vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
5
1.3
Research Gap
5
1.4
Research Aims
6
1.5
Research Objectives
6
1.6
Significance of Study
6
1.7
Scope of Research
7
1.8
Research Limitation
7
viii
1.9
2
10
2.1
Green Roof
10
2.1.1
Environmental Benefits
13
2.1.2
Economical Benefits
15
2.1.3
Social and Psychological Benefits
17
2.3
2.4
Green Roof Research on Environmental
Physics
18
Potted Plants
25
2.3.1
26
Potted Plants Benefits
Literature on Research Methodology
29
METHODOLOGY
31
3.1
Research Design
31
3.2
Site Description
33
3.3
Materials and Methods
33
3.3.1
Plant Selection
37
3.3.2
The Experiments
38
3.4
Data Collection
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5
4
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2
3
Research Framework
Experiment 1 – Cells with top cover
of 100mm, 150mm and 200mm
depth soil
43
Experiment 2 – Cells with potted
plants, vegetated and non vegetated
top covers
43
Analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
42
Experiment 1 - Top treatment cover of
100mm, 150mm and 200mm soil depth
44
47
47
ix
4.2
5
4.1.1
Indoor Air Temperature (Ti)
48
4.1.2
Indoor Surface Temperature (Ts)
55
4.1.3
Discussion
63
Experiment 2 - Cells with potted plants,
vegetated and 150mm soil depth.
68
4.2.1
Indoor Air Temperature (Ti)
68
4.2.2
Indoor Surface Temperature (Ts)
85
4.2.3
Discussion
101
CONCLUSION
104
5.1
Findings
104
5.2
Summary
106
5.3
Recommendation and Future Research
106
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendices A - D
119-166
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Comparison between intensive and extensive green
roof
12
Statistical distribution of leaf area index by biome, for
the data set “Global Leaf Area Index Data from field
Measurements, 1932-2000”(Source: Scurlock et al.
2001)
22
3.1
Experiment 1 - Cells details description
39
3.2
Experiment 2 - Cells details description
40
3.3
Experiment 1 - The summary of collected data
categorization
43
Experiment 2 - The summary of collected data
categorization
44
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
(indoor air temperature) recorded in four cells for six
days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
49
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded in four
cells for six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
50
Experiment 1 – Comparison of daily peak
temperature differences (indoor air temperature)
between Cell B, Cell C and Cell D in reference to
Cell A for the six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
52
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature differences (indoor air temperature)
between Cell B, Cell C and Cell D in reference to
Cell A for six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
52
2.2
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
xi
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
Experiment 1 – Comparison of daily total temperature
transfer amount (indoor air temperature) recorded in
all four cells from the six days reading (March 7-12,
2011)
54
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
(indoor surface temperature) recorded in all four cells
for the six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
57
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor surface temperature) recorded in
all four cells for the six days reading (March 7-12,
2011)
57
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily temperature
differences (indoor surface temperature) between Cell
B, Cell C and Cell D in reference to Cell A for six
days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
59
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature differences (indoor surface temperature)
between Cell B, Cell C and Cell D in reference to
Cell A for six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
60
Experiment 1 – Comparison of daily total surface
temperature transfer amount recorded in all four cells
for the six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
63
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily peak
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded
between four cells for the six days reading (June 1722, 2011)
69
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded
between four cells for six days reading (June 17-22,
2011)
70
Experiment 2 – Comparison of indoor air temperature
differences (at daily peak temperature) recorded
between Cell B and Cell C in reference to Cell A for
the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
71
Experiment 2 – Comparison of indoor air
temperature differences (at daily lowest temperature)
recorded between Cell B and Cell C in reference to
Cell A for the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
72
xii
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
Experiment 2 – Comparison of total daily indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
B and Cell C for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011).
74
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily peak
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded
between reference cell (Cell A), potted plants (Cell B)
and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days reading
(June 17-22, 2011)
75
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded
between reference cell (Cell A), potted plants (Cell B)
and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days reading
(June 17-22, 2011)
76
Experiment 2 – Comparison of total daily indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
B and Cell D for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011).
