vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
LIST OF APPENDIX
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Research Objectives
2
1.4
Scope
2
1.5
Thesis outline
3
viii
2
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Cooperative Relay
5
2.3
Amplify and Forward
6
2.4
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
7
2.5
Software Defined Radio
7
2.6
Universal Software Radio Peripheral
8
2.7
NI USRP 2922 Hardware
9
2.8
LabVIEW National Instrument Software
11
2.9
Related Work
12
METHODOLOGY
14
3.1
Introduction
14
3.2
First Phase of Direct Link Development
16
3.2.1
A Source Terminal
16
3.2.2
Destination Terminal
19
3.3
4
4
Second Phase Cooperative Relay Link Development
22
3.3.1
A Relay Terminal
22
3.3.2
Destination Terminal Aided By A Cooperative Relay Link 24
3.4
Performance Measurement
25
3.5
Indoor Measurement Setup
26
3.6
Hardware Configuration
29
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
31
4.1
Introduction
31
4.2
Experimental result and analysis
31
4.3
Outdoor propagation measurement
37
ix
5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
39
5.1
Conclusion
39
5.2
Recommendation and future work
39
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
40
42
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Hardware’s specification used for this project
29
3.2
Indoor measurement parameter setup
30
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
(a) Direct Link Communication
5
(b) Relay Link Communication
5
2.2
Schematic representation of Amplify and Forward
6
2.3
Each subcarrier orthogonal to each other by overlapping
7
2.4
a) Conventional radio (b) SDR
8
2.5
NI USRP-2920 System Block Diagram
9
2.6
NI-USRP configuration utility for connecting of USRP to the
2.1
host computer
10
2.7
NI USRP 2922 device
11
2.8
Transmitter and receiver module using the LabVIEW Modulation
Toolkit
12
3.1
Flowchart of the project
15
3.2
Block diagram of source terminal
16
3.3
VI block diagram OFDM at source terminal
17
3.4
VI block diagram for source terminal
18
xii
3.5
The front panel of source terminal
18
3.6
Block diagram of destination terminal
19
3.7
VI block diagram OFDM at destination terminal
20
3.8
VI block diagram for destination terminal
21
3.9
The front panel of destination terminal
22
3.10
Block diagram of relay terminal
22
3.11
VI block diagram for relay terminal
23
3.12
The front panel of relay terminal
24
3.13
Block diagram of cooperative relay link at destination terminal
24
3.14
VI block diagram of cooperative relay assisted communication
at destination terminal
25
3.15
VI block diagram of computing BER
26
3.16
(a) The layout of direct link (b) The direct link experiment setup
27
3.17
(a) The layout of cooperative relay link (b) The cooperative relay
link experiment setup
28
4.1
The direct link result at 20 meter from source terminal
32
4.2
The cooperative relay link result at 20 meters from source terminal 32
4.3
Comparison of direct link and cooperative relay link using
inbound frequency at 100 kHz bandwidth
33
Comparison of direct link and cooperative relay link using
inbound frequency at 200 kHz bandwidth
34
Cooperative relay link using outbound frequency at 100 kHz
bandwidth
35
Comparison BER vs SNR for cooperative relay link with
direct link
36
Verification of data measured with the theoretical calculation
37
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1G
-
First Generation
4G
-
Fourth Generations
MIMO
-
Multiple Input and Multiple Output
SDR
-
Software Defined Radio
NI
-
National Instrument
USRP
-
Universal Software Radio Peripheral
BER
-
Bit Error Rate
AF
-
Amplify & Forward
OFDM
-
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
SISO
-
Single Input Single Output
LOS
-
Line of Sight
N-LOS
-
Non Line of Sight
eNB
-
enhanced Node B
UE
-
User Equipment
DF
-
Decode & Forward
QAM
-
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
PSK
-
Phase Shift Keying
ADC
-
Analog to Digital Converter
DAC
-
Digital to Analog Converter
DSP
-
Digital Signal Process
FPGA
-
Field Programmable Device Array
xiv
FM
-
Frequency Modulation
AM
-
Amplitude Modulation
PM
-
Phase Modulation
ASK
-
Amplitude Shift Keying
FSK
-
Frequency Shift Keying
PAM
-
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
QPSK
-
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
GMSK
-
Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying
MSK
-
Minimum-Shift Keying
2D
-
Two Dimensions
3D
-
Three Dimensions
WARP
-
Wireless Open-Access Research Platform
LTE
-
Long-Term Evolution
PC
-
Personal Computer
IP
-
Internet Protocol
FFT
-
Fast Fourier transforms
VI
-
Virtual Instrument
SNR
-
Signal to Noise Ratio
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
dB
-
Decibel
m
-
meter
Hz
-
Hertz
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Datasheet NI USRP
PAGE
2922
43