement the use of IBS construction when necessary
whereby the system is implemented when the construction process requires speed, accuracy and
work that involves a lot of repetition work. The early efforts by government seem to be in futile
because most of the local construction is still practising the conventional method which has been
proven wasteful, dangerous and messy.
The implementation plan for the usage IBS was hindered by the fragmented among the
construction stakeholders. It is considered fragmented because policy and guideline
implementation and the practise in the construction are inconsistent among players involved.
Commonly the professional team such as town planner, architect and engineer work independently
with little input and communication with each other.
The manufacturer and applicator as they have its own unique design, process, production and
construction method. This result of incompatibility of components used and making the precast
97
components to be less competitive. This also occurs whereby the manufacturer can monopolise the
market for a particular construction project from the beginning to the end.
The local authorities are generally unwilling to make changes in the local building regulations that
need a lot of time, works and cost to establish the legislative, structural planning and economic
conditions for industrial development. The inability to change the way the work can be also seen a
hindrance for the implementation of IBS.
1.2
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The study is carried out to examine the usage of Industrialized Building System (IBS) and its
contribution towards the construction industry. The objectives of this study are as follows:
(i)
To determine the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in IBS.
(ii)
To formulate business strategies for implementation of 50% of IBS
(iii)
To develop the strategic implementation plan.
1.3
SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study involves the implementation of 50% of IBS components for non primary
structure elements into the conventional construction system in the construction industry as
recommended by the Malaysian Government. This implementation plan only involves the
developer due to the short allocated time given to complete this project.
2.0
BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)
The word industrialising is defined as to build on site with elements or components produced by
series in plants. IBS in the construction industry includes the industrialised process by which
components of a building are conceived, planned, fabricated, transported and erected on site. The
whole system includes a balanced and well-mixed combination between the software (eg:
marketing strategy and policy) and hardware components (eg: machinery and transportation).
2.2
CLASSIFICATION OF IBS
There are various Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) used throughout the world, and they can
be classified into five main groups that are currently practised in Malaysia and they are:
(i)
Precast concrete framing, panel and box systems - includes precast concrete
columns, beams, slabs, walls, “3-D” components, lightweight precast concrete, as well as
permanent concrete formworks.
(ii)
Steel formwork systems - includes tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beams columns
moulding forms, and permanent steel formworks.
(iii)
Steel framing system - includes steel trusses, columns, beams, portal frame systems,
open building system and flexible internal layout.
(iv)
Prefabricated timber framing systems – includes prefabricated timber trusses beams
and columns.
(v)
Blockwork systems - includes interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and
lightweight concrete blocks.
2.3
STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITY AND THREAT IN IBS
The IBS construction is evaluated and there are several strength, weakness, opportunity and threats
that can be distinguished. All these factors can impact the implementation plan and therefore
solutions of the problems need to be tackled quickly as to encourage the use of IBS in Malaysia.
2.4
IMPLEMENTATION OF IBS IN MALAYSIA
Our country is still very much left behind in terms of the application of IBS in the construction
industry, as compared to other countries. Since 1980’s there are intensive marketing strategy
launched by the Malaysian government to introduce modular coordination but however its
acceptance has received poor response.
98
In the 7th Malaysian Plan, the country intended to construct 800,000 units of houses for its
population however the achievement is disappointing whereby only 20% of the houses are
completed. The government also introduce numerous incentives and promotion to encourage the
usage of IBS. The enforcement of by the local authorities did not apply to all parties involved.
In 1998, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and CIDB has come up with the Modular
Design Guide which contains the modular coordination concepts, design rules, drawings and
preferred dimensions for architectural finishes. However the important aspects such as modular
dimensions, strength, stability and fire protection specifications are not indicated.
In 1999, the local authorities have made several amendments to the Uniform Building By Law
(UBBL) in sub clause of 42(1) to encourage the use of IBS. However the current amendment made
is proven to have minimal impact on the implementation of IBS. In 2001, the government
introduced the Malaysia Standard 1064 to standardise the IBS components in terms of dimensions
through modular coordination. Nevertheless the important specifications such as types of material,
design standard, connection types, construction method and system implementation are not
included.
