Personal - Family
Environmental Plant Physiology
Introduction
K. Raja Reddy
Krreddy@pss.msstate.edu
Personal - Education
Education: Ph.D. in Botany with Applied Plant
Physiology as a major
Research areas: Environmental plant physiology
including global change, crop modeling,
remote sensing.
Trends That Shape Our Future
Years at MSU: 21
Taught the course since: 2000
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Past, Present and Future World Population
Present and Future World Population Trends
3000
56%
2500
14
World Population
Population, millions
Population in Billions
12
10
8
6
4
10% 50%
2000
2050
120%
2,367
2000
1,941
1,628
1500
1,520
1,437
1,301
-5%
42%
39%
1,087
1000
885
728
2
778
668
549
500
0
0
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
2500
457
326
0
Asia
China
Oceania
(less China and India)
India
Africa
North
Europe Latin
America America
1
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Maize - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
Maize - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
50
Year 2004, Area = 147.02 Mha, Production = 721.4 MMt
40
Area
Production
35
350
10000
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
P= 67%, and A= 46%
Yield
Production
USA: 156% @ 114 kg yr-1
China: 335% @ 100 kg yr-1
USA: 226% @ 3.90 MMt yr-1
China: 631% @ 2.77 MMt yr-1
Brazil: 364% @ 0.73 MMt yr-1
Brazil: 157% @ 47 kg yr-1
300
250
Maize yield, kg ha-1
40
12000
45
Maize production, %
8000
USA
USA
200
6000
150
China
4000
China 100
Brazil
Nigeria
Brazil 50
0
South Africa
Argentina
Indonesia
India
Romania
France
Brazil
Mexico
USA
0
China
2000
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010 1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
0
2010
2000
Year
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Wheat - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
Wheat - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
20
20
Year 2004, Area = 215.8 Mha, Production = 627.1 MMt
Year 2004
4500
150
Production
Yield
-1
4000 China: 651% @ 88kg yr
15
10
10
5
5
-1
China: 539% @ 2.42 MMt yr
USA: 80% @ 26 kg yr-1
China
-1
3500 India: 210% @ 50 kg yr
USA: 76% @ 1.62 MMt yr
-1
125
India: 555% @ 0.69 MMt yr-1
USA
Wheat yield, kg ha-1
15
Wheat production, %
Wheat production area, %
Area
Production
China
3000
2500
USA
India
100
75
2000
1500
50
Wheat production, MMt
Maize production area, %
45
Maize production, MMt
50
India
25
0
500
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010 1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
0
2010
Year
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Rice - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
Rice - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
35
35
8000
Year 2004, Area = 151.3 Mha, Production = 605.8 MMt
250
Production
-1
China: 232% @ 2.98 MMt yr
-1
India: 339% @ 2.15 MMt yr
Yield
30
0
China: 205% @ 102 kg yr
-1
Indonesia: 156% @ 77 kg yr
-1
India: 90% @ 42 kg yr
-1
6000
Rice yield, kg ha-1
0
India
5
China
5
Indonesia
10
Bangladesh
10
Vietnam
15
Thailand
15
Myanmar
20
Brazil
20
Philippines
25
USA
25
7000
Rice production, %
Area
Production
Japan
Rice production area, %
30
Indonesia: 132% @ 1.12 MMt yr
-1
200
China
China
150
India
100
5000
4000
Indonesia
3000
50
India
Rice production, MMt
Kazakhstan
Pakistan
Argentina
Turkey
Ukraine
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
USA
Russian Fed.
