vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND EXCLUSIVENESS
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1
CHAPTER 2
Background of the study
1.2 Objectives of study
2
1.3
Scope of study
3
1.4
Importance of study
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Groundwater Hydrology
5
2.1.1
Groundwater and Hydrologic Cycle
5
2.1.2
Groundwater Movement
7
2.1.3
Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
8
2.1.4
Aquifer and Confining Beds
8
2.2
Groundwater Quality
10
2.2.1
11
Saline Intrusion in Coastal Zones
viii
2.3
Type of Groundwater Models
2.4
Historical Review of Groundwater Modelling
in Malaysia
2.4.1
15
Historical Review of Previous Studies of
Alluvial Aquifer in Tioman Island
2.5
15
Historical Review of Groundwater
Modelling in Kelantan
2.4.2
13
17
Historical Review of MODFLOW and SEAWAT
Application for Tymbaki Aquifer, South Central
Crete, Greece (2005)
20
2.5.1
Site Description and Basin Hydrogeology
21
2.5.2
Simulation Models
23
2.5.3
Discretization, Boundary Condition and
2.5.4
2.6
2.7
Aquifer Parameters
23
Simulation Results and Conclusion
25
Optimization Modelling
27
2.6.1
28
Linear Programming
Historical Review of GAMS Application for
Groundwater Management in the Goksu Delta
2.8
CHAPTER 3
At Silifke, Turkey (2001)
30
2.7.1
Objective Function and Constraints
31
2.7.2
Results and Discussion
34
Summary
36
METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA
37
3.1
Modelling of Groundwater and Optimization
37
3.2
Description of the study area
37
3.2.1
Geology and Hydrogeology
42
3.2.2
Climate
44
3.2.3
Topography
44
3.2.4
Water Resources of Study Area
46
3.2.5
Hydrology
46
ix
3.3
Groundwater Modelling
46
3.3.1
MODFLOW2000
47
3.3.1.1
Spatial and Time Discretization
49
3.3.1.2
Governing Equation
50
3.3.2 SEAWAT2000
51
3.3.2.1
Temporal Discretization
53
3.3.2.2
Head and Equivalent Freshwater
54
Head in SEAWAT2000
3.3.2.3
Variable-Density Groundwater
55
Flow Equation
3.4
3.5
Simulation Setup
56
3.4.1
Simulation Time Steps
58
3.4.2
Boundary Condition
58
3.4.3
Data Input Parameters
58
3.4.4
Model Assumptions
59
Optimization Model
3.5.1
CHAPTER 4
59
General Algebraic Modeling Systems
(GAMS)
60
3.5.2
Objective Function
60
3.5.3
Constraints
60
3.5.4
Water Consumption Projection
63
3.6 Integrated Modelling Approach
63
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
66
4.1
Introduction
66
4.2
Simulation Results for MODFLOW2000
67
4.2.1 Calibration Process
67
4.2.2
70
4.3
4.4
Simulation Analysis
Simulation Results for SEAWAT2000
79
4.3.1 Calibration and Validation Process
79
4.3.2
81
Simulation Analysis
Optimization Results
94
x
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
97
5.1
Conclusions
97
5.2
Recommendations
98
REFERENCES
99
APPENDICES
102
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Application of groundwater modelling at
Tioman Island
20
2.2
The calibrated model parameters
24
2.3
Application of groundwater management and
Optimization modelling in coastal aquifer of Malaysia
28
3.1
Processes and Packages of MODFLOW-2000
48
3.2
Projected water consumption for Kg. Tekek
63
4.1
Values for constant parameters
67
4.2
Cases considered for the calibration process
68
4.3
Calibration analysis results for Case (1)
69
4.4
Calibration analysis results for Case (2)
70
4.5
The aquifer influence coefficients of drawdown
for TEK1
76
4.6
Calibration results for SEAWAT2000
80
4.7
Validation results for SEAWAT2000
80
4.8
Calibrated parameters for SEAWAT2000 model
81
4.9
Optimization results for pumping well TEK1
95
4.10
Water supply for combine system
96
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Location of Tioman Island
4
2.1
Hydrological Cycle
6
2.2
Flow paths associated with local, intermediate
and regional flow systems
7
2.3
The aquifer and the confining beds
9
2.4
Saltwater intrusion occurrence due to pumping well
12
2.5
Location map of the Tymbaki and Mesara basin
21
2.6
Geological map of Tymbaki basin
22
2.7
Geological cross section of Tymbaki basin
22
2.8
Rainfall and streamflow infiltration recharge zone
25
2.9
Simulated extent of seawater intrusion into the
Tymbaki aquifer at various depth
2.10
Seawater intrusion along section C1 at the end of
120th stress period
2.11
26
26
Seawater intrusion along section C1 at the end of
240th stress period
26
2.12
The Goksu Delta
31
2.13
Correlation between simulation model results and
optimization model results for hydraulic heads
2.14
Correlation between simulation model results and
optimization model results for chloride concentrations
2.15
3.2
35
Trade-off curves between maximum pumping rate
and chloride concentration limit
3.1
34
35
Groundwater simulation and optimization model