In most cases the contractor firm acts as a catalyst and integrators to introduce new technologies
into marketable products. They play an important role in modifying and developing new
technologies that impact as a feedback loop to producers in the upstream. Therefore all players in
the must work together to realise the IBS implementation plan in Malaysia.
99
3.0
METHODOLOGY
Identify Problem
Determine Objectives & Scope of Studies
Literature Review
Data Collection
Questionnaires &
Interviews
References,
Technical papers,
Books
Data Processing
(SWOT)
Analyse Data
Conclusion &
Suggestion
100
4.0
4.1
DATA ANALYSIS
SWOT ANALYSIS
This study will provide a more accurate and insight information of the IBS
implementation in the construction industry. Furthermore, this study is expected to
analyse the current scenario of the implementation of IBS in Johor.
This chapter focuses on analyzing the results gathered from the respondents through
interview and questionnaire. Since IBS time allocated is very limited in doing this
dissertation, the distribution of questionnaire and interview will be limited to the
developers in Johor Bahru area only.
The data collected are converted into more meaningful, useful and informative
formats that are in the form of tables and figures. The data also will be expressed in
the form of percentage and according to the suitability of the analysis itself.
The SO Strategies use an organisation’s internal strength to take advantage of
external opportunities and the WO Strategies aims at improving internal weaknesses
by taking advantage of the external opportunities. Furthermore the ST Strategies uses
an organisation’s strength to avoid or to reduce the impact of external threats and
lastly WT Strategies are defensive tactics directed at reducing internal weakness and
at the same time avoiding external threats.
5.0
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The standardisations of the material and the sizing as well as the quality control
policy need to be legislated so that it can govern the manufacturers and installer to
produce a high quality construction. Therefore there is a requirement for the
governing bodies to look into the whole scenario before making any law to
implement IBS.
The strategic management process does not end when the strategy has been
decided to pursue and therefore there must be a translation the strategy into action.
There must be a commitment and the strategy implementation effort by all the parties
involved. The success of the strategy formulation does not contribute to the
successful implementation of the strategy. Implementing strategies require such
action such as altering the laws, acts and legislations, training workers and others.
Since the application of IBS involves many parties such as manufacturers,
installer, transporter and various government bodies concerned. Therefore there
should be a governing body that is only in charge of the legislations, training,
financing, controlling, research and development and etc so that an effective strategy
can be formulated and applies to all the parties involved. The body is also
responsible to make necessary regulations, guidelines, legislations and looking into
the implementation plan that are feasible to all the parties involved. Furthermore,
rather than giving levy to the contractors, the body can offer flexible financing and
tax reduction to manufacturers and constructor as to encourage the IBS
implementation in the construction.
The government’s initiative to encourage the application of IBS in the
construction industry has the objective to reduce the number of foreign worker that
are currently working in Malaysia. Therefore the local workforce needs some
restructuring in the human capital aspect. The restructuring involves creating more
jobs related to the IBS for the local workforce and reducing the unskilled or semi
skilled foreign labours significantly. The reduction of foreign workers is intended to
prevent the money outflow from the country and the citizens of this country can
share the wealth together.
101
This finding of the study gives an effective strategy to implement IBS in the
current state of the construction industry. The application of the IBS in the
construction will eventually speed up the process of Malaysia to achieve Vision 2020
to become part of the developed nation.
Nonetheless, there are still some areas in the IBS management that can be
look into to conduct a research which can be look into for further studies and further
improvement can be made. The following recommendation can be considered and
used as reference for future study purposes.
1.
To study in detail the business process involved in the application of IBS in
construction.
2.
To study and propose on the implementation plan of IBS by introducing
policy and guidelines for effective implementation.
3.
To study on the financial aspect as in the loan and the payback system that
can be implemented in the current banking system.
4.
To look into the contract documentation that involves the responsibilities of
the manufacturers, designers and installers in the construction and during
the defect liability period.
5.
To study on the continuous improvement that can be done on the aspect of
improving the strategy of implementing IBS as the globalization will change
the environment of the construction in Malaysia.
