vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
1
THESIS TITTLE
i
DECLARATION BY RESEARCHER
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
Preface
1
1.1.1 Malaysia Development in General
3
1.1.2 City Development in Malaysia
4
1.1.3 Safe City Concept and Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design in Malaysia
7
1.1.4 The Role of Local Authorities in Safe City
Program and Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design Implementation
9
Problem Statement
10
1.2.1 Kuala Lumpur Crime Index Increase
11
1.2.2 CPTED Implementation in Kuala Lumpur by
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
12
viii
1.3
1.4
1.5
2
Research Agenda
12
1.3.1
Research Aims
12
1.3.2
Research Assumption
12
1.3.3
Research Questions
13
1.3.4
Research Objectives
13
Research Methodology
13
1.4.1
Stage 1 : Preliminary Study
14
1.4.2
Stage 2 : Literature Review
14
1.4.3
Stage 3 : Data Collection
14
1.4.4
Stage 4 : Method of Analysis
15
1.4.5
Stage 5 : Findings and Summary
17
Research Significance
17
1.5.1
Benefit to the Kuala Lumpur City Hall
17
1.5.2
Benefit to the Public People in Kuala Lumpur
17
1.6
Case Study of Kuala Lumpur City Hall
18
1.7
Research Scope
18
1.8
Thesis Structure
19
1.9
Summary
20
LITERATURE
REVIEW
AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
DEVELOPMENT
OF
2.0
Introduction
21
2.1
The City Planning
21
2.1.1 City Growth and Urbanization
22
2.1.2 The City’s Function and Living in a City
24
2.1.3 Urbanization and Population
Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur
2.2
Growth
in
25
2.1.4 Local Agenda 21
27
2.1.5 Sustainable Development, Safety and Crime
28
2.1.6 Sustainable Development in Malaysia
30
Urban Crime Concept
31
2.2.1
Definition of Crime
32
2.2.2
Urban Crime
33
2.2.3
The Crime Pattern
34
2.2.4
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
34
ix
2.3
2.4
2.2.5
Crime Scenario Worldwide
35
2.2.6
Crime Scenario in Malaysia
36
Safe City Concept
38
2.3.1 Home Zone Concept
39
2.3.2
40
Environmental Safety Concept
2.3.3 Defensible Space Concept
40
2.3.4 The Utopia Concept
41
2.3.5 Global Peace Index (GPI)
42
2.3.6 Global Peace Indicator
43
2.3.7 The Implementation of Safe City Program
45
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
(CPTED)
47
2.4.1
Build Environmental and Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design Principles
48
2.4.2
Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design Implementation Worldwide
51
2.4.3
Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design Implementation in Malaysia
52
2.5
Policy Implementation and Successful Implementation
53
2.6
Importance of Implementers
55
2.7
Models of Policy Implementation
57
2.7.1
Van Meter and Van Horn’s
Implementation Process (1974)
Policy
58
2.7.2
Mazmanian and Sabatier’s Statutory Approach
1989
59
2.7.3
Winter’s Systematic Limited Framework 1990
60
2.7.4
Hasenfeld and Brock’s Political Economy
Model 1991
61
2.8
Previous Studies on Policy Implementation
62
2.9
Important of Implementer Factors
65
2.10
The Selection of Analytical Factors
67
2.10.1 Organization Factors
69
2.10.2 Implementers Factors
71
2.11
Proposed Theoretical Frameworks
74
2.12
Conclusion
75
x
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
76
3.2
Research Process
76
3.3
Research Scope
77
3.4
Research Phases
78
3.5
Research Design
79
3.6
Research Method of the Study
83
3.6.1 Quantitative Approach
84
3.7
Questionnaire Survey Design
85
3.8
Pilot Survey
88
3.8.1 Quantitative Analysis
90
3.8.2 Data Analysis Method
90
3.9
3.8.2.1 Descriptive Analysis
91
3.8.2.2 Index Construction
91
3.8.2.3 Chi Square Test for Relatedness
92
3.8.2.4 Correlation Cramer V
93
3.8.2.5 Correlation Spearman R
93
3.8.2.6 Multiple Respond Technique
94
Qualitative Approach
95
3.9.1 In Depth Interview
95
3.9.2
96
Research Respondents in the In Depth
Interview
3.9.2.1 In Depth Interview Instruments
97
3.9.3 Documents or Content Analysis
98
3.9.4 Qualitative Analysis
100
3.10 Validity and Reliability of Data
101
3.10.1
Validity and Reliability of Quantitative Data
101
3.10.2
Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Data