78
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily peak
temperature differences (indoor air temperature)
recorded between reference cell (Cell A), vegetated
cell (Cell C) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
79
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily lowest
temperature differences (indoor air temperature)
recorded between reference cell (Cell A), vegetated
cell (Cell C) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
80
Experiment 2 – Comparison of total daily indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
C and Cell D for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011).
81
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
and daily lowest temperature differences (indoor air
temperature) recorded between potted plants (Cell B),
vegetated cell (Cell C) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for
the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
83
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between four cells for the six days reading (June 1722, 2011)
84
xiii
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
(indoor surface temperature) recorded between four
cells for the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011
86
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between four cells for the six days reading (June 1722, 2011)
86
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
differences (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between Cell B and Cell C in reference to Cell A for
the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
89
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature differences (indoor surface temperature)
recorded between Cell B and Cell C in reference to
Cell A for the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
89
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell B and Cell C for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
91
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
differences (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between reference cell (Cell A), potted plants (Cell B)
and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days reading
(June 17-22, 2011)
92
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature differences (indoor surface temperature)
recorded between reference cell (Cell A), potted
plants (Cell B) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
93
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell B and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
94
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak temperature
differences (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between reference cell (Cell A), vegetated cell (Cell
C) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days reading
(June 17-22, 2011)
96
xiv
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily lowest
temperature difference (indoor surface temperature)
recorded between reference cell (Cell A), vegetated
cell (Cell C) and 150mm soil (Cell D) for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
96
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell C and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
98
Experiment 2 – Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily
reduced (at peak temperature) and daily increased (at
lowest temperature) indoor surface temperature
recorded in Cell B, Cell C and Cell D in comparison
to Cell A for the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
99
Experiment 2 – Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
B, Cell C and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
100
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Research Flow Chart
9
2.1
Typical structure for green roof (Theodosiou, 2009)
11
3.1
Research Design
32
3.2
Typical unit of a Test Cell
34
3.3
Cross section of a Test Cell
34
3.4
Inside view of a Test Cell
35
3.5
Thermo Recorders (a) TR-72U and (b) TR-52
35
3.6
Thermo Recorders hanging inside the cells
36
3.7
Weather Station and Environdata
36
3.8
Ipomoea pes capre or beach morning glory
37
3.9
Top cell surface filled with soil
38
3.10
Cells arrangement on site
39
3.11
Cell B – 150mm soil with potted Ipomoea pes capre
plant
40
3.12
Cell C – 150mm soil with Ipomoea pes capre plant
41
3.13
Cell D – 150mm soil without plant
42
4.1
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily indoor air
temperature recorded between four cells for the six
days reading (March 7-12, 2011) with its peak and
lowest temperature.
48
xvi
4.2
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily peak and lowest
temperature (indoor air temperature) recorded
between four cells for the six days reading (March 712, 2011)
51
Experiment 1 - Daily temperature reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily temperature increased (at
lowest temperature) recorded in Cell B, Cell C and
Cell D in reference to Cell A for the six days reading
(March 7-12, 2011)
53
Experiment 1 – Comparison of daily total temperature
transfer amount recorded between four cells from the
six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
54
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily indoor surface
temperature recorded between four cells for the six
days reading (March 7-12, 2011) with its daily peak
temperature and lowest values.