China
0
India
1000
Indonesia
2000
0
1000
P= 60%, and A= 55%
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
2
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Soybean - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
Soybean - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
100
Area
Production
3000
60
60
40
40
20
20
2500
100
USA
Yield
80
Production
USA: 69% @ 26kg yr-1
Brazil: 103% @ 37 kg yr-1
China: 168% @ 26 kg yr-1
USA
USA: 364% @ 1.35 MMt yr-1
Brazil: @ 0.99 MMt yr-1
China: 183% @ 0.24 MMt yr-1
75
Brazil
Soybean yield, kg ha-1
80
Soybean production, MMt
Soybean production area, Mha
Year 2004, Area = 91.44 Mha, Production = 204.3 MMt
Soybean production, MMt
100
2000
Brazil
China
50
1500
25
China
0
Italy
Bolivia
Indonesia
Canada
Paraguay
India
China
USA
Brazil
0
Argentina
1000
500
1960
1980
1990
2000
2010 1960
1970
Year
1980
1990
2000
0
2010
Year
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Cotton - Production and Yield – Selected Countries
Global Major Foods – Meat and Poultry Production
4000
China: 649% @ 0.29 MMt yr-1
USA: 45% @ 0.09 MMt yr-1
India: 172% @ 0.08 MMt yr-1
20
10
300
China
2500
15
China
2000
USA
10
1500
USA
1000
5
India
500
India
Poultry
Meat
250
200
150
100
50
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010 1960
1970
Year
1980
1990
Meat and Poultry Production
Relative Trends
Meat and Poultry Production
2000
0
2010
2010
Meat and Poultry production trends,1961 = 1
Production
China: 409% @ 58 kg yr-1
USA: 72% @ 16 kg yr-1
India: 141% @ kg yr-1
Meat and Poultry production, million t
3000
25
Yield
Cotton production, MMt
3500
9
1961 to 2007: Million t
Poultry = 9 and 87
Meat = 71 and 286
8
Poultry
7
6
5
4
Meat
3
2
1
0
1960
1970
Year
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Global Major Foods – Per Capita Consumption
Cropland area, Irrigation and Salinization
450
Vegetables = 3.21 lb/year
Percentage change from Year 1985 to 2000
400
Consumtion, lb/person
Seed cotton yield, kg ha-1
1970
Cropland area
350
Selected fruits = 1.95 lb/year
300
250
Meat and Poultry = 0.65 lb/year
200
150
Irrigated area
Salinized area
----------------------------- Mha -------------------------------China
124.0
54.4 (22%)
7-8
India
161.8
54.8 (31%)
10-30 (50%)
(14%)
USA
177.0
22.4 (13%)
4.5 -6 (15%)
USSR
204.1
19.9 (2%)
2.5-4.5 (21%)
World
1364.2
271.7 (21%)
62-82 (37%)
Flour and Cereals = 2.70 lb/year
100
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Year
1990
1995
2000
S.G. Pritchard and J. S. Amthor, 2005
3
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Management Practices
Population, cereal yield, arable and irrigated area, N use
4
Soil organic carbon (%)
Soil organic carbon (%)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Corn-oats-hay rotation
Corn-oats (1885-1953), Corn-soybeans (1954-1988)
Continuous corn
Relative valuses (1961=1)
Sanborn Field: Central Missouri
Morrow plots: East-central Illinois
3.5
3.0
5
Fertility management
Crop rotations
4.0
Estimated
to 4% in 1888
Wagner, (1989)
3
2
1
Wheat, 6 Tons Manure/year
Corn, 6 Tons Manure/year
Continuous Wheat
Continuous Corn
0
1880
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Reicosky et al. 2000
1900
1920 1940
Year
1960
• The average world current cereal yield is about 3
tons per ha for about 6.4 billion people.
• We need about 4 tons per ha for 8 billion (33 %
more than the current), and 5 tons per ha for 10
billion (67 % more than the current).
Here comes the greatest
challenge of our time,
The Global Climate Change
3
4
2000 values are:
Cereal yield = 2.25
Arable area = 1.09
Irrigated area = 1.98
Population = 1.97
Fertilizer use = 4.33
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
1980
Year
Routes to Greater Food Production
Feeding 10 Billion Mouths
We must develop the capacity to feed 10 billion people
within in the next 40 to 50 years.
4
5
Cereal yield
Arable land area
Irrigated land area
Population
Fertilizer use
•
Increase in the area of land under cultivation.
•
Increase in the number of crops per hectare per year
(mostly practiced in tropics, requires access to irrigation,
high input use, short season cultivars, and others such as
labor, pest and disease control may be a problem).
•
Displacement of lower yielding crops by higher
yielding ones (done since the dawn of domestication).
•
Efficiency of crop production in terms of:
Per unit of land area (yield per ha)
Per unit of time
Per unit of inputs such as fertilizers, water and labor etc.
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
•
Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O etc.)
•
Temperatures
•
Glaciers, oceans and sea-levels
•
Precipitation patterns and drought intensities
•
Extreme events
•
Higher ozone and UV-B radiations
4
Global Warming and the Ozone Story
Global Warming Process
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Past and Current Levels in GHG Concentrations, Rates of
Change and Atmospheric Lifetime
Ozone Depleting Process
CFCs are commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and foam
blowing agents. The most common CFCs are CFC-11, CFC12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115.