102
3.11 Sampling Frame
103
3.12 Sampling Procedure
103
3.13 Sample Size
107
3.14 Conclusion
108
xi
4
INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY: KUALA LUMPUR
CITY HALL
4.1
Introduction
110
4.2
Introduction of Kuala Lumpur
110
4.2.1
111
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5
Development and Population of Kuala Lumpur
The Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH)
113
4.3.1 Organizational and Departments in Kuala
Lumpur City Hall
113
Development Plans by Kuala Lumpur City Hall
115
4.4.1
Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020
116
4.4.2
Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020
117
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
(CPTED) Policies in Kuala Lumpur
4.5.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design Policies by The Federal Department
of Town and Country Planning Peninsular
Malaysia
The Implementation of Safety Design Aspect by
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
118
Conclusion
121
119
121
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN BY KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL AND THE LEVEL
OF AWARENESS
5.1
Introduction
122
5.2
Approach to Analysis
122
5.3
Profile of Respondents
125
5.4
Factors that Contribute to the Effectiveness and
Hinder the Successfulness of Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design Implementation by
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
128
5.4.1
Awareness
128
5.4.2
Knowledge and Understanding
135
5.4.3
Commitment
140
5.4.4
Communication
142
5.4.5
Capability and Capability
145
5.4.6
Cooperation
148
5.4.7
Resources
150
xii
5.5
6
7
5.4.8
Monitoring System
153
5.4.9
Ability and Skills
155
5.4.10
Attitude
156
Conclusion
158
LEVEL
OF
CRIME
PREVENTION
THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN
IMPLEMENTATION
BY
KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL
6.1
Introduction
161
6.2
Approach to Analysis
161
6.3
Level of Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design (CPTED) Implementation in Kuala Lumpur
161
6.3.1
Physical Planning and Design Aspect
163
6.3.2
System and Safety Equipment
168
6.3.3
Management and Maintenance
169
6.4
Discussion
170
6.5
Conclusion
172
CONCLUSION
7.1
Introduction
173
7.2
Research Limitation
173
7.3
Summary of Research Findings
174
7.3.1
Factors
Influence
the
Successful
Implementation of Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design by Kuala
Lumpur City Hall Implementers
175
7.3.1.1
Lack
of
Communication
Organization
Implementers
176
7.3.1.2
Lack of Organization
Implementer’s Awareness
and
176
7.3.1.3
Lack
of
Knowledge
and
Understanding
of
Crime
Prevention
Through
Environmental Design Concept
and Implementation
177
7.3.1.4
Lack of Ability and Skill
Implementers
in
Crime
Prevention
Through
178
Effective
between the
and
the
xiii
Environmental
Implementation
7.4
7.5
Design
7.3.1.5
Lack of Cooperation Between
Agencies
178
7.3.1.6
Lack of Effective Monitoring
system
179
7.3.2
Factors That Hinder the Successful
Implementation of Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design
179
7.3.3
Level of Awareness of Implementers in
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
180
7.3.4
Level of Implementation of Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design
by Implementers in Kuala Lumpur City
Hall
180
Recommendations
181
7.4.1
Effective Communication
181
7.4.2
Organization and Implementer’s Awareness
182
7.4.3
182
7.4.4
Knowledge And Understanding on CPTED
Concept
Ability and Skill in Crime Prevention
Through
Environmental
Design
Implementation
7.4.5
Cooperation between Agencies
184
7.4.6
Effective Monitoring System
184
183
Research Contribution
185
7.5.1
Contribution to Theory
185
7.5.2
Contribution to Practice
186
7.6
Recommendation for Further Research
187
7.7
Conclusion
188
REFERENCES
189
Appendices A - E
205
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Crime Case in Malaysia from 1970 to 2006
2
1.2
Total population and urban population of Malaysia
2000 – 2010
6
2.1
Pattern of Crime
34
2.2