REFERENCES
1. Badir, Y.F., Kadir, M.R.A. and Hashim, A.H. (2002),
Building Systems Construction in Malaysia”, Journal of
Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1
“Industrialised
Architectural
2. Badir, Y.F., Kadir, M.R.A. and Ali, A.A.A (1998), “Theory of Classification of BadirRazali Building System Classification”, Buletin of Institution of Engineer, Malaysia,
October
3.
Esa, H., and Nuruddin, M.M (1998), “Policy on Industrialised Building System”, Report on
Colloquim on Industrialised Construction System, Kuala Lumpur.
4.
Thanoon, W.A.M., W.P. Lee, M.R.A. Kadir, Jaafar, M.S., Salit, M.S. 2003), “The Essential
Characteristics of Industrialised Building System”, International Conference on
Industrialised Building Systems, Kuala Lumpur, pp 283-294.
5.
Thanoon, W.A.M., W.P. Lee, M.R.A. Kadir, Jaafar, M.S., Salit, M.S. (2003). “The
Experiences of Malaysia and Other Countries in
Industrialised Building System”,
International Conference on Industrialised Building Systems, Kuala Lumpur, pp 255-262.
6.
Harwant Singh and Bujang B.K. Huat (2003), “The Need for
Diversification of
Materials for Industrialised Building Systems”, International Conference on Industrialised
Building Systems, Kuala Lumpur, pp 53-57.
7.
Sumadi, S.R, Johnson W.K.Ng, Sheikh, S.U. (2003), “IBS In Malaysia”, Proceedings of
The 5th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2003),
Johor Bahru, pp 803-815
102
8.
Sumadi, S.R, Johnson W.K.Ng, S.L.Sim and C.M. Tham, “Promotion Strategies and
Future Research & Development Needs on Industrialised Building System”, National
Seminar on Industrialised Building Systems 2001, Kuala Lumpur.
9.
Mohamad, N.S. and Sumadi, S.R. (2000), “Malaysia Towards Industrialisation of Building
Systems”, National Seminar on Industrialised Building Systems 2000, Kuala Lumpur.
10. Kementrian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan (1998), “Functional
Spaces
Requirement, Paper for Course in Use of Modular Coordination in Building”.
11. Kementrian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan (1998), “Modular Design Guide,
Implementation of Modular Coordination in Building in Malaysia”.
12. Malaysia (1999), Uniform Building By Law, Act 133.
13. David, Fred. R (1997), “Strategic Management”, 6 th Ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
14. Eka Kusmawati Bt Suparmanto (2005), “Penggunaan Sistem Binaan
Berindustri (IBS)
Dalam Industri Pembinaan Malaysia- Kajian di Sektor Swasta”, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia: Bachelor Thesis.
15. Salawati Bt Sallan (2005), “Penggunaan Sistem Pembinaan
Berindustri (IBS) Dalam
Industri Pembinaan Malaysia- Kajian di Sektor Awam”, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia:
Bachelor Thesis.
16. British Standards Institutions (1986), “Modular Coordination in Building”, London, BS
6750.
17. Department of Standards Malaysia (2001), “Guide to Modular
Part 1: General Principles”, Kuala Lumpur, MS 1064.
Coordination in Buildings:
18. Department of Standards Malaysia (2001), “Guide to Modular Coordination in Buildings:
Part 10: Coordination Sizes and Preferred
Sizes for Reinforced Concrete Component”,
Kuala Lumpur, MS 1064.
19. Glass, Jacqueline (1999), “The Future for Precast Concrete in Low Rise Building”, British
Cement Association.
20. S.F. Lee and Andrew O.K. Sai (2000), “Building Balanced Scorecard with SWOT analysis,
and Implementing “Sun Tzu’s Art of Management Strategies” on QFD Methodology”,
Managerial Accounting Journal, pp 68-76.
21.
Novicevic, M.M. and Harvey, Michael (2004), “Dual-Perspective SWOT: A Synthesis of
Marketing Intelligence and Planning”, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol. 22 No. 1,
pp 84-94.
22. Y.K. Ip and L.C. Koo (2004), “BSQ Strategic Formulation Framework”, Managerial
Auditing Journal, Vol.19 No.4, pp 533-543.