Global warming gases
CO2
Methane
Nitrous
oxide
CFC-11
HFC-23
Perfluromethane
Pre-industrial
concentration
(1850)
about
280
ppm
about
700
ppb
about
270 ppb
0
0
40
ppt
Current
Concentration
in 2008
386
ppm
1857
ppb
321
ppb
244
ppt
18
ppt
74
ppt
Rate of change
1.43
ppm/yr
7.0
ppb/yr
0.8
ppb/yr
-1.4
ppt/yr
0.55
ppt/yr
1
ppt/yr
Atmospheric
lifetime
5 to
200
years
12
years
114
years
45
years
260
Years
>50,000
years
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Spatial and temporal trends in climate
Future trends in global carbon dioxide concentration and
associated climate change, if no interventions are made
2025
Carbon dioxide
concentration
405-460
ppm
Global mean
temperature change
from the year 1990
0.4-1.1
oC
Global mean sealevel rise from the
year 1990
3-14
cm
2050
40
35 Hyderabad, India
2100
445-640
ppm
720-1020
ppm
2.4-6.4
oC
0.8-2.6
oC
5-32
cm
26-59
cm
Temperature, °C
Climate variable
Ozone depleting chemicals
Period
Phoenix, AZ, USA
30
25
Maros
Indonesia
20
15
10
5
Stoneville, MS, USA
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Day of the Year
Trends, Signs and Signatures from the Earth
Present and Projected Temperature Changes
• As human population expands and demand upon
natural resources increases, the need to manage the
environments in which people live becomes more
important, but also more difficult.
• Climate change has no boundaries, and can’t be
viewed in isolation.
50
40
Temperature, oC
Climate Change and Crop Productivity
Some Considerations
30
20
Hyderabad
Stoneville, MS
Stoneville, MS + Projected climate
Hyderabad + Projected climate
Optimum temperature for Rice
10
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
• We should consider other stresses on food production
systems such as population dynamics, habitat
destruction and fragmentation, land-use changes,
biodiversity, land and water management and invasive
species dominance.
Day of the year
5
Climate Change and Crop Productivity
Some Considerations
• Land and water management is especially critical as
the use of upstream watersheds can drastically affect
large numbers of people living in downstream
watersheds.
• The current and projected changes in climate are
unprecedented, and the ecosystems including managed
ecosystems such as agriculture may not cope with the
changes projected in climate.
• An integrated approach that stresses both the
importance of participatory planning and the
institutional and technical constraints and opportunities
is therefore necessary.
Environmental Stresses and
Plant Growing Conditions
Environmental and Cultural Factors
Limiting Potential Yields
Area of Total World Land Surface Subject to
Environmental Limitations of Various Types
Limitation
¾ Atmospheric carbon dioxide
¾ Solar radiation
¾ Temperature (including extremes)
¾ Water (irrigation and rainfall)
¾ Wind
¾ Nutrients (N, P, K, and other nutrients)
¾ Others, Ultra-violet radiation, ozone etc.,
¾ Growth regulators (such as PIX)
Environmental Plant Physiology
Objectives
• The objectives of this course are to learn plant responses to
abiotic stresses, particularly plant growth and development,
and to learn modeling methodologies on how to integrate
those plant processes under multiple stress conditions.
• At the end, the students are expected to:
Area of world soil subject to limitation (%)
Drought
27.9
Shallow soil
24.2
Mineral excess or deficiency
22.5
Flooding
12.2
Miscellaneous
3.1
None
10.1
Total
100
Temperature
14.8 (over laps with other stresses)
Environmental Plant Physiology
Chapter 1
• Atmospheric carbon dioxide
• Solar radiation
• Temperature (Including extremes)
• Water
9 understand individual as well as interactive abiotic
stress effects on photosynthesis, respiration, growth,
development and finally yield.
• Wind
9 understand on how to develop methodologies to
integrate multiple stress factor effects on various
plant/canopy processes.
• Other factors such as ozone
• Nutrients
• Plant growth regulators
• The facilities and tools
6
Environmental Plant Physiology
Chapter 2
Photosynthesis and the environment
• The Environmental productivity Index (EPI)
concept.
• The photosynthesis - Species variability.
• Photosynthesis and aging process.
• Respiration.
Environmental Plant Physiology
Chapter 4
Scaling of processes from leaves to whole
plant, canopies or ecosystems.
Chapter 5
Special topics include:
•
Plant growth regulators – PIX.
•
Remote sensing and environmental plant
physiology.
Environmental Plant Physiology
Chapter 3
Crop growth and development
•
Phenology
•
Growth of various organs and whole plants.
•
The concept of environmental productivity
index in quantifying crop growth and
development in response to the environment.
Environmental Plant Physiology
Introduction
Suggested reading:
Feeding the Ten Billion-Plants and Population Growth- 1998, L.
T. Evans, Chapter 12, pages 195-225.
Crop Science Progress and Prospects- 2000, edited by J.
Nosberger, H. H. Geiger and P. C. Struik, Chapter 3, Crop
Science research to assure food security by K.G. Cassman, pages,
33-51.
Crop Responses to Environment –2001, A. E. Hall. Chapter 1,
Introduction, pages 1-7.
Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and
improving environmental quality, KG Cassman, A. Dobermann,
DT Walters and H. Yang, Annual Review of Environmental
Resources, 2003, 28:315-358.
7