Matrix of Literature Review Study on Factor of
Successful Policy Implementation
68
2.3
The Successful Factors Likely to Influence CPTED
Implementation in Kuala Lumpur from Literature
Review
74
3.1
Case Study on Research Method by Previous
Scholars
83
3.2
List of Respondents in Majlis Bandaraya Petaling
Jaya
89
3.3
Improvements Made After the Pilot Survey
89
3.5
Correlation Cramer V Measurement
93
3.6
Correlation Spearmen R Measurement
94
3.7
Document of Research Instrument on Development
100
3.8
List of Population
Departments
105
3.9
List of Respondent in Kuala Lumpur City Hall
106
3.10
Sample Size for ±3%, ±5%, ±7% and ±10%
Precision Levels Where Confidence Level is 98%
and P=.5
108
3.11
Table for Determining Sample Size from a Given
Population
108
from
Selected
Technical
xv
4.1
Kuala Lumpur Population Growth by Year 2020
111
5.1
Research Objectives
123
5.2
List of Factors Measurement
124
5.3
List of Implementers’ Background Factors
125
5.4
Summative Index on Awareness Factor
129
5.5
An Index on Awareness Factor
130
5.6
Awareness Crosstabulation With Implementers’ Post
131
5.7
Relationship between the Implementers’ Post and
Awareness Factor
131
5.8
Measurement on the Degree of the Relationship
Between the Implementers’ Post and Awareness
Factor
131
5.9
Implementers’ Awareness On Year Of CPTED
Implementation in Kuala Lumpur
132
5.10
Percentage of Implementers’ (Officer Level)
Awareness on Year of CPTED Implementation In
Kuala Lumpur
133
5.11
Summative Index on Knowledge and Understanding
Factor
136
5.12
An Index on Knowledge And Understanding Factor
137
5.13
Relationship Between the Implementers’ Grade and
Knowledge and Understanding on CPTED Principle
139
5.14
Measurement on the Strength of the Relationship for
Implementers’ Grade and Knowledge and
Understanding on CPTED Principle
139
5.15
Relationship between the Implementers’ Grade and
CPTED Knowledge and Understanding on Natural
Surveillance
139
5.16
Measurement on the Strength of the Relationship for
Implementers’ Grade and CPTED Knowledge and
Understanding on Natural Surveillance
139
5.17
Summative Index on Communication Factor
143
xvi
5.18
Significant Relationship between the Implementers’
Post and Communication
143
5.19
Measurement on the strength of the implementers’
post and communication
143
5.20
Correlation on the Establishment of CPTED Unit and
Development Plan Scope of Work
146
5.21
Measurement on the Strength of the Establishment of
CPTED Unit and Development Plan scope of work
146
5.22
Correlation on the Financial Resources and
Evaluation of Development Plan in Implementers’
Scope Of Work Factor
152
5.23
Measurement on the Strength of the Financial
Resources and Evaluation of Development Plan in
Implementers’ Scope of Work Factor
152
5.24
Correlation of the Attitude Factor with
Implementers’ Scope of Work on Development Plan
Evaluation
157
5.25
Measurement on the Strength of the Relationship
between Attitude and Development Plan Scope of
Work
157
6.1
Implementation of CPTED by KLCH
162
6.2
Total Number
Implementation
7.1
Research Contribution to the Theory and Practice
of
Respondents
on
CPTED
171
185
xvii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Crime Index per 100 000 In Malaysia from 1980 – 2010
1
1.2
Article on Safe City Program
7
1.3
Research Issues Development
11
1.4
Crime Index In Kuala Lumpur from 2004 – 2012
11
1.5
Research Structure
20
2.1
City Planning Components
22
2.2
Numbers of Town Centers from 1911 to 2000 in
Peninsular Malaysia
26
2.3
Collaboration of sectors in Local Agenda 21
28
2.4
Sustainability Development Concept
28
2.5
Nested Sustainability
29
2.6
Selected Quality of Life Indicator 1990-2004
31
2.7
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
35
2.8
Urban Population, Growth Rate and Urbanization
Percentage
36
2.9
Crime Lab Representatives in October 2009
37
2.10
Overall Index Crime in Recent Years
38
2.11
The Safest Country in the World by Global Peace Index
2010
42
2.12
Global Peace Indicator 2010
43
2.13
Safe City Aims
44
xviii
2.14
Separation of Pedestrian Walkway at Jalan Ampang
45
2.15
Safe City Initiatives to Promote Crime Prevention