23. Sui Pheng Low and Joo Chuan Choong (2001), “A Study of the Readiness of Precasters for
Just In Time Construction”, MCB University Press, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp 131-140.
24. Sui Pheng Low and Joo Chuan Choong (2001), “Just In Time Management in Precast
Concrete Construction: A Survey of the Readiness of Main Contractors in Singapore”,
MCB University Press, Vol. 12 No. 6, pp 416-429.
103
APPENDIX B
Questionnaire Form
104
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Borang Soal Selidik
Topik : Management of Industrialized Building System
(IBS): Construction Policy, Guideline and
Implementation
Nama:
Nombor H/P:
Course:
No Matrik:
Alamat:
Supervisor:
Lim Pui Chung
0127632636
Master of Science in
Construction Management
MA051061
No 78, Jalan Timah 9,
Taman Sri Putri,
Skudai, 81300 Johor Bahru.
Professor Madya Dr. Abdul
Kadir Marsono
Phone no: 013-7257737
Sila isi borang soal selidik yang dilampirkan dan hantarkan
ke alamat yang tertera di atas secepat mungkin. Kerjasama
daripada pihak tuan amat dihargai. Sekian, terima kasih.
Note: Sebarang maklumat yang diberikan adalah untuk tujuan
pendidikan sahaja.
Terima Kasih.
Borang Soal Selidik
Projek Sarjana - Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
105
SISTEM BANGUNAN BERINDUSTRI (IBS) DALAM INDUSTRI
PEMBINAAN
BAHAGIAN A: Maklumat Syarikat
Syarikat :
Tarikh :
Alamat :
No telefon :
Nama Tuan/ Puan/ Encik/ Cik :
Jawatan/ kedudukan dalam jabatan :
Pengalaman bekerja :
1 – 3 tahun
4 – 6 tahun
(
)
7 – 10 tahun
(
)
> 10 tahun
(
)
(
)
BAHAGIAN B Sila tandakan (/) bagi jawapan bersetuju
1. Adakah anda mengetahui tentang Sistem Bangunan Berindustri (IBS) sebelum
ini?
(
) Ya
(
) Tidak
2. Dari manakah anda mengetahui tentang IBS?
(
) Menghadiri kursus
(
) Majalah, suratkhabar, artikel dan lain-lain
(
) CIDB
(
) Internet
(
) Lain –lain, sila
nyatakan………………………………......................................
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Sederhana Setuju
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak Setuju
BAHAGIAN C: Pada pendapat Tuan/ Puan/ Encik/ Cik
( sila tandakan / bulatkan jawapan bagi pernyataan berikut mengikut
panduan yang disediakan)
Rating Scalec
: defg
1. Adakah syarikat ini turut terlibat dengan salah satu kaedah
pembinaan bangunan berindustri ( IBS ) dibawah :
a) Jenis 1-Kaedah pasang siap
c d e f g
(Precast Concrete Framing, Panel & Box System)
b) Jenis 2 -Kaedah Acuan Keluli
c d e f g
(Steel Formwork Systems)
c) Jenis 3 -Kaedah Kerangka Keluli
c d e f g
(Steel Framing Systems)
d) Jenis 4 -Kaedah Kerangka Kayu
c d e f g
(Timber Framing Systems)
e) Jenis 5 -Kaedah Kerja Blok
c d e f g
(Blockwork Systems)
106
c d e f g
f) Komponen Standard
2. Tempoh penglibatan syarikat ini dalam pembinaan yang melibatkan
penggunaan kaedah di atas :
a) Antara 1 – 5 tahun
(
)
b) Antara 5 – 10 tahun
(
)
c) Antara 10 – 15 tahun
(
)
d) Lebih dari tempoh di atas (sila nyatakan) ( ) Tempoh :__________
e) Tiada
(
)
3. Bilangan projek yang telah diterajui menggunakan kaedah di atas :
a) Antara 1 – 10
(
)
b) Antara 11 – 20
(
)
c) Antara 21 – 30
(
)
d) Lebih dari kadar di atas (sila nyatakan) ( ) Bilangan : ___________
e) Tiada
(
)
1) Kelebihan IBS (Faktor Dalaman)
a) Mengurangkan pergantungan kepada
tenaga buruh binaan di tapak bina.
