vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Problem statement
2
1.3 Objective
3
1.4 Scope of the project
3
1.5 Organization of the project
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2 Project overview
9
2.3 Conclusion
10
vii
3
2.4 Summary
11
METHODOLOGY
12
3.1 Astronomical Measures required for Prayer time Calculation
12
3.1.1 Equation of time
13
3.1.2 Declination of the sun
16
3.2 Predetermined twilight angle for Fajr and Isha
3.2.1 Twilight angle
19
3.2.2 Determination of twilight angle for Fajr and Isha
21
3.2.3 Conventions currently in use for Fajr and Isha
22
3.3 Accurate prayer time calculation
4
5
18
23
3.3.1 Zuhr
24
3.3.2 Fajr and Isha
24
3.3.3 Sunrise (Shurooq) and sunset (Maghrib)
25
3.3.4 Asr
26
3.4 Summary
27
ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
28
4.1 Overview of the design
28
4.1.1 Main components used in the design
29
4.1.2 Block diagram of the system
34
4.2 Schematics of the design
35
4.3 Flow chart of the system
38
4.4 Coding for Real time clock
40
4.5 Coding for the prayer time calculations
43
4.6 Summary
46
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
47
5.1 ARM7 development board
47
5.2 Implementation and initial testing on breadboard
49
5.3 Transferring the design to copper board
50
5.4 Problems faced
51
viii
6
5.5 Result and Analysis
51
5.6 Summary
54
CONCLUSION
55
REFERENCES
56
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Leap year determination algorithms in logic form
15
3.2
Shows several conventions currently in use in various countries[45]
22
3.3
Some regions that follow the conventions[45]
23
4.1
Content of CIIR
41
5.1
Analysis of the prayer times
53
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Variation of equation of time over the year[3]
13
3.2
Declination of sun throughout the year
16
3.3
Illustration of the twilight angle and Islamic prayer times[43]
19
3.4
Twilight angle periods
20
4.1
Basic pin-out of common Anode 7 segment
30
4.2
Basic pin-out and schematic showing 7448 and ULN2003A
30
4.3
Symbol of PNP transistor
32
4.4
Simple schematic of a PNP transistor connected with a 7 segment
32
4.5
Decoder configurations that controls PNP transistors[49]
33
4.6
Block diagram of the design
34
4.7
Module 1 schematic diagram of the design
35
4.8
Module 2 schematic diagram of the design
36
4.9
Module 3 schematic diagram of the design
37
4.10
Flow chart showing how the program will loop.
38
5.1
Layout of Olimex LPC P2138 development board[53]
48
5.2
Components wired up on bread board
49
5.3
Printed and etched board
50
5.4
Components solder to all the modules and connected together
50
5.5
The final output of the design displaying the prayer times
52
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
r
-
Sun’s radius
d
-
Sun to Earth distance
eqt
-
Equation of time
N
-
Day number (day of year)
JD
-
Julian day number
UT
-
Universal Time
Y
-
Year
M
-
Month
D
-
Day
L
-
Longitude of the location in degrees
Dec
-
Declination angle of the sun
Lat
-
Latitude of the location
H
-
Height above sea level in meters