46
2.16
Major Factors of Successful CPTED implementation
67
2.17
The Arch of Successful Policy Implementation
73
2.18
Theoretical Framework on Factors That May Influence
the Successful Implementation of CPTED by KLCH
75
3.1
Research Process
77
3.2
Diagrammatic Representation of the Research Design
79
3.3
Awareness on CPTED Implementation by Majlis
Bandaraya Petaling Jaya
90
3.4
Organizational Chart of Kuala Lumpur City Hall
104
3.5
Formula to Calculate the Sample Size
107
4.1
Population Employment of Kuala Lumpur by Year 2020
111
4.2
Projected Population and Crime Rate in Malaysia 1980 –
2004
112
4.3
Kuala Lumpur City Hall Organization Chart Year 2012
114
4.4
Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020
116
4.5
Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020
117
4.6
CPTED Policy in DKLCP 2020
119
4.7
CPTED Implementation Guide by FDTCP
120
5.1
Percentage of Implementers’ Position in KLCH
126
5.2
Percentage on Implementers’ Grade in KLCH
126
5.3
Implementers’ Education Level in KLCH
126
5.4
Implementers’ Working Period in KLCH
127
5.5
Implementers’ Gender in KLCH
127
5.6
Implementers’ Scope of Work in KLCH
127
5.7
Percentage on Implementers’ Awareness on CPTED
Implementation for Question Asked in Questionnaire
129
xix
5.8
Implementers’ Awareness Level on CPTED
Implementation
130
5.9
Percentage on Implementers’ Awareness on Year of
CPTED Implementation in Kuala Lumpur
132
5.10
Knowledge and Understanding on CPTED
136
5.11
Implementers’ Knowledge And Understanding Level of
CPTED Principle
137
5.12
Value of CPTED Concept Answered by the KLCH
Implementers
138
5.13
Implementation of CPTED by the Individual
140
5.14
Year of CPTED Implementation by Implementers in
KLCH
141
5.15
Sources of CPTED Information Received by the
Implementers
142
5.16
The Important of Promoting CPTED Policy by the
Implementers
144
5.17
The Important of Establishment on CPTED Special Unit
by the Implementers
145
5.18
The Important
Development
in
147
5.19
The Important of Having Cooperation with other
Agencies
149
5.20
Importance of Financial Resources
151
5.21
Legal Documents Used by the Implementers
153
5.22
The Important of Monitoring System in Development
Stages According to the Implementers
154
5.23
Important Having Courses for Ability and Skill
Development
155
5.24
Important Having
Development
Workshop for Ability and Skill
155
5.25
Implementers’ Respond on Willing to Implement CPTED
in Scope of Work
157
6.1
Likert Scale Score Value
162
Imposing
CPTED
Condition
xx
6.2
Implementation during Planning Layout
163
6.3
Implementation during Building Design
165
6.4
Implementation on Accessibility and Pedestrian Network
166
6.5
Implementation on Landscape and Urban Design
Elements
167
6.6
Implementation of Car Park Area
168
6.7
Implementation of Lighting
168
6.8
Implementation of Safety Equipment
169
6.9
Implementation of Management and Maintenance
170
7.1
Factors Influencing
CPTED by KLCH
Successful
Implementation
of
175
xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CPTED
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
DBKL
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
FDTCP
Federal Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular
Malaysia
RMP
Royal Malaysian Police
CPPS
Centre For Public Policy Studies
DEB
New Economic Policy
DPN
National Development Policy
EPU
Economic Planning Unit
NKRA
National Key Results Area
MCPF
Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation
NGO
Non-Government Organization
GTP
Government Transformation Program
LA21
Local Agenda 21
MHLG
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
EPU
Economic Planning Unit
MQLI
Malaysia Quality of Life
GPI
Global Peace Indicator
KLSP 2020
Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020
DKLCP 2020
Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020
CCTV
Closed-Circuit Television
PMD
Prime Minister’s Department
xxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
A
Pilot Survey Questionnaire
B
Questionnaire
C
In Depth Question
D
Analysis Check List R.Q 1 And R.Q 2
E
Analysis Check List R.Q 4