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Rating Scale: c d
BAHAGIAN D: Pada pendapat Tuan/ Puan/ Encik/ Cik
( sila tandakan / bulatkan jawapan bagi pernyataan berikut
mengikut panduan yang disediakan)
Sederhana Setuju
kurang dari 5 tingkat ( )
lebih dari 5 tingkat ( )
Tidak Setuju
b) Pembinaan bangunan
Sangat Tidak Setuju
4. Jenis projek yang telah dijayakan menggunakan kaedah tersebut di
jabatan Tuan/ Puan/ Encik/ Cik :
a) Projek Perumahan
1 tingkat ( )
Flat ( )
2 tingkat ( )
Kondominium ( )
efg
c d e f g
107
b) Tempoh siap projek yang lebih singka
c d
c) Mampu mendapatkan kualiti pembinaan
yang lebih baik dan hasil produk yang
c d
lebih kemas
d) Mengurangkan/ menghapuskan terus
c d
keperluan kepada ‘formwork’ atau ‘props’ sementara
e) Mengurangkan pembaziran bahan pembinaan
c d
f) Menghasilkan tapak pembinaan yang lebih
c d
bersih dan tersusun
g) Meningkatkan tahap keselamatan di tapak bina c d
h) Mengurangkan kos pembinaan
c d
i ) Komponen yang mudah dipasang
c d
j) Kawasan tapak pembinaan yang kecil
c d
2) Kelemahan (Faktor Dalaman)
a) Modal kerja yang tinggi
b) Memerlukan operator yang mahir
c) Penggunaan jentera yang tinggi
d) Kebudayaan kerja syarikat terhadap perubahan
e) Pengangkutan berjentera perlu disediakan
mengikut kesesuaian elemen
f) Kewujudan keadaan tapak yang sesuai untuk
penghantaran elemen
g) Penentuan harga jualan yang sesuai.
h) Kurang penyelenggaraan komponen dan elemen
selepas pemasangan
i) Kurang pengetahuan oleh pengurus dan pekerja
tentang IBS
j) Tiada insentif diberikan untuk penggunaan IBS
k) Kurang komunikasi
3) Peluang (Faktor Luaran)
a) Perlaksanaan Road Map 2003-2010 oleh CIDB
b) Mengadakan pusat Penyelidikan dan
Pembangunan (R&D) untuk IBS
c) Insentif daripada kerajaan
d) Mengadakan latihan untuk pekerja
e) Mendapatkan khidmat nasihat pakar IBS
f) Sesuai untuk semua kelas pembinaan
g) Komponen IBS menambah nilai jualan
h) Pengeksportan komponen IBS ke luar Negara
c
c
c
c
c
d
d
d
d
d
e f g
e f g
e f g
e f g
e f g
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
f
g
g
g
g
e
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
f
f
g
g
g
g
g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c
c
c
c
c
c
d
d
d
d
d
d
e
e
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
f
f
f
g
g
g
g
g
g
4) Ancaman (Luaran).
