Computational Modelling of Personal Exposure to
Particulate Matter in Indoor Microenvironments
James McGrath and Miriam Byrne
School of Physics, Na9onal University of Ireland Galway Co-­‐workers Prof Mike Ashmore2 Dr Andrew Terry2 Dr Sani Dimitroulopoulou3 Environment Department, University of York, York
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Macedonia, Greece
2
What is PM? •  Particulate Matter (PM) is made up of acids, organic chemicals, metals
and soil.
•  PM10 = coarse particles, that deposit in the upper respiratory tract.
• PM2.5 = fine particles are capable of penetrating down to the alveolar
region of the lung.
Aim •  Development of a model that calculates 9me-­‐varying indoor pollutant concentra9ons in a series of “microenvironments” e.g. home, office, car, etc. 1
INDAIR Model A probabilistic model developed to predict air
pollutant concentrations in home microenvironments 1 Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., INDAIR: A probabilis0c model of indoor air pollu0on in UK homes. Atmospheric Environment, 2006. 40(33): p. 6362-­‐6379 Inputs Outdoor PM concentra.on Air exchange rates Source emission rate and dura.on Model Room volumes and surface areas Aerosol par.cle deposi.on rate Recent Model Enhancements Mul9ple Rooms Additional Sources:
frying, grilling, open fires,
incense, dusting, sweeping,
and vacuuming
One minute
time resolution
Simula9ons Separate smoking, frying, smoking, incense, candles and
solid fuel burning events in the kitchen
of an 11 room dwelling (internal doors open).
Parameterisa9on Property classifica.on in Irish Census (2011) Room volumes and surface areas Parameterisa9on Outdoor PM concentra.on EPA background monitoring site, 3 km from Dublin city centre Parameterisa9on PTEAM value, modified to consider wall deposi.on of PM Aerosol par.cle deposi.on rate Parameterisa9on Air exchange rates 0.45 +/-­‐ 0.18 air changes per hour with outdoors Parameterisa9on Source emission rate and dura.on Complied from literature PM Emission Rates from Literature Source PM10 emission rate (mg/hr) Dura.on (minutes) Smoking 145 +/-­‐ 42.7 9 Frying 189.3 +/-­‐ 163.5 8 Incense 108.9 +/-­‐ 118.0 40 Solid Fuel Fire 39.6 +/-­‐ 37.8 210 Candles 5.28 +/-­‐ 2.76 15 PM Emission from cooking depends on food, oil, cooker, cooking style
Comparision of Different Sources For PM10 in Kitchen with Doors Open Concentra.ons in µgm-­‐3 600 Fires Incense 500 Candles 400 Smoking 300 Frying 200 100 0 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 Time in Hours 16:48 18:00 19:12 Concentra.ons in µgm-­‐3 600 Comparision of Different Sources For PM2.5 in Kitchen with Doors Open Fires Incense 500 Candles 400 Smoking 300 Frying 200 100 0 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 Time in Hours 16:48 18:00 19:12 World Health Organiza9on5 Guidelines •  PM10: 20 μg/m3 annual mean 50 μg/m3 24-­‐hour mean •  PM2.5: 10 μg/m3 annual mean 25 μg/m3 24-­‐hour mean 5 WHO, World Health Organisa.on Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update 2005, 2006. Results for Kitchen with Doors Open Emission Source Peak PM10 (µg/m3) 24 Hour Mean PM10 (µg/m3) Peak PM2.5 (µg/m3) 24 Hour Mean PM2.5 (µg/m3) No Source 10.34 ± 0.35 9.95 ± 0.32 7.68 ± 0.21 7.28 ± 0.18 Smoking 247.05 ± 63.14 16.65 ± 0.70 166.58 ± 42.61 12.46 ± 0.56 Frying 329.03 ± 101.65 19.01 ± 1.25 252.29 ± 78.47 14.93 ± 1.27 Incense 591.93 ± 91.5 42.82 ± 2.53 542.38 ± 88.35 38.22 ± 3.11 Fire 235.51 ± 18.66 44.26 ± 2.21 98.08 ± 6.25 22.21± 0.77 Candles 22.31 ± 2.70 10.60 ± 0.34 19.72 ± 2.65 7.90 ± 0.20 Ac9vity Profile 24 Hour Ac9vity Profile Time Loca.on Source 00:00 -­‐ 10:00 Loca.on Bedroom 10:00 -­‐ 10:30 Smoking Sicng Room 10:30 -­‐ 11:00 Toast for Breakfast Kitchen 11:00 -­‐ 11:30 Dining Room 11:30 -­‐13:30 Smoking at 1pm Sicng Room 13:30 -­‐ 14:00 Cooking Lunch Kitchen 14:00 -­‐ 14:30 Dining Room 14:30 -­‐ 17:00 Outside 17:00 -­‐ 18:00 Smoking Sicng Room 17:30 -­‐ 18:00 Fire (.ll 22:00) Sicng Room 18:00 -­‐ 19:00 Cooking Dinner Kitchen 19:00 -­‐ 20:00 20:00 -­‐ 22:30 22:30 -­‐ 24:00 Dinner Room Smoking Sicng Room Bedroom 24 Hour Personal Exposure Profile for PM10 and PM2.5 Concentra.ons in µgm-­‐3 800 PM10 700 PM2.5 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 00:00 04:48 09:36 14:24 Time in Hours 19:12 00:00 24 Hour Ac9vity Profile 24 Hour Mean PM10 (µgm-­‐3) CAFE Guideline 24 Hour Personal Exposure (No sources) 24 Hour Personal Exposure (with Cooking and Fire) 24 Hour Personal Exposure (with Cooking, Fire and Smoking) 50 10.70 ± 0.26 70.62 ± 3.21 100.10 ± 4.11 Policy and Planning Implica9ons •  Allows comparison of both outdoor and indoor sources to personal exposure •  Allows assessment of the importance of air exchange rate (indoor-­‐outdoor, and inter-­‐room) on PM concentra9on
•  Allows inter-­‐room flow calcula9ons, and exposure calcula9ons for a “third-­‐party” • Ques9ons?