International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2016
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By Ammineni Shyam Sundar, B.B.M, P.G.D.B.A,
Junior Assistant (Outsourcing),
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Ananthapuramu.
Email: shyamammineni@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: To control pollution and to get maximum mileage in commercial Diesel, Ammonium Alum is used in this experiment. The samples are prepared like 5grams of powdered Ammonium Alum in 250ml commercial Diesel,
10grams of powdered Ammonium Alum in 250ml commercial Diesel, 15grams of powdered Ammonium Alum in 250ml of commercial Diesel for 2 hours (from 11am to 1pm) time with in room temperature 35-40oC. The Gas
Chromatography experiments with Bruker GC430 and IR experiments with Bruker Alpha are done. The GC report of
Original Diesel, 250ml sample indicates eleven components (11). The GC report of 250ml Diesel sample with 5grams of powdered Ammonium Alum show only one component (1). The GC report of 250ml Diesel sample with 10grams of
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INTRODUCTION
——————————  ——————————
Air Pollution (by the Petroleum products like Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene) control is the important task for the sake environment concern now a days. In general the Potassium Alum
(K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O), Sodium Alum (Na
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
0), Chrome alum
(K
2
SO
4
.Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O), Ammonium Alum (NH
4
Al(SO
4
).12H
2
O) are used for water purification.
These coagulants are still used now a day. Usage of Ammonium Alum in the Fuels doing well in the point of pollution control and good mileage.
MATERIALS
1. AMMONIUM ALUM
2. DIESEL
1. AMMONIUM ALUM
Ammonium aluminium sulfate , also known as ammonium alum or just alum , is a white crystalline double sulfate usually encountered as the dodecahydrate, formula
(NH
4
)Al(SO
4
)
2
·12H
2
O. It is used in small amounts in a variety of niche applications. The dodecahydrate occurs naturally as the rare mineral tschermigite.
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Production and basic properties
Ammonium alum is made from aluminium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate.
Pyrolysis leaves alumina. Such alumina is used in the production of grinding powders and as precursors to synthetic gems.
Uses
Ammonium alum is not a major industrial chemical or a particularly useful laboratory reagent, but it is inexpensive and nontoxic, which invites many niche applications. It is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in deodorants and in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles. The pH of the solution resulting from the topical application of ammonium alum with perspiration is typically in the slightly acid range, from 4 to 5.
Ammonium alum is a common ingredient in animal repellant sprays.
PROPERTIES
Name
Appearance
Solubility
Ammonium aluminium sulfate (Alum)
White crystals
Crystal structure Hexagonal (anhydrous), Cubic (dodecahydrate)
Coordination geometry
Molecular Weight
Molecular Formula
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Octahedral (Al
20
3+
)
453.328559 g/mol
(NH4)Al(SO4)2.12H2O or AlH
28
NO
20
S
2
Density 2.45 g/cm
3
(anhydrous), 1.64 g/cm
3
(dodecahydrate)
Melting point 93.5 °C (200.3 °F; 366.6 K) (dodecahydrate)
Boiling point
Molar Mass
120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) dehydrate.
(dodecahydrate)
237.15 g/ml (anhydrous), 453.046148 g/mol (dodecahydrate)
15 g/100 ml (20 °C, dodecahydrate) in water
Freely soluble in glycerol; practically insoluble in alcohol. Soluble in dilute acid.
Monoisotopic Mass
Topological Polar Surface Area
Heavy Atom Count
Complexity
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Canonical SMILES
453.046148 g/mol
190 A^2
24
62.2
16
[NH4+].O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-
].[Al+3]
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2. DIESEL
Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel.
Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic and thus fuel
256 °C (493 °F).
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Components present in Diesel
STRUCTURE S.No
1
COMPONENTS
PARAFFINS
2
3
CYCLOPARAFFINS
MONOCYCLOPARAFFINS
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7
8
9
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4 DICYCLOPARAFFINS
5 TRICYCLOPARAFFINS
6 4-RINGS CYCLOPARAFFINS
5-RINGS CYCLOPARAFFINS
MONOAROMATICS
10
11
ALKYLBENZENES
BENZOCYCLOALKANES
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12 BENZODICYCLOALKANES
13
14
15
16
DIAROMATICS
NAPHTHALENES
FLUORENES
17
18
TRIAROMATICS
PHENANTHROCYCLOALKANES
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19 AROMATIC SULPHUR
20
21
22
BENZOTHIOPHENES
DIBENZOTHIOPHENES
METHODS
1. Gas Chromatography tests.
2. Infrared Spectroscopy tests.
1. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of Chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture. Bruker GC430 machine is used for this experiment.
2. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than
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2278-7763 visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals. For a given sample which may be solid, liquid or gaseous, the method or technique of infrared spectroscopy uses an instrument called an infrared spectrometer or spectrophotometer to produce an infrared spectrum. A basic IR spectrum is essentially a graph of infrared light absorbance or transmittance on the vertical axis vs. frequency or wavelength on the horizontal axis. Typical units of frequency used in IR spectra are reciprocal centimeters, sometimes called wave numbers, with the symbol cm
-1
. Units of IR wavelength are commonly given in micrometers formerly called as microns, symbol µm , which are related to wave umbers in a reciprocal way. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Bruker Alpha machine is used for this experiment.
EXPERIMENT
One liter of commercial Diesel is taken and is divided into 4 parts as 250ml samples in a
300ml capacity plastic bottle. In first bottle 250ml Diesel kept as an original sample. The room temperature is 35-40 o
C. The Ammonium Alum is well powdered and kept as 5grams and
10grams and 15grams in the 250ml samples for 2 hours. The Ammonium Alum is used in this
Samples.
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250 Diesel with 15grams of Ammonium Alum as follows. The experiments are done in a room temperature of 35-40 o
C with the powdered Ammonium Alum is kept in 250ml samples for 2 hours (11 am to 1 pm).
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The IR Reports as follows.
Original Diesel IR test
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250ml Diesel with 10grams of Ammonium Alum
250ml Diesel with 15grams of Ammonium Alum IJOART
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ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
3
4
5
S.NO. IR region
CM -I
1
2
% OF
FT-IR (KBr) OF ORIGINAL DIESEL
% OF ASSIGNMENT
TRANSMITTANCE
2920.90 58.0
2856.01 76.0
ABSORBANCE
42.0
24.0
Aliphatic C-H stretching
Aliphatic C-H stretching
6
7
1558.36 85.0
1375.96 92.0
809.30 94.0
729.21
566.41
95.0
99.0
15.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
1.0
Aromatic C-C skeletal stretching
Tertiary C-H stretching vibrations
Para substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
Mono substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
Cyclo propane C-H bending vibrations
8
9
5
6
7
IR DATA WITH 250ml DIESEL OF 5grams, 10grams, 15grams Powdered Ammonium Alum
S.NO.
1
2
IR SIGNAL (cm
-1
)
5grams 10grams 15grams
2920.91 2920.70 2953.13
2919.74
Assignment of the signal
Aliphatic C-H stretching
2855.94 2855.81 2854.84 Aliphatic C-H stretching
3
4
-
1458.19
1604.61
1458.55
1607.29
1458.55
C=N/C=C stretching vibrations
Aromatic C-C skeletal stretching
1375.88 1375.82 1375.51 Tertiary C-H stretching vibrations
809.21 809.10 809.08 Para substituted Ar-H bending vibration
728.47 729.13 729.16 Mono substituted Ar-H bending vibration
- 614.12 -
564.25 564.20 -
Meta substituted Ar-H bending vibration
Cyclo propane C-H bending vibration
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
IR CHARACTERISTICS OF 5grams, 10grams, 15grams Samples in 250ml Diesel
S.No. Percentage of transmittance Percentage of absorbance
5grams 10grams 15grams 5grams 10grams 15grams
55.0 53.0 80.0, 65.2 5.0 47.0 20.0, 34.8
71.0 69.0 77 29.0 31.0 23.0
5
6
-
79.0
89.0
90.0
99.0
77.0
87.0
86.3
98.2
85.0
90.0
95.1
-
21.0
11.0
10.1
1.0
23.0
12.6
13.7
1.8
1.5
10.0
4.9
94.0
-
95.0
90.2
99.0
94.0
95.4
-
-
6.0
-
5.0
9.8
1.0
6.0
4.6
-
-
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Finally it is concluded that the Ammonium Alum doing good changes in Diesel.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I, the Author, dedicate my sincere thanks to Prof. L.K. Ravindranath, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D,
Chemistry Department, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India for his valuable cooperation in doing this work.
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2. “Synthesis of Common Alum” from CHEM 121L, General Chemistry Laboratory, Revision 1.3, from internet.
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Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology.
5. “Salt in Ayurveda I” By Late N.S. Mooss, From Ancient Science of Life, Vol No.VI No.4, April,
1987, Pages 217-237.
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7. “Ammonia and gasoline composite liquid fuel blends emulsified with ethanol and methanol for direct displacement in internal combustion engines” By Shehan O.Haputhanthri, Chad
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PP 11-18, www.iosrjournals.org.
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