a) Pihak berkuasa enggan membuat perubahan akta c d e f g
dan undang-undang dalam bangunan tempatan
108
b) Persaingan dari pesaing yang menghasilkan kualitic d e f g
tinggi dan murah
c) Harga minyak diesel yang tinggi
c d e f g
d) Kapasiti beban lori yang rendah
c d e f g
e) Kurang kepelbagaian rekabentuk oleh pengilang c d e f g
f) Kedudukan pengilang IBS yang jauh dari
c d e f g
tapak pembinaan
g) Saiz komponen yang tidak ekonomikal
c d e f g
h) Harga komponen yang mahal
c d e f g
i) Saiz modular bangunan tidak mendapat kelulusan c d e f g
pihak berkuasa
j) Kualiti komponen IBS tidak terjamin
c d e f g
k) Kurang pemantauan kualiti bahan yang digunakan c d e f g
109
BAHAGIAN E: Kesesuaian penggunaan bahan dalam struktur komponen
( sila tandakan / bulatkan jawapan bagi pernyataan berikut mengikut panduan
yang disediakan)
1. Struktur Kerangka (Beam dan column) menggunakan konkrit dengan gred:
G20
)
G35
)
(
)
G25
(
)
G30
(
(
)
G40
(
)
G45
(
2. Slab menggunakan konkrit dengan gred:
G20
)
G35
)
(
)
G25
(
)
G30
(
(
)
G40
(
)
G45
(
3. Non bearing wall menggunakan konkrit dengan gred:
G20
)
G35
)
(
)
G25
(
)
G30
(
(
)
G40
(
)
G45
(
G25
(
)
G30
(
(
)
G40
(
)
G45
(
Sederhana Setuju
BAHAGIAN F: Keperluan IBS
(sila tandakan / bulatkan jawapan bagi pernyataan berikut mengikut
panduan yang disediakan)
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Rating Scalec
:
Perkilangan dan mesin
Sijil pemeriksaan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan
atau agensi yang bertanggungjawab
c
Prosedur untuk pengawalan mutu
c
Mesin yang diluluskan untuk pembuatan
c
Pematuhan penggunaan bahan mentah berdasarkan
spesifikasi yang ditetapkan
c
Prosedur menjalankan ujian ke atas kualiti komponen IBS c
Sangat Setuju
)
Setuju
(
Tidak Setuju
G20
)
G35
)
Sangat Tidak Setuju
4. Bearing wall menggunakan konkrit dengan gred:
defg
d e f g
d e f g
d e f g
d e f g
d e f g
110
f)
g)
h)
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
3.
Kekerapan penyeliaan di dalam kilang pembuatan
Prosedur pentadbiran oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan
Data pekerja dan pengalaman bekerja dalam industri
konkrit pratuang untuk jaminan kualiti
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
Pemasangan
Pengilang IBS perlu menyediakan prosedur pemasangan c
Pihak berkuasa tempatan perlu menyediakan garis panduan
untuk bangunan untuk kelulusan CFO
c
Maklumat terperinci tentang pemasangan setiap
komponen IBS
c
Pertimbangan kestabilan bangunan semasa proses
pemasangan
c
c
Prosedur semasa proses pengangkatan dan pemasangan
Urutan pemasangan komponen IBS
c
Jenis pembinaan IBS
c
Jenis komponen yang menggunakan elemen IBS
c
Pematuhan pada kod pembinaan eg. BS
c
Kod rekabentuk kebolehbinaan
c
d e f g
d e f g
d e f g
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Penyelarasan Saiz Komponen IBS
M mewakili 100mm M=100mm (4 in)
10M= 1000mm (3.3kaki)
i)
Rasuk/Beam
Dimensi
Saiz
a) Panjang 10M (3.3kaki) hingga 120M (40kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1kaki)
c d e f g
b) Lebar
1.5M (6in) hingga 4M (16in) pada setiap
tambahan 0.5M (2in)
c d e f g
c) Kedalaman
2M (8in) hingga 10M (3.3kaki) pada setiap
tambahan 0.5M (2in)
c d e f g
ii)
Tiang/Column
Dimensi
Saiz
a) Ketinggian
28M (9.3kaki) hingga 36M (12kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 1M (4in)
36M (12kaki) hingga 48M (16kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1ft)
b) Lebar
1.5M (6in) hingga 8M (32in) pada setiap
tambahan 0.5M (2in)
c) Panjang
1.5M (6in) hingga 8M (32in) pada setiap
tambahan 0.5M (2in)
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
111
iii)
Dinding/Walls
Dimensi
Saiz
a) Ketinggian
28M (9.3kaki) hingga 36M (12kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 1M (4in)
36M (12kaki) hingga 48M (16kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1kaki)
b) Lebar
1M (4in) hingga 6M (24in) pada setiap
tambahan 0.25M (1in)
c) Panjang
3M (1kaki) hingga 42M (14kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1kaki)
Papak/Slabs
Dimensi
Saiz
a) Panjang
10M (3.3kaki) hingga 60M (20kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1kaki)
d) Lebar
3M (1kaki) hingga 42M (14kaki) pada
setiap tambahan 3M (1kaki)
e) Kedalaman
1M (4in) hingga 3M (1kaki) pada setiap
tambahan 0.25M (1in)
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g
iv)
c d e f g
c d e f g
c d e f g