56
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily peak and lowest
temperature (indoor surface temperature) recorded
between four cells for the six days reading (March 712, 2011)
59
Experiment 1 – Comparison of daily temperature
reduced (at peak temperature) and daily temperature
increased (at lowest temperature) recorded in Cell B,
Cell C and Cell D in reference to Cell A for the six
days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
61
Experiment 1 - Comparison of daily total surface
temperature transfer amount recorded between four
cells for the six days reading (March 7-12, 2011)
62
Various soil depth affect the temperature transfer rate
into the cell
64
4.10
Soil layer energy balance model (Liu, Ziyang, 2011)
64
4.11
Surface temperature model changed by soil moisture
content
67
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily indoor air
temperature recorded between four cells for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
68
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak and daily
lowest indoor air temperature recorded between four
cells for six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
70
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.12
4.13
xvii
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily temperature
reduced (at peak temperature) and daily temperature
increased (at lowest temperature) recorded in Cell B
and Cell C in reference to Cell A for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
72
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
B and Cell C for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011)
74
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily increased (at lowest
temperature) indoor air temperature recorded in Cell
B and Cell D in reference to Cell A for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
76
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
B and Cell D for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011)
78
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily increased (at lowest
temperature) indoor air temperature recorded in Cell
C and Cell D in reference to Cell A for the six days
reading (June 17-22, 2011)
80
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor air
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell A, Cell
C and Cell D for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011)
82
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily increased (at lowest
temperature) indoor air temperature recorded in Cell
B, Cell C and Cell D in reference to Cell A for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
83
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell B, Cell
C and Cell D for the six days reading (June 17-22,
2011).
85
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily indoor surface
temperature recorded between four cells for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
87
xviii
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily peak and lowest
indoor surface temperature recorded between four
cells for the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
88
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily temperature
reduced (at peak temperature) and daily temperature
increased (at lowest temperature) of indoor surface
temperature recorded in Cell B and Cell C in
reference to Cell A for the six days reading (June 1722, 2011)
90
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell B and Cell C for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011)
91
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (during
peak temperature) and daily increased (during lowest
temperature) indoor surface temperature recorded in
Cell B and Cell D in comparison to Cell A for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
93
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell B and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
95
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily increased (at lowest
temperature) indoor surface temperature recorded in
Cell C and Cell D in comparison to Cell A for the six
days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
97
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
A, Cell C and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011)
98
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily reduced (at peak
temperature) and daily increased (at lowest
temperature) indoor surface temperature recorded in
Cell B, Cell C and Cell D in comparison to Cell A for
the six days reading (June 17-22, 2011)
99
Experiment 2 - Comparison of daily total indoor
surface temperature transfer amount recorded in Cell
B, Cell C and Cell D for the six days reading (June
17-22, 2011).
100
xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS
ASHRAE
-
American Society of Temperatureing, Refrigerating and
Air conditioning Engineers
dB
-
decibel
CO2
-
Carbon Dioxide
DAAC
-
Distributed Active Archive Center
EPA
-
Environmental Protection Agency
HVAC
-
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
IAQ
-
Indoor Air Quality
IPCC
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MODIS
-
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
NOx
-
Nitrogen Oxide
ORNL
-
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SO2
-
Sulphur Dioxide
UAP
-
Urban Air Pollution
UNEP
-
United Nations Environment Program
UTM
-
University Technology of Malaysia
UHI
-
Urban Temperature Island
VOC
-
Volatile Organic Compound
WHO
-
World Health Organization
%
-
Percentage
°C
-
Degree of Celsius
°F
-
Degree of Fahrenheit
UTS
-
University of Technology Sydney
UV
-
Ultra Violet
LAI
-
Leaf Area Index
Ti
-
Indoor air temperature
xx
Ts
-
Indoor surface temperature
TiA
-
Indoor air temperature in Cell A
TiB
-
Indoor air temperature in Cell B
TiC
-
Indoor air temperature in Cell C
TiD
-
Indoor air temperature in Cell D
TsA
-
Indoor surface temperature in Cell A
TsB
-
Indoor surface temperature in Cell B
TsC
-
Indoor surface temperature in Cell C
TsD
-
Indoor surface temperature in Cell D
Ta
-
Ambient temperature
xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Experiment 1 – Data and results for indoor air
PAGE
119
temperature
B
Experiment 1 – Data and results for indoor surface
131
temperature
C
Experiment 2 – Data and results for indoor air
143
temperature
D
Experiment 2 – Data and results for indoor surface
temperature
155