for the study
38
Methodology Flow Chart
39
xiii
3.3
Groundwater modelling process flow chart
40
3.4
Location of Kg. Tekek in Tioman Island
41
3.5
Geologic map for Tioman Island
42
3.6
Geological cross section for Kg. Tekek aquifer system
43
3.7
Topography map for Tioman Island
45
3.8
Finite difference grid
50
3.9
Simulation modes available with the
SEAWAT2000 programme
3.10
53
Horizontal plane and vertical section of the
Groundwater models
57
3.11
Input and output for integrated modelling
65
4.1
Hydraulic conductivity zoning plan for
Kg. Tekek (isotropic heterogeneous)
68
4.2
Location of pumping wells at Kg. Tekek
69
4.3
Hydraulic head contour due to pumping of 1 MLD
71
4.4
Hydraulic head contour due to pumping of 2 MLD
72
4.5
Hydraulic head contour due to pumping of 3 MLD
73
4.6
Hydraulic head contour due to pumping of 4 MLD
74
4.7
Hydraulic head contour due to pumping of 5 MLD
75
4.8
Hydraulic head at TEK1
77
4.9
Hydraulic head at TEK3 and TEK4
78
4.10
Relationship between hydraulic drawdown
and pumping rate at TEK1
4.11
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 0.5 MLD
4.12
85
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 1.5 MLD
4.16
84
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
vertical section due to pumping of 1 MLD
4.15
83
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 1 MLD
4.14
82
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
vertical section due to pumping of 0.5 MLD
4.13
79
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
86
xiv
vertical section due to pumping of 1.5 MLD
4.17
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 2 MLD
4.18
92
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
vertical section due to pumping of 3 MLD
4.23
91
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 3 MLD
4.22
90
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
vertical section due to pumping of 2.5 MLD
4.21
89
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
horizontal plane due to pumping of 2.5 MLD
4.20
88
Concentration contour (saline intrusion) on
vertical section due to pumping of 2 MLD
4.19
87
93
Relationship between saline intrusion length
and pumping rate
94
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A1
PAGE
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg Tekek
103
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 28 March 2003)
A2
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
104
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 28 March 2003)
(continue)
A3
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
105
(source : FELDA AGRICULTURAL SERVICES SDN. BHD.
8 July 2004)
A4
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
106
(source : FELDA AGRICULTURAL SERVICES SDN. BHD.
8 July 2004)(continue)
A5
Water Quality Monitoring (6 June- 7 June 2004)
107
by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
A6
Water Quality Result During Pumping Test In Kg. Tekek
108
by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
A7
Water Quality Result During Pumping Test In Kg. Tekek
109
by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. (continue)
A8
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg Tekek
110
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 31 December 2003)
A9
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
111
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 31 December 2003)
A10
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
112
xvi
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 31 December 2003)
A11
Analysis results of groundwater in Kg. Tekek
113
(source : ALS Technichem (M) Sdn. Bhd. 31 December 2003)
A12
Analysis results of groundwater at various depths in Kg. Tekek
114
(source : Department of Environment 2001 - 2005)
A13
Analysis results of groundwater at various depths in Kg. Tekek
115
(source : Department of Environment 2001 - 2005)
B1
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Tek 1)
116
B2
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Tek 3)
117
B3
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Tek 4)
118
B4
Recovery Test (Tek 1)
119
B5
Recovery Test (Tek 3)
120
B6
Recovery Test (Tek 4)
121
B7
Recovery Test (Piez 7)
122
B8
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 1)
123
B9
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 2)
124
B10
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 3)
125
B11
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 4)
126
B12
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 5)
127
B13
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 6)
128
B14
Constant Discharge Pump Test Record (Piez 7)
129
C
Optimization Model
130 - 132